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2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Ferry Hendrikx

<p>Since the earliest human communities, reputation has been used by people to decide whether they should trust and interact with someone else. Traditionally, reputation was established through a person’s standing, word of mouth and their associations. However, with the increasingly widespread use of the Internet, this situation has changed. In particular, all of the normal cues that help to build reputation are missing. Even the concept of identity is blurred by the common usage of pseudonyms.  In answer to this problem, many websites on the Internet have developed reputation systems that allow members to leave feedback about the performance of others in the execution of their duties. This accumulation of feedback about any individual can be used to characterise and predict their future behaviour in that context, allowing others to decide if they want to interact with that individual. Unfortunately, the information in each instance is limited to the narrow context of the website in which it was generated.  Not only is the reputation information constrained in context, it also limits the potential scope of what can be determined about an individual. The information that could be collected about entities includes social, demographic and reputation-based information. These are collectively called recommendation information in this thesis. Collecting this recommendation information from multiple sources and contexts should provide a wider view by which an entity can be evaluated than reputation alone could produce. The combination of these multiple sources of recommendation information can be naturally extended in the development of novel applications in areas such as access control and web service composition.  The GRAFT framework developed in this thesis encapsulates a paradigm shift in the way that reputation information is handled. It directly supports the collection and distribution goals by building a global distributed recommendation system that can be used to collect and make available recommendation information about both people and electronic services. This system can be used as both a drop-in replacement for existing systems, or it can be used to drive the consumption of recommendation information in novel new systems.  Recommendation information can be collected from both traditional reputation sources such as Amazon and eBay, and non-traditional reputation sources such as social networks, providing flexibility in what can be collected and subsequently utilised by consumers. The derivation of reputation information from non-reputation sources including demographic and social information, and the subsequent ability to use this recommendation information in the description and evaluation of policies is unique to GRAFT.  The major contributions of this thesis in the areas of reputation and reputation systems include the development of a reputation terminology, generalised models of reputation and reputation context, an extensive survey and taxonomy of reputation systems and a classification of existing reputation systems based on the taxonomy. This thesis also contributes an architecture for GRAFT, a prototype implementation of GRAFT showing its usefulness, and an evaluation that includes the results of a large number of simulation experiments showing how the architecture scales and handles both malicious peers and churn.</p>


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Ferry Hendrikx

<p>Since the earliest human communities, reputation has been used by people to decide whether they should trust and interact with someone else. Traditionally, reputation was established through a person’s standing, word of mouth and their associations. However, with the increasingly widespread use of the Internet, this situation has changed. In particular, all of the normal cues that help to build reputation are missing. Even the concept of identity is blurred by the common usage of pseudonyms.  In answer to this problem, many websites on the Internet have developed reputation systems that allow members to leave feedback about the performance of others in the execution of their duties. This accumulation of feedback about any individual can be used to characterise and predict their future behaviour in that context, allowing others to decide if they want to interact with that individual. Unfortunately, the information in each instance is limited to the narrow context of the website in which it was generated.  Not only is the reputation information constrained in context, it also limits the potential scope of what can be determined about an individual. The information that could be collected about entities includes social, demographic and reputation-based information. These are collectively called recommendation information in this thesis. Collecting this recommendation information from multiple sources and contexts should provide a wider view by which an entity can be evaluated than reputation alone could produce. The combination of these multiple sources of recommendation information can be naturally extended in the development of novel applications in areas such as access control and web service composition.  The GRAFT framework developed in this thesis encapsulates a paradigm shift in the way that reputation information is handled. It directly supports the collection and distribution goals by building a global distributed recommendation system that can be used to collect and make available recommendation information about both people and electronic services. This system can be used as both a drop-in replacement for existing systems, or it can be used to drive the consumption of recommendation information in novel new systems.  Recommendation information can be collected from both traditional reputation sources such as Amazon and eBay, and non-traditional reputation sources such as social networks, providing flexibility in what can be collected and subsequently utilised by consumers. The derivation of reputation information from non-reputation sources including demographic and social information, and the subsequent ability to use this recommendation information in the description and evaluation of policies is unique to GRAFT.  The major contributions of this thesis in the areas of reputation and reputation systems include the development of a reputation terminology, generalised models of reputation and reputation context, an extensive survey and taxonomy of reputation systems and a classification of existing reputation systems based on the taxonomy. This thesis also contributes an architecture for GRAFT, a prototype implementation of GRAFT showing its usefulness, and an evaluation that includes the results of a large number of simulation experiments showing how the architecture scales and handles both malicious peers and churn.</p>


2021 ◽  
Vol 2070 (1) ◽  
pp. 012158
Author(s):  
Sachin Karadgi ◽  
Vadiraj Kulkarni ◽  
Shridhar Doddamani

Abstract Smart manufacturing focuses on maximizing the capabilities to increase multiple objectives, like cost, delivery, and quality, in manufacturing enterprises. This requires implementing product development lifecycle, production system lifecycle, and business cycle for supply chain management. In short, a considerable amount of data is generated in a given manufacturing enterprise. Likewise, progress has been made to adopt blockchain in financial industries, but the adoption is slow in non-financial sectors. The article elaborates a methodology for the realization of a traceable and intelligent supply chain. First, the methodology elaborates on the realization of traceability of enterprise entities, which are an integral part of the supply chain. In this case, each participating stakeholder of the supply chain is required internally to realize a smart manufacturing system with an extension to write critical control data to the blockchain (i.e., a subset of process data). Artificial Intelligence (AI) is being adopted in most industries. A supply chain stakeholder has access to its data and can employ AI to derive new insights. The data available with the stakeholder provides a narrow context. With blockchain, all the stakeholders have access to the data from other stakeholders. Subsequently, the insights derived by a stakeholder will be more meaningful. This will assist in realizing an intelligent supply chain.


The spread of competition into all areas of society is one of the master trends of modern society. Yet, social scientists have played a surprisingly modest role in the analysis of its implications as the discussion of competition has largely been confined to the narrow context of economic markets. This book opens up competition for the study of social scientists. The central message of the book is that competition seems ubiquitous but it should not be taken for granted or be naturalized as an inevitable aspect of human existence. Its emergence, maintenance, and change are based on institutions and organizational efforts, and a central challenge for social science is to learn more about these processes and their outcomes. With the use of a novel definition of competition, more fundamental questions can be addressed than merely whether or not competition works. How is competition constructed—and by whom? Which institutional and organizational foundations need to be considered? Which behaviours result from competition? What are its consequences? Can competition be removed? And, how do these factors vary with the object of competition—be it money, attention, status, or other scarce and desired objects? The chapters in the book investigate these and more questions in studies of competition among and within schools, universities, multinational corporations, auditors, waste-disposal firms, and fashion designers and users. The chapters are written by scholars from several social science fields: management, organization studies, sociology, anthropology, and education.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bart Gajderowicz

The popularity of ontologies for representing the semantics behind many real-world domains has created a growing pool of ontologies on various topics. While different ontologists, experts, and organizations create the vast majority of ontologies, often for internal use of for use in a narrow context, their domains frequently overlap in a wider context, specifically for complementary domains. To assist in the reuse of ontologies, this thesis proposes a bottom-up technique for creating concept anchors that are used for ontology matching. Anchors are ontology concepts that have been matched to concepts in an eternal ontology. The matching process is based on inductively derived decision trees rules for an ontology that are compared with rules derived for external ontologies. The matching algorithm is intended to match taxomonies, ontologies which define subsumption relations between concepts, with an associated database used to derive the decision trees. This thesis also introduces several algorithm evolution measures, and presents a set of use cases that demonstrate the strengths and weaknesses of the matching process.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bart Gajderowicz

The popularity of ontologies for representing the semantics behind many real-world domains has created a growing pool of ontologies on various topics. While different ontologists, experts, and organizations create the vast majority of ontologies, often for internal use of for use in a narrow context, their domains frequently overlap in a wider context, specifically for complementary domains. To assist in the reuse of ontologies, this thesis proposes a bottom-up technique for creating concept anchors that are used for ontology matching. Anchors are ontology concepts that have been matched to concepts in an eternal ontology. The matching process is based on inductively derived decision trees rules for an ontology that are compared with rules derived for external ontologies. The matching algorithm is intended to match taxomonies, ontologies which define subsumption relations between concepts, with an associated database used to derive the decision trees. This thesis also introduces several algorithm evolution measures, and presents a set of use cases that demonstrate the strengths and weaknesses of the matching process.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Voltolini

AbstractThat we can learn something from literature, as cognitivists claim, seems to be a commonplace. However, when one considers matters more deeply, it turns out to be a problematic claim. In this paper, by focusing on general revelatory facts about the world and the human spirit, I hold that the cognitivist claim can be vindicated if one takes it as follows. We do not learn such facts from literature, if by “literature” one means the truth-conditional contents that one may ascribe to textual sentences in their fictional use, i.e., in the use in which one makes believe that things unfold in a certain way. What we improperly call learning from literature amounts to knowing actually true conversational implicatures concerning the above facts as meant by literary authors. So, in one and the same shot, we learn both a general revelatory fact and the fact that such a fact is meant via a true conversational implicature by an author. The author draws that implicature from the different truth-conditional content a sentence possesses when the sentence is interpreted in a fictional context, meant as Kaplan’s (1989) narrow context, i.e., a set of circumstantial parameters (agent, space, time, and world).


2021 ◽  
pp. 030908922095036
Author(s):  
William C. Pohl

In his commentary on Job, David Clines, while outlining different possibilities for understanding the unique use of אֵמֶר‎ in Job 20.29, suggests that the word is out of place and that no convincing emendation has been proposed. This article explores this lexeme, showing that there are good reasons for reading אִמְרוֹ‎ as ‘his speech’ or ‘his word’, rather than the stunning consensus that reads the lexeme as ‘decreed to him’ or other minority positions that propose various emendations. This article first outlines the various readings found in both major translations and interpreters, also showing two problems with the current understanding. Then this article validates my own proposal by considering how the ancient versions rendered אִמְרוֹ‎, by examining the parallelism of Job 20.29, and by demonstrating how my proposal coheres with the narrow context of Job 20, the broader context of the second speech cycle, and the virtual quotation in 27.13.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-171
Author(s):  
Atle Grønn

This paper analyses tense marking in Norwegian chess columns, a specific genre that reports mainly two kinds of events: actual chess moves played in the game under discussion vs. counterfactual, alternative chess moves discussed by the chess pundit. This narrow context is ideally suited for pragmatic competition. It is shown that Norwegian chess writers typically use the unmarked indicative present tense in reference to counterfactual chess moves. The present tense form contrasts with the marked past tense used for actual and anaphoric refer-ence. From a production perspective the simple unmarked present is preferred over morpho-syntactically heavy competitors (composite tenses and modals) with explicit marking of counterfactuality.


Author(s):  
Stavroula Rapti ◽  
Stamatis C. Boyatzis ◽  
Shayne Rivers ◽  
Anastasia Pournou

AbstractSince the 1950s, siderophores have been acknowledged as nature’s chelating powerhouse and have been given considerable attention concerning their crucial roles in microorganisms and plants for capturing non-bioavailable iron from aquatic and terrestrial environments, as well as for their applications in agriculture, health, and materials science and environmental research. In recent years, the exceptional affinity and complexing efficacy, as well as the high selectivity of these potent chelators towards iron(III), have led to investigations by researchers aiming at understanding their capacity for removing potentially harmful and aesthetically unacceptable iron stains from organic substrates in cultural heritage objects. In the context of the conservation of cultural heritage objects, potent chelators have been proposed to remove iron from surfaces by transferring it to the more soluble complexed phase. In this review, the origins and the types of bio-environments of siderophores as well as their structure and chemistry are investigated and related to the requirements of conservation. It is evident that, given the enormous potential that these chelators have, the research for their application in cultural heritage is at a preliminary level, and has to date been within the rather narrow context of cellulosic materials such as paper and wood. The results of research conducted to date are presented in this review and questions regarding the optimal use of siderophores as iron-removing agents are posed.


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