scholarly journals Hepatitis B Virus Elimination in the U.S.: Time to Dismantle Barriers and Implement Solutions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Su Wang ◽  
Chari Cohen ◽  
Amy S. Tang ◽  
Camilla S. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
World Health ◽  
Public Health Services ◽  
Virus Elimination ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The U.S

Abstract Purpose of Review The World Health Organization has set a target for the elimination of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection as a public health threat by 2030, but the U.S. is not currently on track. In this review, we describe specific barriers to HBV elimination, provide examples of potential solutions, and offer recommendations for how the U.S. can reach HBV elimination goals. Recent Findings In the U.S., there are many barriers to eliminating hepatitis B, worsened by the siloing of healthcare and public health services. In recent years, we have not seen progress toward improving HBV screening or adult vaccination, and acute cases are on the rise. Current policies, guidelines, and recommendations can hinder elimination progress. Summary Simple policy and guideline changes will allow us to decentralize and scale-up hepatitis B screening, vaccination, and care. Dismantling current barriers will be critical to eliminating hepatitis B in the U.S.

scholarly journals Surveillance of Hepatitis B Biomarkers in Borno State, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
S. O. Oyinloye ◽  
D. N. Bukbuk ◽  
F. A. Sanda
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Blood Donor ◽  
Civil Servant ◽  
Civil Servants ◽  
World Health ◽  
Hepatitis B Infection ◽  
B Virus

Background: Hepatitis B virus infection is a major global health problem of public health importance. The World Health Organization (WHO) African Region has reported an approximately 100 million people with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and Nigeria has been classified as endemic. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to determine (i) the prevalence of hepatitis B infection (ii) the immune status to hepatitis B among patients (iii) the susceptibility rate. Methods: A total of four hundred and ten (410) sera were collected at random from patients attending various hospitals in Borno state. A self-structured questionnaire was used to obtained demographic data which included age and sex, social status (e.g. trader, farmer, civil servant or student), pregnancy status, blood donor type. Sera samples were obtained for qualitative detection of HBsAg using rapid chromatographic immunoassays with test kits from Qingdao Hightop Biotech Co., China having sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 99%, 97% and 98.5% respectively. Results: This is a first-phase result of a surveillance of hepatitis B biomarkers in Borno state Nigeria. The proportion of male (248:60.5%) was higher than female (162:39.5%). Out of the 410 samples assayed, overall prevalence of 7.1%, 2%, 0%, 47.1% and 45.6% for HBsAg (Hepatitis B surface antigen), HBsAb (anti-HBs), HBeAg (Hepatitis B envelop antigen), HBeAb (Anti-HBe) and HBcAb (Anti-HBcore) respectively were obtained. A total of 24.1% (7/29) of the HBsAg positives were negative for all other biomarkers suggesting new cases in the acute phase. The later comprise of 2 pregnant women, 1 blood donor, 3 farmers and 1 civil servant. Sixteen (3.9%) of the 410 samples were negative for all the biomarkers. Of these, 11(68.8%) were pregnant women, 1 private blood donor and 2 students and 2 civil servants. Gender-based prevalence of HBsAg among male was 8.5% (21/248) and 4.9% (8/162) among female. Out of 29/410 (7.1%) HBsAg positives, 89.7% (26/29) were between 15–34 years old. Out of 150 blood donors, the prevalence of HBsAg was 8.7% (13/150) while among 50 pregnant women it was 8% (4/50). HBsAg positivity proportion was (10/29) among students; civil servants (7/29); traders (6/29) and farmers (6/29). Conclusion: Hepatitis B infection continues to be a public health hazard due to existence of susceptible individuals and emerging new cases as observed in this study. Therefore, routine vaccinations at all levels should be invigorated while continuous surveillance of the infection is maintained until population immunity can be achieved.

scholarly journals A Systematic Review of the Current Hepatitis B Viral Infection and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Situation in Mediterranean Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Salma Madihi ◽  
Hashim Syed ◽  
Fatiha Lazar ◽  
Abdelmajid Zyad ◽  
Abdelouaheb Benani
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Blood Donors ◽  
World Health ◽  
Hepatitis B Infection ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
B Virus

Viral hepatitis B is a global public health problem affecting nearly two billion subjects; 3.3% of whom are from the WHO (World Health Organization) Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMRO). It induces both acute and chronic hepatic disorders with subsequent liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in a considerable percentage of patients based on the age of exposure. In this review, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HCC prevalence, distribution and prevalence of different genotypes, and male/female infection frequencies in relation to the vaccination status in the Mediterranean countries were reported. Study Design. This systematic review describes the prevalence of hepatitis B infection, genotype distribution of hepatitis B virus, and prevalence and incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in Mediterranean countries belonging to three different continents: Southern Europe (Spain, France, Italy, Croatia, and Greece), North Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt), and the Near East region (Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, Israel, and Palestine). We tried to collect new data from electronic databases: PubMed, ScienceDirect, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, and public health reports between 1980 and 2019. For each publication, we recorded reference, publication year, study characteristics (date, locations, sample size, and study population), and participant characteristics (population group, year, age, and sex). No language limitation was imposed, and articles or reports from non-peer-reviewed sources were not considered for this analysis. The main keywords were HBV prevalence, hepatitis B infection, HBV genotype, and HCC. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria. Healthy population-based studies included the following sample populations: (i) voluntary blood donors, (ii) pregnant women, (iii) community studies, (iv) hemodialysis patients, (v) hospitalized patients, (vi) healthcare workers, (vii) sex workers, (viii) drug abusers, and (ix) prisoners. We excluded studies from the following special groups who were assumed to be at a special high risk: patients from sexually transmitted disease clinics and thalassemia clinics and professional or paid blood donors.

scholarly journals Hepatitis B Virus Molecular Epidemiology, Host-Virus Interaction, Coinfection, and Laboratory Diagnosis in the MENA Region: An Update

Pathogens ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duaa W. Al-Sadeq ◽  
Sara A. Taleb ◽  
Roan E. Zaied ◽  
Sara M. Fahad ◽  
Maria K. Smatti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Mena Region ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Health Organization

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an enveloped partial double-stranded DNA virus that can cause acute and chronic hepatitis. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 257 million people are living with HBV. Moreover, 20,900 acute hepatitis B cases were reported in 2016. Hepatitis B is highly prevalent in the African, Western Pacific, Eastern Mediterranean, South-East Asia, and European regions, respectively. Due to the high mutational rate of HBV and lack of reverse transcriptase proofreading activity, ten different genotypes with different geographical distributions have been identified. HBV pathogenesis and severity of infection depend on several host and viral factors, particularly, the genetic variability of both the host and virus. Although HBV infection is a global health concern, there is a lack of adequate studies and reports in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Here, we provide a review on HBV epidemiology, pathogenesis, host–pathogen interactions, coinfection with selected viruses, and laboratory diagnosis, focusing on studies conducted in the MENA region to determine the current situation of the HBV infection and outline the future study areas.

Adoption of Hepatitis B Virus-Infected Foreign-Born Children

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 85 (5) ◽  
pp. 891-892
Author(s):  
MARGARET K. HOSTETTER ◽  
DANA JOHNSON
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
World Health ◽  
Adopted Children ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Internationally Adopted Children ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Internationally Adopted

In Reply.— We thank Dr Sokol for his detailed comments on hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in internationally adopted children. Several issues which he has raised deserve special attention. 1. Previous reports of HBV infection in internationally adopted children had detected a substantially lower preyalence of this disease than did our study.1-5 Indeed, two studies in Korean infants3,5 place the prevalence of HBV infection at 2.8% to 4.3%, a figure which is approximately one third of that reported for Asian countries as a whole in surveillance studies conducted by the World Health Organization.6

scholarly journals Molecular Characterization of Near Full-Length Genomes of Hepatitis B Virus Isolated from Predominantly HIV Infected Individuals in Botswana

Genes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Motswedi Anderson ◽  
Wonderful Choga ◽  
Sikhulile Moyo ◽  
Trevor Bell ◽  
Tshepiso Mbangiwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Viral Evolution ◽  
Full Length ◽  
World Health ◽  
Genotype Distribution ◽  
Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
First Time

The World Health Organization plans to eliminate hepatitis B and C Infections by 2030. Therefore, there is a need to study and understand hepatitis B virus (HBV) epidemiology and viral evolution further, including evaluating occult (HBsAg-negative) HBV infection (OBI), given that such infections are frequently undiagnosed and rarely treated. We aimed to molecularly characterize HBV genomes from 108 individuals co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and chronic hepatitis B (CHB) or OBI identified from previous HIV studies conducted in Botswana from 2009 to 2012. Full-length (3.2 kb) and nearly full-length (~3 kb) genomes were amplified by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Sequences from OBI participants were compared to sequences from CHB participants and GenBank references to identify OBI-unique mutations. HBV genomes from 50 (25 CHB and 25 OBI) individuals were successfully genotyped. Among OBI participants, subgenotype A1 was identified in 12 (48%), D3 in 12 (48%), and E in 1 (4%). A similar genotype distribution was observed in CHB participants. Whole HBV genome sequences from Botswana, representing OBI and CHB, were compared for the first time. There were 43 OBI-unique mutations, of which 26 were novel. Future studies using larger sample sizes and functional analysis of OBI-unique mutations are warranted.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the first pharmacy-led weight management programme in Greece

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. i45-i46
Author(s):  
A Peletidi ◽  
R Kayyali
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Annual Report ◽  
World Health ◽  
Public Health Services ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Introduction Obesity is one of the main cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors.(1) In primary care, pharmacists are in a unique position to offer weight management (WM) interventions. Greece is the European country with the highest number of pharmacies (84.06 pharmacies per 100,000 citizens).(2) The UK was chosen as a reference country, because of the structured public health services offered, the local knowledge and because it was considered to be the closest country to Greece geographically, unlike Australia and Canada, where there is also evidence confirming the potential role of pharmacists in WM. Aim To design and evaluate a 10-week WM programme offered by trained pharmacists in Patras. Methods This WM programme was a step ahead of other interventions worldwide as apart from the usual measuring parameters (weight, body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure (BP)) it also offered an AUDIT-C and Mediterranean diet score tests. Results In total,117 individuals participated. Of those, 97.4% (n=114), achieved the programme’s aim, losing at least 5% of their initial weight. The mean % of total weight loss (10th week) was 8.97% (SD2.65), and the t-test showed statistically significant results (P<0.001; 95% CI [8.48, 9.45]). The programme also helped participants to reduce their waist-to-height ratio, an early indicator of the CVD risk in both male (P=0.004) and female (P<0.001) participants. Additionally, it improved participants’ BP, AUDIT-C score and physical activity levels significantly (P<0.001). Conclusion The research is the first systematic effort in Greece to initiate and explore the potential role of pharmacists in public health. The successful results of this WM programme constitute a first step towards the structured incorporation of pharmacists in public’s health promotion. It proposed a model for effectively delivering public health services in Greece. This study adds to the evidence in relation to pharmacists’ CVD role in public health with outcomes that superseded other pharmacy-led WM programmes. It also provides the first evidence that Greek pharmacists have the potential to play an important role within primary healthcare and that after training they are able to provide public health services for both the public’s benefit and their clinical role enhancement. This primary evidence should support the Panhellenic Pharmaceutical Association, to “fight” for their rights for an active role in primary care. In terms of limitations, it must be noted that the participants’ collected data were recorded by pharmacists, and the analysis therefore depended on the accuracy of the recorded data, in particular on the measurements or calculations obtained. Although the sample size was achieved, it can be argued that it is small for the generalisation of findings across Greece. Therefore, the WM programme should be offered in other Greek cities to identify if similar results can be replicated, so as to consolidate the contribution of pharmacists in promoting public health. Additionally, the study was limited as it did not include a control group. Despite the limitations, our findings provide a model for a pharmacy-led public health programme revolving around WM that can be used as a model for services in the future. References 1. Mendis S, Puska P, Norrving B, World Health Organization., World Heart Federation., World Stroke Organization. Global atlas on cardiovascular disease prevention and control [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization in collaboration with the World Heart Federation and the World Stroke Organization; 2011 [cited 2018 Jun 26]. 155 p. Available from: http://www.who.int/cardiovascular_diseases/publications/atlas_cvd/en/ 2. Pharmaceutical Group of the European Union. Pharmacy with you throughout life:PGEU Annual Report [Internet]. 2015. Available from: https://www.pgeu.eu/en/library/530:annual-report-2015.html

scholarly journals A cross-sectional study on dental surgeons’ immune status against hepatitis B virus in the Public Health System

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clea Adas Saliba Garbin ◽  
Bruno Wakayama ◽  
Tânia Adas Saliba ◽  
Orlando Adas Saliba Junior ◽  
Artênio José Ísper Garbin
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Immune Status ◽  
Public Health System ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Public ◽  
B Virus

scholarly journals Hepatitis B virus infections among health professional students in Mwanza city,Tanzania in 2016

2020 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariam M. Mirambo ◽  
Emmanuel Mkumbo ◽  
Hadija Selega ◽  
Betrand Msemwa ◽  
Martha F. Mushi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Health Professional ◽  
Surface Antigen ◽  
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen ◽  
World Health ◽  
Clinical Practices ◽  
Professional Students ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Health Professional Students

Abstract Background The World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends the vaccination against Hepatitis B virus in all infants and children up to the age of 18 years. In addition, adults in high-risk groups should also be vaccinated. This study investigated the prevalence and factors associated with Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infections among health professional students in the city of Mwanza, Tanzania in order to provide data that can assist in devising prevention and control strategies in this special group. Methods A cross-sectional study involving health professional students of the Catholic University of health and Allied Sciences was conducted between April and July 2016. Hepatitis B surface antigen was detected using rapid antigen test while the anti-hepatitis B surface antibodies(anti-HBs) were quantified using Enzygnost Anti-HBs II assay and anti-HBV core antibodies tested using enzyme immunoassay. Results A total of 1211 health professional students with median age of 22 interquartile range (IQR):21–24 years were enrolled. The slighlty majority (57.5%) of these students were males and 475(39.2%) were in clinical practices. Out of 1211 students, 37 (3.1%) were Hepatitis B surface antigen positive. Of 1174 students tested for anti-HBs, 258 (22%) had titres > 10 IU/L indicating HBV immunity. The median anti-HBs titres was 47.7 IU/L(IQR:16–3-113). A total of 230(89.2%) students among those who were positive for anti-HBs were also positive for HBV core antibodies indicating HBV natural infections. Male sex (adjusted odd ratio(AOR):1.77, p < 0.000), being married (AOR:1.82, p = 0.002) and being in clinical practices (AOR:1.39, p = 0.028) independenlty predicted anti-HBs positivity. Conclusion A significant proportion of health professional students was naturally immune to Hepatitis B virus. There is a need to measure anti-HBs in order to reduce the cost of unnecessary vaccination especially in the countries with high endemicity of HBV.

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