scholarly journals What We Can Learn From Literary Authors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Voltolini
Keyword(s):  
Space Time ◽  
Conversational Implicature ◽  
Human Spirit ◽  
Conversational Implicatures ◽  
The World ◽  
Truth Conditional ◽  
Narrow Context ◽  
Problematic Claim

AbstractThat we can learn something from literature, as cognitivists claim, seems to be a commonplace. However, when one considers matters more deeply, it turns out to be a problematic claim. In this paper, by focusing on general revelatory facts about the world and the human spirit, I hold that the cognitivist claim can be vindicated if one takes it as follows. We do not learn such facts from literature, if by “literature” one means the truth-conditional contents that one may ascribe to textual sentences in their fictional use, i.e., in the use in which one makes believe that things unfold in a certain way. What we improperly call learning from literature amounts to knowing actually true conversational implicatures concerning the above facts as meant by literary authors. So, in one and the same shot, we learn both a general revelatory fact and the fact that such a fact is meant via a true conversational implicature by an author. The author draws that implicature from the different truth-conditional content a sentence possesses when the sentence is interpreted in a fictional context, meant as Kaplan’s (1989) narrow context, i.e., a set of circumstantial parameters (agent, space, time, and world).

scholarly journals ANALYZING IMPLICATURES IN TALIWANG DIALECT

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 432
Author(s):  
Ismiati Ismiati
Keyword(s):  
Irrelevant Information ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Conversational Implicature ◽  
Ambiguous Information ◽  
Conversational Implicatures ◽  
Needed Information ◽  
Descriptive Method

This study aims to analyze the types of implicature and flouting maxims and the reasons for doing the flouting in Taliwang Dialect. It applied the descriptive method with a qualitative approach. Data was collected by recording natural conversations among the natives of Taliwang Dialect. It was found two types of implicature, namely, Generalized Conversational Implicature (GCI) and Particularized Conversational Implicatures (PCI). In GCI, the speaker and interlocutor could easily understand the conveyed utterances because they mostly used general statements which are commonly spoken in the Taliwang dialect. In PCI, both speaker and the interlocutor needed a particular knowledge to understand each other because of the flouting maxim. Some speakers or hearers in PCI often break the maxim in a conversation due to some reasons such as accepting untrue or lie information, receiving more information than the needed information, getting irrelevant information and having unclear or ambiguous information.

Gnosticism

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Stead
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Soul ◽  
Spiritual Power ◽  
Orthodox Christianity ◽  
Inner Life ◽  
Human Spirit ◽  
Material World ◽  
The World

Gnosticism comprises a loosely associated group of teachers, teachings and sects which professed to offer ‘gnosis’, saving knowledge or enlightenment, conveyed in various myths which sought to explain the origin of the world and of the human soul and the destiny of the latter. Everything originated from a transcendent spiritual power; but corruption set in and inferior powers emerged, resulting in the creation of the material world in which the human spirit is now imprisoned. Salvation is sought by cultivating the inner life while neglecting the body and social duties unconnected with the cult. The Gnostic movement emerged in the first and second centuries ad and was seen as a rival to orthodox Christianity, though in fact some Gnostic sects were more closely linked with Judaism or with Iranian religion. By the fourth century its influence was waning, but it persisted with sporadic revivals into the Middle Ages.

Why Ethical Philosophy Needs to Be Comparative

Philosophy ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel J. Kupperman
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Philosophy ◽  
Human Experience ◽  
Space Time ◽  
The Self ◽  
Moral Experience ◽  
Ethical Philosophy ◽  
The World

AbstractPrinciples can seem as entrenched in moral experience as Kant thinks space, time, and the categories are in human experience of the world. However not all cultures have such a view. Classical Indian and Chinese philosophies treat modification of the self as central to ethics. Decisions in particular cases and underlying principles are much less discussed.Ethics needs comparative philosophy in order not to be narrow in its concerns. A broader view can give weight to how people sometimes can change who they are, in order to lead better lives.

Welterleben/Weiterleben

Daphnis ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 343-388
Author(s):  
Ottmar Ette
Keyword(s):  
Space Time ◽  
Experiential Knowledge ◽  
The Body ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
Alexander Von Humboldt ◽  
The World

Welterleben and Weiterleben are what determine the second globalization (of four previously explored) whose constantly accelerating dynamic, vectorization, this essay explores. On the basis of selected writings of Georg Forster, Alexander von Humboldt, and Adelbert von Chamisso, the author highlights the increasing speed with which knowledge, especially in the experiential sciences, is produced and disseminated following the routes of ever-widening trade speeded along by globalization. The notion of ‘vectopia’ stands for the connection of utopia and uchronia in space and time in such a way that the experience of the world, expanded worldwide, contains within it a Weiter-Leben, a ‘living-further’ that is to be understood first in a spatial, and not yet temporal, sense, of what Forster called Erfahrungswissen, or ‘experiential knowledge.’ Vectopia, as elaborated here, has a material dimension that relates to the physical person, the body, the experience of the world that cannot occur without the constant changing of place, without a journeying that is again and again recommenced. Vectopia develops the projection of a life not from space or from time alone, but by their combination. Vectopia is more than a concept, it is a thought-figure: it is vitally connected to life, and thus a life-figure. It opens itself to a type of knowledge that stands almost at the threshold of a further life, indeed, of a Weiterleben that, opening itself to a ‘living-onward,’ resides beyond space, time, and movement.

scholarly journals What is wrong with false-link conditionals?

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (s3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolina Krzyżanowska
Keyword(s):  
Conversational Implicature ◽  
Indicative Conditional ◽  
Missing Link ◽  
Conversational Implicatures

AbstractIt is a common intuition that the antecedent of an indicative conditional should have something to do with its consequent, that they should be somehow connected. In fact, many conditionals sound unacceptable precisely because they seem to suggest a connection which is not there. Although the majority of semantic theories of conditionals treat this phenomenon as something pragmatic, for instance, something that is conversationally implicated, no one has offered a full-fledged pragmatic explanation of why missing-link, and, in particular, false-link conditionals strike us as odd. The aim of this paper is to explore the possibility that the link is an example of a conversational implicature. We discuss possible tests one can employ to identify conversational implicatures, and, ultimately, we show that the connection between a conditional’s antecedent and consequent fails them all.

A gauge theory of the Weyl group

1974 ◽  
Vol 340 (1622) ◽  
pp. 249-262 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Field Theory ◽  
Gauge Theory ◽  
Conservation Laws ◽  
Weyl Group ◽  
Lorentz Group ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Gauge Fields ◽  
Field Equations ◽  
Covariant Derivatives ◽  
The World

The construction of field theory which exhibits invariance under the Weyl group with parameters dependent on space–time is discussed. The method is that used by Utiyama for the Lorentz group and by Kibble for the Poincaré group. The need to construct world-covariant derivatives necessitates the introduction of three sets of gauge fields which provide a local affine connexion and a vierbein system. The geometrical implications are explored; the world geometry has an affine connexion which is not symmetric but is semi-metric. A possible choice of Lagrangian for the gauge fields is presented, and the resulting field equations and conservation laws discussed.

scholarly journals A contribution to modern ideas on the quantum theory

1927 ◽  
Vol 115 (770) ◽  
pp. 208-214
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Theory ◽  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Line Element ◽  
Natural Extension ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Relativity Theory ◽  
Unit Mass ◽  
The World ◽  
Free Particles ◽  
Theory Of Gravitation

The relativity theory of gravitation indicates that space-time is a four dimensional continuum in which the line element is measured by the equation ( ds ) 2 = g mn dx m dx n , (1) the notation being that generally adopted. The world-lines or natural tracks of free particles in this space are geodesics. From (1) we have g mn dx m /ds . dx n /ds = 1, (2) the quantity on the left being an expression corresponding to the kinetic energy of ordinary dynamics for a particle of unit mass. This correspondence is readily appreciated if it be noted that dx m /ds is the natural extension of the velocity, dx m /dt .

A THEORY OF SPACE, TIME AND MATTER

1996 ◽  
Vol 11 (18) ◽  
pp. 3247-3255 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.S. WESSON ◽  
J. PONCE DE LEON ◽  
H. LIU ◽  
B. MASHHOON ◽  
D. KALLIGAS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Extra Dimension ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Cosmological Models ◽  
The World ◽  
New Type ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Classical Tests Of Relativity

We unify the gravitational field with its source by considering a new type of 5D manifold in which space and time are augmented by an extra dimension which induces 4D matter. The classical tests of relativity are satisfied, and for solitons we obtain new effects which can be tested astrophysically. The canonical cosmological models are in agreement with observations, and we gain new insight into the nature of the big bang. Our inference is that the world may be pure geometry in 5D.

scholarly journals The Understandable English Conversational Implicatures by Yemeni EFL University Learners

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-80
Author(s):  
Haifa Nassar ◽  
Abdusalam Al-Ghrafy
Keyword(s):  
Study Data ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Conversational Implicature ◽  
Communication Tool ◽  
Rhetorical Question ◽  
Cross Cultural Communication ◽  
Conversational Implicatures ◽  
Completion Test ◽  
Test Scenarios ◽  
Descriptive Method

English, as a communication tool, is playing an extremely significant role in cross-cultural communication. While it is true that language users can mean exactly what they mean in their utterances, it is also true that they can have their utterances mean much more than what they say.  Speakers of English choose to speak indirectly, and that using conversational implicatures is a way to be indirect. This research paper examined the perception of English conversational implicatures among Yemeni EFL university learners. It followed an empirical analytical-descriptive method consisting of a test and an interview. The study subjects were 62 Yemeni EFL university learners. A multiple-choice discourse completion test and an interview were used for collecting the study data. The test contains six types of conversational implicature: Stating, Tautology, Rhetorical Question, Understatement, Indirect Refusal and Indirect Request. All the implicatures included in the test were adapted from the study related literature, whereas most of the test scenarios containing these implicatures were ready-made ones that the researcher came across throughout her reading. The results revealed that these implicatures were found easy by Yemeni EFL university learners to understand.

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