A Systemic Review of Pathological Findings in COVID-19 and Its Mechanism of Disease

The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) has spread worldwide at a rapidly alarming pace and has resulted in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The virus has more intensive and prolonged standing effects in the host body post-infection than the other related groups of viruses. The disease has caused an unforeseen need for the availability of intensive support because of the resulting critical respiratory distress and consequent multi-organ failure. What starts as an elegant fever with cough and headache, with body pain, runny nose, sore throat, quickly develops into loss of perception of taste and smell, with nausea, diarrhea, troubled breathing, chills; and finally results into grievous damage to the vital organs of the body, such as heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, blood vessels, and even brain, necessitating the need of urgent and competent availability of critical care infrastructure. It is now the disease with the highest number of affected individuals recorded in the modern era. And, not only does the infection of Covid inflict highly significant morbidity and mortality rates amongst the population, but there have also been multiple and significant strains to the overburdened health care system and also, massively on the economy. Here in this article, our focus will primarily be upon the systemic pathology in the various organ systems and how the coronavirus has been affected. We shall discuss the Respiratory System, the Cardio-Vascular System, the Renal System, Central Nervous System, and the pathophysiology involved herewith after covid infection.

Diagnostic value of microbiome biomarkers of the periodonite microbiome in patients with the association of chronic periodontitis and diabetes mellitus type 2

The place of high-tech methods of molecular biology in clinical laboratory diagnostics of various diseases and the development of a system of biomarkers as an important component of diagnostic research is currently attracting the closest attention of the scientific community. In this paper, an attempt is made to use high-tech metagenomic analysis to solve problems that arise due to the high frequency of association of periodontal diseases with systemic pathology, in particular, with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The aim of the study was to determine the taxonomic and metabolic features of the microbiome of periodontal tissues in periodontal diseases associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus, as a model of the ratio of local and systemic effects of periodontal pathogenic bacteria. The study included 16S shotgun sequencing of bacterial DNA as part of biological material from periodontal pockets/dentoalveolar furrows of 46 people - 15 patients with chronic periodontitis associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus, 15 patients with chronic periodontitis unrelated to systemic pathology, as well as 16 healthy people in the control group, followed by bioinformatic processing of the data obtained. The obtained data allowed us to establish the taxonomic features of the periodontal microbiome in the association of chronic periodontitis with type 2 diabetes mellitus, which included the predominance of representatives of the families Prevotellaceae and Spirochaetaceae in its composition. The features of metabolic processes in periodontal tissues with the participation of the microbiome were also revealed, which consisted in an increase in the exchange of cysteine and methionine against the background of a decrease in the metabolism of pyrimidine, methane, sphingolipids, and the synthesis of fatty acids, which are of diagnostic value in assessing the condition of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Effect of Anticoagulants on the Survival Rate in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients

Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) declared Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), as a pandemic in January 2020. The morbidity and mortality associated with the disease are enormous COVID-19, with a multi-systemic pathology, exhibits thrombosis as a common manifestation. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and thrombotic lesions have been reported in >70% and >30% of patients, respectively, who have died due to the COVID-19 and therefore, heparin is included in the treatment of moderate to severe cases. This retrospective study was undertaken to check the effectiveness of prophylactic therapy with heparin at reducing mortality in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Methodology: The study included retrospective data from case records of 169 critically ill COVID-19 patients with or without comorbidities and an anticoagulant regimen. The data were thoroughly studied for demographic profile, comorbidities, type and dosage of anticoagulants, length of intensive care unit stay, and mortality rates. Results: The male to female ratio of the study subjects was 125/44 (76%/24%). Patients with comorbidities were critically ill as compared to those with none (140/29), and diabetes mellitus was the most common comorbidity, found in 99 patients. Mortality rate was significantly higher in patients who had not received any anticoagulant (p = 0.015) and in patients who had received unfractionated heparin (p =0.036) as compared to those who received low molecular weight heparin (LMWH). Conclusion: The prophylactic administration of heparin improves the survival rate of the critically ill covid 19 patients is more when compared with the patients who do not receive heparin. LMWH is very effective in reducing thrombotic complications and mortality in critically ill COVID-19 patients.

Blockade of beta adrenergic receptors protects the blood brain barrier and reduces systemic pathology caused by HIV-1 Nef protein

Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) targets viral replication, but early viral protein production by astrocytes may still occur and contribute to the progression of HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders and secondary complications seen in patients receiving cART. In prior work with our model, astrocytic HIV-1 Nef expression exhibits neurotoxic effects leading to neurological damage, learning impairment, and immune upregulation that induces inflammation in the lungs and small intestine (SI). In this follow-up study, we focus on the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) as the important branch for peripheral inflammation resulting from astrocytic Nef expression. Male and female Sprague Dawley rats were infused with transfected astrocytes to produce Nef. The rats were divided in four groups: Nef, Nef + propranolol, propranolol and naïve. The beta-adrenergic blocker, propranolol, was administered for 3 consecutive days, starting one day prior to surgery. Two days after the surgery, the rats were sacrificed, and then blood, brain, small intestine (SI), and lung tissues were collected. Levels of IL-1β were higher in both male and female rats, and treatment with propranolol restored IL-1β to basal levels. We observed that Nef expression decreased staining of the tight junction protein claudin-5 in brain tissue while animals co-treated with propranolol restored claudin-5 expression. Lungs and SI of rats in the Nef group showed histological signs of damage including larger Peyer’s Patches, increased tissue thickness, and infiltration of immune cells; these findings were abrogated by propranolol co-treatment. Results suggest that interruption of the beta adrenergic signaling reduces the peripheral organ inflammation caused after Nef expression in astrocytes of the brain.

Rehabilitation of an Extremely Atrophied Mandibule with Cortical Plates

A 74-year-old woman presented in our dental practice with severe loss of alveolar bone and soft tissue without any apparent systemic pathology contributing to her dental conditions. She had a complete removable prosthesis supported with a four locaters system. Unfortunately, two of the four supporting implants were failed. The patient wanted a fixed prosthesis. The treatment plan was to use the remaining implant with an additional axial implant and two cortical plates (Victory ®) followed by implant placement. The implants and plates were immediately loaded with a screw-retained prosthesis made with Znatex frame (Victory Implants ®) and resine.

SOMATIC DISEASES IN CHILDREN WITH CONGENITAL LIP AND PALATE IN A REGION WITH INDUSTRIAL PETROCHEMICAL ECOTOXICANTS

Monitoring of congenital malformations and concomitant somatic diseases in children is one of the important indicators of the causal influence of environmental factors on the health of the population. From the moment of birth, a child with congenital cleft lip and palate differs significantly from healthy peers not only externally, but also morpho-functional features of the structure of the primary section of the digestive and respiratory systems and often has a greater number of previous diseases in the history. Purpose: To determine the structure and frequency of somatic morbidity in children with congenital cleft lip and palate in regions with petrochemical ecotoxicants. Materials and methods: During the study, 3463 children from birth to 16 years old with congenital cleft lip were treated and monitored at the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery at the Republican Children's Clinical Hospital, Ufa for the period from January 1, 1985 to December 31, 2019 and / or sky. The diagnosis of concomitant systemic pathology was recorded based on the findings of the district pediatricians, ENT doctor, gastroenterologist, immunologist, allergist, rheumatologist from outpatient and inpatient records of the examined patients. Conclusion. In the course of our study, a direct relationship was noted between the level of environmental pollution by ecotoxicants and the frequency of concomitant somatic diseases in children with congenital cleft lip and palate. This must be taken into account in the pre- and postoperative algorithm for the rehabilitation of children with congenital cleft lip and palate with the involvement of pediatricians to improve the general somatic state of children when planning reconstructive surgery.

The incidence of dry eye syndrome depending on the duration of antihypertensive drops use in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma

Aim. To conduct a clinical assessment of the incidence of dry eye syndrome (DES) in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), depending on the timing of the use of local antihypertensive therapy. Methods. The main group included 45 patients (45 eyes) with POAG. Inclusion criteria - use of local antihypertensive therapy for at least one month; absence of previous laser and microsurgery operations, systemic pathology that can cause DES (thyroid lesions, diabetes mellitus, autoimmune and rheumatoid diseases). The patients’ age averaged 61.2±8.7 years (from 47 to 82 years). There were 29 men and 16 women. The design of the work consisted of a comparative assessment of the frequency of DES formation in the studied groups and subgroups, as well as the degree of its severity. Results. The results of the study showed that with an increase in the duration of the use of local antihypertensive drugs by patients with POAG the incidence of DES development increases. Moderate changes in the studied functional parameters of the ocular surface were recorded as early as 1-3 years from the start of antihypertensive therapy. Especially often DES was formed in the 3rd subgroup and proceeded in more severe clinical forms. Conclusion. The initial statistically insignificant changes in the indicators of the state of the ocular surface in patients with POAG using local antihypertensive therapy took place at the time of their instillation from 1 to 3 years. Most often, according to our data, DES developed in patients with POAG after three years of using antihypertensive drugs (9 out of 15 patients). Key words: dry eye syndrome; glaucoma; antihypertensive therapy.

Analysis of Healthy Lifestyle Habits and Oral Health in a Patient Sample at the Dental Hospital of the University of Barcelona

The association between general health and oral health has been studied over recent years. In order to evaluate the lifestyle and the presence of healthy habits, a descriptive observational study was conducted from December 2018 to April 2019 with 230 patients, aged from 18 to 65 years old, that attended the Dental Hospital of the University of Barcelona for the first time. A total of 230 participants were considered, 98 (43%) were men and 132 (57%) were women, with a mean age of 37 years old. Our hypothesis was that patients with healthy habits had a better oral status in comparison with patients with bad lifestyle habits. No statistically significant results were found regarding oral hygiene between gender, smokers and patients with systemic pathology. Regarding a healthy lifestyle (High adherence to dietary intake), no statistically significant results were found. No significant differences were found regarding physical activity between male and female patients. Our hypothesis wasn’t confirmed; therefore, we cannot conclude that patients with healthy habits have better oral status in comparison with patients with bad lifestyle habits. Consequently, more prospective longitudinal studies should be carried out.