An Eye Tracking Study on Feigned Schizophrenia

AbstractResearch on malingering detection has not yet taken full advantage of eye tracking technology. In particular, while several studies indicate that patients with schizophrenia behave notably differently from controls on specific oculomotor tasks, no study has yet investigated whether experimental participants instructed to feign could reproduce those behaviors, if coached to do so. Due to the automatic nature of eye movements, we anticipated that eye tracking analyses would help detect feigned schizophrenic problems. To test this hypothesis, we recorded the eye movements of 83 adult UK volunteers, and tested whether eye movements of healthy volunteers instructed to feign schizophrenia (n = 43) would differ from those of honest controls (n = 40), while engaging in smooth pursuit and pro- and anti-saccade tasks. Additionally, results from our investigation were also compared against previously published data observed in patients with schizophrenia performing similar oculomotor tasks. Data analysis showed that eye movements of experimental participants instructed to feign (a) only partially differed from those of controls and (b) did not closely resemble those from patients with schizophrenia reported in previously published papers. Taken together, these results suggest that examination of eye movements does have the potential to help detecting feigned schizophrenia.

Download Full-text

How to Build a Low-Cost Eye-Tracking System

Ergonomics in Design The Quarterly of Human Factors Applications ◽

10.1177/1064804611428928 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 18-23

Author(s):

Davin Pavlas ◽

Heather Lum ◽

Eduardo Salas

Keyword(s):

Data Analysis ◽

Eye Movements ◽

Eye Tracking ◽

Scientific Community ◽

Tracking System ◽

Low Cost ◽

Gaze Patterns ◽

Tracking Technology

Eye tracking, previously the purview of well-funded laboratories, is now available to any individual who wishes to study gaze patterns. Advances in eye-tracking technology have made it possible for those with meager budgets but an abundance of motivation to engage in studies that examine participants’ eye movements and fixations. This article presents a how-to guide for creating low-cost eye-tracking solutions and includes discussion of optical hardware, tracking software, and data analysis programs. The wider availability of eye-tracking technology ensures that the broader scientific community has access to techniques that can inform design and enhance research.

Download Full-text

Abstract P753: Comparison of Calibration vs Non-Calibration Techniques in the Automated Capture of Eye Movement Data: Initial Validation of the Roadie Device for Detecting Posterior Circulation Stroke

Stroke ◽

10.1161/str.52.suppl_1.p753 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 52 (Suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Mohamed Hassan ◽

Chad Aldridge ◽

Yan Zhuang ◽

Timothy L McMurry ◽

Gustavo Rohde ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Eye Tracking ◽

Smooth Pursuit ◽

Strong Correlation ◽

Posterior Circulation ◽

Screening Tools ◽

Moderate Correlation ◽

Posterior Circulation Stroke ◽

Initial Validation ◽

Acute Vestibular Syndrome

Background: Posterior circulation stroke (PCS) accounts for ~20% of ischemic strokes. Existing EMS screening tools lack accuracy in the diagnosis of PCS. We aim to develop an automated screening tool to detect abnormal eye movements in patients presenting with PCS. Methods: As an initial step, we built a portable platform called RoADIE (Rolling Apparatus to Detect Impairment of the Eyes), equipped with eye-tracking software to acquire gaze data from patients presenting with PCS, acute vestibular syndrome, and normal controls. We first performed a validation study in 19 healthy controls comparing calibration (C) vs non-calibration (NC) techniques. Eye movements were captured using a standard H-Test exam. The NC condition was performed first for each volunteer to avoid a learning effect. Correlation between C and NC tests was determined using the Spearman coefficient (r). Results: Conjugate gaze (i.e. ability of eyes to track in unison) demonstrated strong correlation along the horizontal [r = 0.976 (C), 0.922 (NC)] and vertical axes [r= 0.866 (C), 0.881(NC)]. Smooth pursuit (i.e. ability of each eye to track moving target) also showed strong correlation in the horizontal plane: right eye [r = 0.945 (C), 0.946 (NC), left eye [r=0.945 (C), 0.943 (NC)]. Vertical tracking showed moderate correlation: right eye [r=0.652 (C), 0.575 (NC), left eye [r=0.678 (C), 0.550 (NC)]. Conclusion: In this initial validation test of a portable eye tracking platform, we demonstrated strong correlation for both conjugate gaze and smooth pursuit in the horizontal axis, and moderate correlation for eye tracking in the vertical axis. Given similar performance in non-calibrated tests, a calibration procedure may not be necessary for future data capture. Next steps will include validation of the eye tracking device in prospective patients presenting with PCS and acute vestibular syndrome. Acknowledgement: Funding support through AHA Innovative Project Award 19IPLOI34760692

Download Full-text

Eye-Tracking Technology

Eye-Tracking Technology Applications in Educational Research - Advances in Educational Technologies and Instructional Design ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-1005-5.ch014 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 283-302

Author(s):

Chandni Parikh

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Eye Tracking ◽

Eye Gaze ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Gaze Direction ◽

Red Flags ◽

High Risk Infants ◽

Behavioral Markers ◽

Tracking Technology ◽

Insight Into

Eye movements and gaze direction have been utilized to make inferences about perception and cognition since the 1800s. The driving factor behind recording overt eye movements stem from the fundamental idea that one's gaze provides tremendous insight into the information processing that takes place early on during development. One of the key deficits seen in individuals diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) involves eye gaze and social attention processing. The current chapter focuses on the use of eye-tracking technology with high-risk infants who are siblings of children diagnosed with ASD in order to highlight potential bio-behavioral markers that can inform the ascertainment of red flags and atypical behaviors associated with ASD within the first few years of development.

Download Full-text

The Power of Eye Tracking in Economics Experiments

The American Economic Review ◽

10.1257/aer.p20161009 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 106 (5) ◽

pp. 309-313 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Joanna N. Lahey ◽

Douglas Oxley

Keyword(s):

Economic Theory ◽

Data Analysis ◽

Eye Tracking ◽

Data Management ◽

Tracking Data ◽

Eye Tracker ◽

Hiring Decisions ◽

Economics Experiments ◽

Set Up ◽

Tracking Technology

Eye tracking is a technology that tracks eye activity including how long and where a participant is looking. As eye tracking technology has improved and become more affordable its use has expanded. We discuss how to design, implement, and analyze an experiment using this technology to study economic theory. Using our experience fielding an experiment to study hiring decisions we guide the reader through how to choose an eye tracker, concerns with participants and set-up, types of outputs, limitations of eye tracking, data management and data analysis. We conclude with suggestions for combining eye tracking with other measurements.

Download Full-text

THE IMPROVEMENT OF PROFESSIONAL TRAINING ORGANIZATION OF THE X-RAY SCREENING SYSTEMS OPERATORS BY USING THE EYE MOVEMENTS REGISTRATION SYSTEM AND METHODS OF CLUSTER AND DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS

Civil Aviation High TECHNOLOGIES ◽

10.26467/2079-0619-2018-21-3-45-36 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 45-36

Author(s):

A. K. Volkov ◽

V. V. Ionov

Keyword(s):

Visual Search ◽

Eye Movements ◽

Eye Tracking ◽

Eye Movement ◽

Professional Training ◽

Visual Fatigue ◽

Registration System ◽

X Ray ◽

Tracking Technology ◽

Screening Systems

The X-ray screening systems operators’ professional training is based on the CBT (computer-based training) principle, which has algorithms of adaptive training. These algorithms in existing computer simulators include feedback mechanisms on the basis of trainability exponents – such as the frequency of detecting dangerous objects, the frequency of false alarms and detection time. Further enhancement of the operators’ simulator training effectiveness is associated with the integration of psychophysiological mechanisms providing monitoring of their functional state. Based on the analysis of the particularities of x-ray screening systems operators’ professional training associated with the formation of competences in dangerous objects visual search, the most perspective method is the Eye tracking technology. Domestic and foreign studies of the eye movements characteristics while solving professional tasks in training process are actively developed in various areas. There are no studies of visual search peculiarities in domestic practice in contrast to exterior studies. This research is aimed at considering the usage of Eye tracking technology in the training of x-ray screening systems operators. As the result of the experimental research with the use of mobile eye-tracker Sensomotoric Instruments Eye Tracking Glasses 2.0 the statistical data of eye movement parameters of two groups of subjects with different levels of training have been received. The application of cluster and discriminant analyses methods allowed to identify General classes of these parameters, as well as to obtain the discriminants functions for each group under examination. The theoretical significance of the peculiarities of the operators’ eye movement studies is to identify the patterns of prohibited items visual search. The practical importance of implementation of Eye tracking technology and statistical analysis methods is to increase the reliability of assessment the level of formed competence of x-ray screening systems’ operators in visual search, as well as to develop the potential system of operators’ state monitoring and assessing their visual fatigue.

Download Full-text

Ablation of the pursuit area in the frontal cortex of the primate degrades foveal but not optokinetic smooth eye movements

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.1996.76.1.637 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 76 (1) ◽

pp. 637-641 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

E. G. Keating ◽

A. Pierre ◽

S. Chopra

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Visual Field ◽

Frontal Cortex ◽

Frontal Lobe ◽

Relative Motion ◽

Smooth Pursuit ◽

Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements ◽

Pursuit Eye Movements ◽

Motion Detectors ◽

Do So

1. Neural pathology which impairs foveal smooth pursuit eye movements typically also degrades optokinetic pursuit of large textures, suggesting that the two kinds of pursuit share a common circuit. This study reports an exception. After sequential bilateral ablation of the pursuit area in the frontal lobe three monkeys displayed degraded pursuit of a small foveal target but performed normally on identical measures of optokinetic pursuit. 2. A related experiment in one subject demonstrated a pursuit deficit when the foveal target moved relative to the background, but not when background and target moved together. The frontal pursuit area may specifically control pursuit of relative motion, and do so by receiving signals primarily from motion detectors in the macular part of the visual field.

Download Full-text

Contribution of Degraded Perception and Insufficient Encoding to Decisions to Mass or Space Study

Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) ◽

10.1027/1618-3169/a000230 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 61 (2) ◽

pp. 110-117 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Robert Ariel ◽

John Dunlosky ◽

Thomas C. Toppino

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Eye Tracking ◽

Future Study ◽

Item Difficulty ◽

Initial Study ◽

Perceptual Processing ◽

Study Results ◽

Graduate Record Exam ◽

Tracking Technology

How do learners decide whether to mass or space an item during study? Results from Son (2004) indicate that these decisions are influenced by the degree to which an item is judged to be encoded sufficiently during an initial study episode, whereas others ( Toppino, Cohen, Davis, & Moors, 2009 ) have proposed that degraded perceptual processing contributed to participants’ decisions to mass or space study. To reconcile these conflicting conclusions, the current experiments used eye tracking technology to evaluate the contribution of degraded perception and insufficient encoding on learners’ study decisions. Participants studied synonym pairs from the graduate record exam (GRE) that varied in item difficulty for 1 s (Experiment 1) or 5 s (Experiment 2) each while their eye movements were recorded. Participants then decided whether to mass, space, or drop each pair in future study. For pairs that were never fixated, and hence not perceived, participants overwhelmingly chose to mass their study, presumably so that they could read the target. For pairs that were processed sufficiently to be perceived, preference for massing and spacing pairs increased with item difficulty (i.e., both increased as pairs became less likely to be fully encoded). Taken together, these data demonstrate a contribution of degraded perception and insufficient encoding for learners’ decisions to mass (or space) their study.

Download Full-text

Vertical smooth pursuit as a diagnostic marker of traumatic brain injury

Concussion ◽

10.2217/cnc-2019-0013 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. CNC69 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Melissa Hunfalvay ◽

Claire-Marie Roberts ◽

Nicholas P Murray ◽

Ankur Tyagi ◽

Kyle W Barclay ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Traumatic Brain Injury ◽

Brain Injury ◽

Eye Tracking ◽

Smooth Pursuit ◽

Diagnostic Marker ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

Eye Tracker ◽

Severe Tbi ◽

Tracking Technology ◽

Different Levels

Aim: Neural deficits were measured via the eye tracking of vertical smooth pursuit (VSP) as markers of traumatic brain injury (TBI). The present study evaluated the ability of the eye tracking tests to differentiate between different levels of TBI severity and healthy controls. Methodology: Ninety-two individuals divided into four groups (those with mild, moderate or severe TBI and healthy controls) participated in a computerized test of VSP eye movement using a remote eye tracker. Results: The VSP eye tracking test was able to distinguish between severe and moderate levels of TBI but unable to detect differences in the performance of participants with mild TBI and healthy controls. Conclusion: The eye-tracking technology used to measure VSP eye movements is able to provide a timely and objective method of differentiating between individuals with moderate and severe levels of TBI.

Download Full-text

Quantitative Approach for the Analysis of Fusional Convergence Using Eye-Tracking and SacLab Toolbox

Journal of Healthcare Engineering ◽

10.1155/2018/3271269 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Laura Cercenelli ◽

Michela Fresina ◽

Barbara Bortolani ◽

Guido Tiberi ◽

Giuseppe Giannaccare ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Data Analysis ◽

Eye Movements ◽

Eye Tracking ◽

Objective Evaluation ◽

Saccadic Amplitude ◽

Automatic Data ◽

Single Vision ◽

Automatic Data Analysis ◽

Made In ◽

Normal Binocular Vision

Fusional vergence is a disjunctive movement of the eyes that is made in order to obtain single vision. The aim of the study was to provide a quantitative and objective approach for analyzing the fusional convergence response using eye tracking (ET) technology and automatic data analysis provided by the intuitive SacLab toolbox previously developed by our group. We evaluated the proposed approach in a population of 26 subjects with normal binocular vision, who were tested with base-out prisms (magnitudes 4Δ, 6Δ, and 10Δ) in order to elicit fusional convergence response. Eye movements were recorded using the Viewpoint ET and analyzed using SacLab. Parameters describing both the vergence and the version components of the fusional response (convergence duration, CD; peak convergence velocity, PCV; number of intrusive saccades, NS; and mean saccadic amplitude, MSA) were automatically calculated and provided to clinicians for an objective evaluation. Results showed that the number of subjects achieving fusional convergence decreased with prism magnitude. For subjects achieving fusion CD and PCV increased significantly (p<0.05) when increasing the prism magnitude. For NS and MSA, there were no significant changes when passing to 6Δ, but a significant increase resulted when passing to 10Δ (p<0.05). Noninvasive ET associated with the intuitive SacLab toolbox may represent a valid option to objectively characterize the fusional vergence response in clinical setting. The analysis may be extended to patients with vergence disorders.

Download Full-text