scholarly journals Roles of Immune Cells in Hereditary Angioedema

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Lise Ferrara ◽  
Leonardo Cristinziano ◽  
Angelica Petraroli ◽  
Maria Bova ◽  
Maria Celeste Gigliotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Hereditary Angioedema ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
C1 Inhibitor Deficiency ◽  
Complement Components ◽  
Surface Receptors ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Vasoactive Mediators ◽  
Tissue Edema ◽  
Recent Developments

AbstractHereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare genetic disease, characterized by recurrent and unexpected potentially life-threatening mucosal swelling. HAE may be further classified into HAE with C1‐inhibitor deficiency (C1‐INH‐HAE) and HAE with normal C1‐INH activity (nlC1‐INH‐HAE), mostly due to mutations leading to increased vascular permeability. Recent evidence implicates also the innate and adaptive immune responses in several aspects of angioedema pathophysiology. Monocytes/macrophages, granulocytes, lymphocytes, and mast cells contribute directly or indirectly to the pathophysiology of angioedema. Immune cells are a source of vasoactive mediators, including bradykinin, histamine, complement components, or vasoactive mediators, whose concentrations or activities are altered in both attacks and remissions of HAE. In turn, through the expression of various receptors, these cells are also activated by a plethora of molecules. Thereby, activated immune cells are the source of molecules in the context of HAE, and on the other hand, increased levels of certain mediators can, in turn, activate immune cells through the engagement of specific surface receptors and contribute to vascular endothelial processes that lead to hyperpemeability and tissue edema. In this review, we summarize recent developments in the putative involvement of the innate and adaptive immune system of angioedema.

scholarly journals Adipocytes, Innate Immunity and Obesity: A Mini-Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alecia M. Blaszczak ◽  
Anahita Jalilvand ◽  
Willa A. Hsueh
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Innate Immune Cells ◽  
Adaptive Immune

The role of adipose tissue (AT) inflammation in obesity and its multiple related-complications is a rapidly expanding area of scientific interest. Within the last 30 years, the role of the adipocyte as an endocrine and immunologic cell has been progressively established. Like the macrophage, the adipocyte is capable of linking the innate and adaptive immune system through the secretion of adipokines and cytokines; exosome release of lipids, hormones, and microRNAs; and contact interaction with other immune cells. Key innate immune cells in AT include adipocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and innate lymphoid cells type 2 (ILC2s). The role of the innate immune system in promoting adipose tissue inflammation in obesity will be highlighted in this review. T cells and B cells also play important roles in contributing to AT inflammation and are discussed in this series in the chapter on adaptive immunity.

scholarly journals Role of immune cells in the ocular manifestations of pemphigoid diseases

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 251584141986812
Author(s):  
Tanima Bose
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Γδ T Cells ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Ocular Manifestations ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Ocular Distribution

Pemphigoid disease is classified according to the phenotypical location of the disease and the presence of different types of antibodies. The ocular distribution of pemphigoid mainly occurs in patients with bullous pemphigoid and mucous membrane pemphigoid. Several immune cells, including the cells of the innate immune system (neutrophils and γδ T cells) and the adaptive immune system (T and B cells), are involved in pemphigoid disease. The treatment of pemphigoid is still wide-ranging, and the most utilized treatment is the use of immunosuppressants and corticosteroids. In this scenario, it is absolutely important to screen the immune cells that are involved in this group of diseases and to determine if a targeted treatment approach is plausible. In conclusion, this review will identify some newer treatment possibilities for the whole spectrum of pemphigoid diseases.

scholarly journals Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Immune Cells

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (20) ◽  
pp. 5028 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saray Gutiérrez ◽  
Sara L Svahn ◽  
Maria E Johansson
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Cellular Membrane ◽  
Membrane Properties ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Adaptive Immune

Alterations on the immune system caused by omega-3 fatty acids have been described for 30 years. This family of polyunsaturated fatty acids exerts major alterations on the activation of cells from both the innate and the adaptive immune system, although the mechanisms for such regulation are diverse. First, as a constitutive part of the cellular membrane, omega-3 fatty acids can regulate cellular membrane properties, such as membrane fluidity or complex assembly in lipid rafts. In recent years, however, a new role for omega-3 fatty acids and their derivatives as signaling molecules has emerged. In this review, we describe the latest findings describing the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on different cells from the immune system and their possible molecular mechanisms.

Basic Immunology

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Lambourne ◽  
Ruaridh Buchanan
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Lymphoid Organs ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Pathogen Entry

There are four major components of the immune system. These include: 1. mechanical barriers to pathogen entry. 2. the innate immune system. 3. the adaptive immune system. 4. the lymphoid organs. Mechanical barriers include skin and mucous membranes and tight junctions between epithelial cells prevent pathogen entry. Breaches can be iatrogenic, for example, IV lines, surgical wounds, and mucositis, and are a large source of healthcare- associated infections. The innate immune system provides the first internal line of defence, as well as initiating and shaping the adaptive immune response. The innate system comprises a range of responses: phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages (guided in part by the adaptive immune system), the complement cascade, and the release of antimicrobial peptides by epithelial cells (e.g. defensins, cathelicidin). The adaptive immune system includes both humoral (antibody- mediated) and cell-mediated responses. It is capable of greater diversity and specificity than the innate immune system, and can develop memory to pathogens and provide increased protection on re-exposure. Immune cells are divided into myeloid cells (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, and monocytes/macrophages) and lymphoid cells (B, T, and NK cells). These all originate in the bone marrow from pluripotent haematopoietic stem cells. The lymphoid organs include the spleen, the lymph nodes, and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues—which respond to antigens in the blood, tissues, and epithelial surfaces respectively. The three main ‘professional’ phagocytes are macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils. They are similar with respect to how they recognize pathogens, but differ in their principal location and effector functions. Phagocytes express an array of Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) e.g. Toll-like receptors and lectins (proteins that bind carbohydrates). PRRs recognize Pathogen- Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)— elements which are conserved across species, such as cell-surface glycoproteins and nucleic acid sequences. Though limited in number, PRRs have evolved to recognize a huge array of pathogens. Binding of PRRs to PAMPs enhances phagocytosis. Macrophages are tissue-resident phagocytes, initiating and co-ordinating the local immune response. The cytokines and chemokines they produce cause vasodilation and alter the expression of endothelial cell adhesion factors, recruiting circulating immune cells.

Learning the Roles of the Hepatic Adaptive Immune System in Hepatocellular Carcinoma—Nature's Guide for Successful Cancer Immunotherapy

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (03) ◽  
pp. 210-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias Heikenwälder ◽  
Eli Pikarsky
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Hepatic Parenchyma ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells ◽  
Pathophysiological Role

AbstractThe different roles of the adaptive immune system in cancer are beginning to unfold. The dramatic responses to immune check point drugs in some tumors generated an accelerated need for understanding the complex set of interactions between tumor and immune cells. In view of the major pathophysiological role of immune cells in hepatocellular carcinoma, it is not surprising that malignant hepatocytes interact extensively with adaptive immune cells, resulting in both protumor immunopathology and antitumor protective immunity. Identifying potential responders to drugs that target the adaptive immune system, monitoring their immune response to the tumor, and devising the best treatment combinations depends on understanding the complex set of interactions taking place within the tumor and in the adjacent hepatic parenchyma.

scholarly journals LA RESPUESTA INMUNITARIA FRENTE AL VIRUS SARS-CoV-2

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
pp. 64-86
Author(s):  
SERGIO ROBERTO AGUILAR-RUIZ ◽  
FRANCISCO JAVIER SÁNCHEZ-PEÑA
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Viral Entry ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Systemic Pathology

The immune response against SARS-CoV-2 is similar to that against other viruses, where the innate immune system acts at early stages through the secretion of type 1 interferon (type 1 IFN), which prevents viral replication and the activation of natural killer (NK) cells. Later, the adaptive immune system acts through CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes and antibody production, which aim to destroy infected cells and block viral entry into cells. All the above leads to the elimination of the virus and mild symptomatology. However, in individuals with a weakened immune system, the viral infection spreads and leads to a potent inflammatory response, which leads to the recruitment of immune cells to the lungs, where they can cause severe pulmonary and even systemic pathology.

scholarly journals Peripheral innate and adaptive immune cells during COVID-19: Functional neutrophils, pro-inflammatory monocytes and half-dead lymphocytes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emel Eksioglu-Demiralp ◽  
Servet Alan ◽  
Uluhan Sili ◽  
Dilek Bakan ◽  
Ilhan Ocak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Cd8 Cells ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Inflammatory Monocytes ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells ◽  
Hla Dr

A better understanding of the innate and adaptive cells in the COVID-19 disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus is a necessity for the development of effective treatment methods and vaccines. We studied phenotypic features of innate and adaptive immune cells, oxidative burst, phagocytosis and apoptosis. One hundred and three patients with COVID-19 grouped according to their clinical features as mild (35%), moderate (40.8%), and severe (24.3%) were included in the study. Monocytes from all COVID-19 patients were CD16+ pro-inflammatory monocytes. Neutrophils were mature and functional. No defect has been found in ROS production of monocytes and neutrophils as well as no defect in their apoptosis. As bridging cells of the innate and adaptive immune system; the percentage of NK cells was in normal range whereas the percentages of CD3-CD8+CD56+ innate lymphoid and CD3+CD56+ NK like T cells were found to be high in the severe cases of COVID-19. Although absolute numbers of all lymphocyte subsets were low and showed a tendency for a gradual decrease in accord with the disease progression, in all COVID-19 patients, the lymphocyte subset with the most decreased absolute number was B lymphocytes, followed by CD4 + T cells in the severe cases. The percentages of suppressive, CD3+CD4-CD8-; HLA-DR+CD3+ and CD28-CD8+ cells were found to be significantly increased. Importantly, we demonstrated spontaneous caspase-3 activation and increased lymphocyte apoptosis. Altogether our data suggest that SARS-CoV- 2 primarily affects lymphocytes not innate cells. So that, it may interrupt the cross-talk between adaptive and innate immune systems.

scholarly journals Persistent SARS-CoV-2 presence is companied with defects in adaptive immune system in non-severe COVID-19 patients

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bing Liu ◽  
Junyan Han ◽  
Xiaohuan Cheng ◽  
Long Yu ◽  
Li Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Lymphocyte Subpopulations ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells

AbstractBackgroundCOVID-19 has been widely spreading. We aim to examine adaptive immune cells in non-severe patients with persistent SARS-CoV-2 shedding.Methods37 non-severe patients with persistent SARS-CoV-2 presence transferred to Zhongnan hospital of Wuhan University were retrospectively recruited to PP (persistently positive) group, which was further allocated to PPP group (n=19) and PPN group (n=18), according to their testing results after 7 days (N=negative). Epidemiological, demographic, clinical and laboratory data were collected and analyzed. Data from age- and sex-matched non-severe patients at disease onset (PA [positive on admission] patients, n=37), and lymphocyte subpopulation measurements from matched 54 healthy subjects were extracted for comparison.ResultsCompared with PA patients, PP patients had much improved laboratory findings, including WBCs, neutrophils, lymphocytes, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, albumin, AST, CRP, SAA, and IL-6. The absolute numbers of CD3+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, and NK cells were significantly higher in PP group than that in PA group, and were comparable to that in healthy controls. PPP subgroup had markedly reduced B cells and T cells compared to PPN group and healthy subjects. Finally, paired results of these lymphocyte subpopulations from 10 PPN patients demonstrated that the number of T cells and B cells significantly increased when the SARS-CoV-2 tests turned negative.ConclusionPersistent SARS-CoV-2 presence in non-severe COVID-19 patients is associated with reduced numbers of adaptive immune cells. Monitoring lymphocyte subpopulations could be clinically meaningful in identifying fully recovered COVID-19 patients.SummaryDefects in adaptive immune system, including reduced T cells and B cells, were frequently observed in non-severe COVID-19 patients with persistent SARS-CoV-2 shedding. Assessment of immune system could be clinically relevant for discharge management.

Immune and nonimmune components orchestrate the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease

2011 ◽  
Vol 300 (5) ◽  
pp. G716-G722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvio Danese
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Process ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Current Role ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathogenesis is driven by the interactions between the innate and the adaptive immune system. Both systems are actually expressed not only by immune cells, but also by essentially all types of nonimmune cells. Nonimmune cells have classically been considered as simple targets of the aberrant inflammatory process occurring in IBD. However, the discovery that many of the functions traditionally attributed to immune cells are also performed by nonimmune cells has caused a shift to a multidirectional hypothesis in which nonimmune cells and even acellular elements are considered active players of IBD pathogenesis. The aim of this review is to summarize the current role played by each cell type in IBD pathogenesis.

scholarly journals The Leptin Axis and Its Association With the Adaptive Immune System in Breast Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura García-Estevez ◽  
Silvia González-Martínez ◽  
Gema Moreno-Bueno
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Leptin Receptor ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes ◽  
Cancer Subtypes ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Infiltrating Lymphocytes

Adipose tissue secretes various peptides, including leptin. This hormone acts through the leptin receptor (Ob-R), which is expressed ubiquitously on the surface of various cells, including breast cancer cells and immune cells. Increasing evidence points to an interaction between the tumor microenvironment, tumor cells, and the immune system. Leptin plays an important role in breast cancer tumorigenesis and may be implicated in activation of the immune system. While breast cancer cannot be considered an immunogenic cancer, the triple-negative subtype is an exception. Specific immune cells - tumor infiltrating lymphocytes - are involved in the immune response and act as predictive and prognostic factors in certain breast cancer subtypes. The aim of this article is to review the interaction between adipose tissue, through the expression of leptin and its receptor, and the adaptive immune system in breast cancer.

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