scholarly journals Multiple Indicators of Wastewater Contamination to Shellfish Farms Near a Tidal River

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley Frith ◽  
Julian Henseler ◽  
Shahrzad Badri ◽  
Kevin R. Calci ◽  
Alexandra Stenson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Tidal River ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Industrial Sites ◽  
Multiple Indicators ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Male Specific ◽  
Agricultural Areas ◽  
Shellfish Farms

AbstractWastewater contamination threatens the shellfish aquaculture industry by posing risks to public health. Multiple indicators of wastewater contamination, including fecal coliforms (fc), male-specific coliphage (MSC), dissolved nutrients, stable isotope ratios, and artificial sweeteners were analyzed to determine possible sources of wastewater to local shellfish farms. Samples were collected at a wastewater treatment plant outfall (WTPO), nonpoint residential, and agricultural areas of a tidal river, and tidal creek inflows adjacent to farms. To capture seasonal variation, we sampled under warm and cold, and wet and dry conditions. Fc ranged < 5–5250 CFU 100 mL−1, NH4+ concentrations ranged up to 9.58 μM, and δ15N ranged 1.4–7.8‰ across all sites and time periods. Fc and NH4+ were higher, and δ15N was lower in the cold wet period and near residential and agricultural areas. Acesulfame and sucralose concentrations ranged 0.004–0.05 μg L−1 and up to > 0.8 μg L−1, respectively, and did not correlate with other indicators but tended to be higher in residential areas and at the WTPO, supporting their value in differentiating human sewage from other sources. Shoreline disturbance during septic system upgrades may have inadvertently contributed bacterial indicators to shellfish farms. Overall, indicator source dominance depended on environmental conditions, with WTPO and residential sources conveying human-specific indicators to farms year-round, while agricultural and industrial sites contributed additional fc during cold wet periods. The use of multiple indicators will aid managers to detect and define wastewater sources, identify targets for monitoring or remediation, and manage shellfish areas in estuaries with a mosaic of land-derived wastewater sources.

scholarly journals Pathogenic Enteric Viruses and Microbial Indicators during Secondary Treatment of Municipal Wastewater

2015 ◽  
Vol 81 (18) ◽  
pp. 6436-6445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naim Montazeri ◽  
Dorothee Goettert ◽  
Eric C. Achberger ◽  
Crystal N. Johnson ◽  
Witoon Prinyawiwatkul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Microbial Indicators ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Norovirus Gii ◽  
Male Specific ◽  
Enterovirus Serotypes

ABSTRACTPathogenic enteric viruses are responsible for a wide range of infections in humans, with diverse symptoms. Raw and partially treated wastewaters are major sources of environmental contamination with enteric viruses. We monitored a municipal secondary wastewater treatment plant (New Orleans, LA) on a monthly basis for norovirus (NoV) GI and GII and enterovirus serotypes using multiplex reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and microbial indicators of fecal contamination using standard plating methods. Densities of indicator bacteria (enterococci, fecal coliforms, andEscherichia coli) did not show monthly or seasonal patterns. Norovirus GII was more abundant than GI and, along with enterovirus serotypes, increased in influent during fall and spring. The highest NoV GI density in influent was in the fall, reaching an average of 4.0 log10genomic copies/100 ml. Norovirus GI removal (0.95 log10) was lower than that for GII, enterovirus serotypes, and male-specific coliphages (1.48 log10) or for indicator bacteria (4.36 log10), suggesting higher resistance of viruses to treatment. Male-specific coliphages correlated with NoV GII densities in influent and effluent (r= 0.48 and 0.76, respectively) and monthly removal, indicating that male-specific coliphages can be more reliable than indicator bacteria to monitor norovirus GII load and microbial removal. Dominant norovirus genotypes were classified into three GI genotypes (GI.1, GI.3, and GI.4) and four GII genotypes (GII.3, GII.4, GII.13, and GII.21), dominated by GI.1 and GII.4 strains. Some of the seasonal and temporal patterns we observed in the pathogenic enteric viruses were different from those of epidemiological observations.

Single-stage Sequencing Batch Process for Producing Class A Biosolids from AD Effluent at Terminal Island Treatment Plant

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Huub H.J. Cox ◽  
Steve Fan ◽  
Reza Iranpour
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Batch Process ◽  
Single Stage ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Class A ◽  
Truck Loading ◽  
Train Operation ◽  
Plant Control ◽  
Class A Biosolids

Terminal Island Treatment Plant converted its digesters to thermophilic operation with the objective to comply with the U.S. EPA Part 503 Biosolids Rule requirements for Class A biosolids. The following processes were tested: a) single-stage continuous; b) two-stage continuous; c) single-stage sequencing batch. Salmonella sp. were always non-detect in digester outflows (&lt;3 MPN/4 g dry wt), whereas fecal coliform densities were usually below the Class A limit of 1000 MPN/g dry wt. However, the recurrence of fecal coliforms in post-digestion caused non-compliance with the Class A limit at the truck loading facility as the last point of plant control for compliance. After several design modifications of the post-digestion train, operation of the digesters as sequencing batch digesters according to the time-temperature requirement of Alternative 1 of the Part 503 Biosolids Rule achieved compliance for both Salmonella sp. and fecal coliforms at the last point of plant control (truck loading facility).

VERMICOMPOSTING TECHNOLOGY FOR STABILIZING THE SEWAGE SLUDGE FROM RURAL WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANTS

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Lina Cardoso ◽  
C. Esperanza Ramírez ◽  
E. Violeta Escalante
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Sludge Management

There are problems associated with sludge management in small treatment plants (&lt;10 L/s) located in rural communities, due to costly conventional technology for sludge stabilization. Many of these plants have only sludge drying beds. Mexican Institute of Water Technology has proposed developing suitable low-cost technologies, one of which is vermicomposting a biodegradation system using earthworms of the species Eisenia foetida (earthworm) which stabilize sludge and reduce its pathogenicity. The objective of this work is to present two case studies where vermicomposting technology has been applied in Mexico. The first study corresponds to a plant where 4.8 m3/month of sludge are produced; for these wastes, a vermicomposting system was built and installed. The second study is a treatment plant where 9 m3/month of sludge are produced; experimental tests were conducted with sludge and water hyacinth and a vermicomposting system was designed. The vermicomposts were analyzed using parameters defined by Mexican standards. In regards to stabilization, TVS was reduced by 38% and the microbiological quality of the vermicompost was Class A and B, with a reduction in fecal coliforms and Helminth eggs according to NOM-004-SEMARNAT-2002. A CRETI (Corrosivity, Reactivity, Explosivity, Toxicity and Ignitability) analysis (NOM-052-SEMARNAT-2005) was used to show that the process reduced the concentration of releasable sulfides. The agronomic quality of the vermicompost exhibited a high content of organic matter comparable to many organic manures and high content of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. It is concluded that it is possible to improve the conditions of sewage sludge management in small plants of rural communities with a minimum investment (less than $10,000.00 USD) and with a requirement of a minimum area of 60 to 70 m2 for a production of less than 9 m3/month of dehydrated sludge (80% humidity).

scholarly journals Evaluation of water quality parameters for monitoring natural, urban, and agricultural areas in the Brazilian Cerrado

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daphne Heloisa de Freitas Muniz ◽  
Aline Silva Moraes ◽  
Ingrid de Souza Freire ◽  
Carlos José Domingos da Cruz ◽  
Jorge Enoch Furquim Werneck Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Ceriodaphnia Dubia ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Ecotoxicological Evaluation

INTRODUCTION: Brazil's Federal District (FD) has seen steep population growth in recent years, and this has increased demand for high-quality water. AIM: The present work aims to evaluate the quality of surface water from two water bodies in the FD at six sampling points, three of which are in the Sobradinho River (the receiving body of a sewage treatment plant effluent) and three in the Jardim River (located in an agricultural region). METHODS: Analyses were carried out every thirty days, for twelve months, covering rainy and dry seasons. Parameters were analyzed such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), conductivity, turbidity, total hardness, main ions, total and fecal coliforms (E. coli) in water. Ecotoxicological evaluation was also performed, using the micro-crustacean Ceriodaphnia dubia. RESULTS: Data of physical and chemical determinations showed DO, conductivity, Cl-, NO3-, SO4(2-) and Na+ to be important in indicating contamination by urban effluents. On the subject of biological parameters - E. coli and ecotoxicological evaluation - the former was seen to be more effective in the urban area. However, in the countryside, the assay with C. dubia proved to be the most sensitive, although less than ideal, because the organism is very sensitive to low water hardness. CONCLUSIONS: The fecal coliform indicator (E. coli) was the most effective one for comparing water quality in the two basins, mainly for the urbanized one, while ecotoxicity assays with C. dubia were harmed by the natural chemical composition of the water.

scholarly journals Environmental Health and Ecological Risk Assessment of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution in the Coastal Cities of Estuarine Bay—A Case Study of Hangzhou Bay, China

Toxics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Rongxi Li ◽  
Yuan Yuan ◽  
Chengwei Li ◽  
Wei Sun ◽  
Meng Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
Hangzhou Bay ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Industrial Areas ◽  
Agricultural Areas ◽  
Functional Areas

Shanghai is the major city on the north shore of Hangzhou Bay, and the administrative regions adjacent to Hangzhou Bay are the Jinshan district, Fengxian district, and Pudong new area (Nanhui district), which are the main intersection areas of manufacturing, transportation, and agriculture in Shanghai. In this paper, we collected a total of 75 topsoil samples from six different functional areas (agricultural areas (19), roadside areas (10), industrial areas (19), residential areas (14), education areas (6), and woodland areas (7)) in these three administrative regions, and the presence of 10 heavy metals (manganese(Mn), zinc(Zn), chromium(Cr), nickel(Ni), lead(Pb), cobalt(Co), cadmium(Cd), mercury(Hg), copper(Cu), and arsenic(As)) was investigated in each sample. The Nemerow pollution index (NPI), pollution load index (PLI), and potential ecological risk index (PERI) were calculated to assess the soil pollution levels. The hazard quotient (HQ) and carcinogenic risk (CR) assessment models were used to assess the human health risks posed by the concentrations of the heavy metals. The CR and HQ for adults and children in different functional areas descended in the following order: industrial areas > roadside areas > woodland areas > residential areas > education areas > agricultural areas. The HQ of Mn for children in industrial areas was higher than 1, and the risk was within the acceptable range.

Solving fecal coliform growth/reactivation in biosolids during full-scale post-digestion processes

2005 ◽  
Vol 52 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 283-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Iranpour ◽  
R. Palacios ◽  
H.H.J. Cox ◽  
V. Abkian
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Anaerobic Digesters ◽  
Plant Conversion ◽  
Thermophilic Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
The City

Fecal coliform recurrence has been observed at the City of Los Angeles Hyperion Treatment Plant during pilot-scale experiments with a designated thermophilic battery of six anaerobic digesters, while other digesters were still at a mesophilic temperature. Several lab and full-scale experiments indicated the following possible causes of the growth/reactivation of fecal coliforms in post-digestion: a) contamination of thermophilically digested biosolids with mesophilically digested biosolids; b) a large drop in the biosolids temperature between the centrifuges and silos, which could have allowed the reactivation and/or growth of fecal coliforms. These were resolved by the full plant conversion to thermophilic anaerobic digestion and design modifications of the post-digestion train.

scholarly journals Assessment of burden of virus agents in an urban sewage treatment plant in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tulio Machado Fumian ◽  
Carmen Baur Vieira ◽  
José Paulo Gagliardi Leite ◽  
Marize Pereira Miagostovich
Keyword(s):  
Rna Virus ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Human Adenovirus ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Nucleotide Sequencing ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Virus Contamination

Sewage discharge is considered to be the main source of virus contamination in aquatic environments. There is no correlation between the presence of viruses and the presence of fecal coliforms in water; therefore virological markers are needed when monitoring contamination. This study investigates DNA and RNA virus concentrations in wastewater and evaluates a potential virus marker of human contamination. Influent and effluent samples were collected twice a month throughout a 1-year period. Viruses were detected using quantitative polymerase chain reaction protocols; nucleotide sequencing was carried out for virus genotyping. Human adenovirus (HAdV) and polyomavirus JC (JCPyV) were the most prevalent viruses found in influent samples (100%) with a virus load that ranged from 106 to 105 genome copies per liter (gc l–1). Norovirus genogroup II (NoV GII) and human astrovirus (HAstV) were less prevalent, and ranged from 104 to 103gc l–1. Quantitative data on virus profiles in wastewaters stress the high level of rotavirus species A environmental dissemination and address the potential of HAdV as a useful virological marker of virus contamination in aquatic environments. This study corroborates other studies performed in developed countries on DNA viruses as good markers of human fecal contamination.

scholarly journals Meta-Analysis of the Reduction of Norovirus and Male-Specific Coliphage Concentrations in Wastewater Treatment Plants

2015 ◽  
Vol 81 (14) ◽  
pp. 4669-4681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Régis Pouillot ◽  
Jane M. Van Doren ◽  
Jacquelina Woods ◽  
Daniel Plante ◽  
Mark Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Credible Interval ◽  
The United States ◽  
Genotype I ◽  
Chlorine Disinfection ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Male Specific

ABSTRACTHuman norovirus (NoV) is the leading cause of foodborne illness in the United States and Canada. Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents impacting bivalve mollusk-growing areas are potential sources of NoV contamination. We have developed a meta-analysis that evaluates WWTP influent concentrations and log10reductions of NoV genotype I (NoV GI; in numbers of genome copies per liter [gc/liter]), NoV genotype II (NoV GII; in gc/liter), and male-specific coliphage (MSC; in number of PFU per liter), a proposed viral surrogate for NoV. The meta-analysis included relevant data (2,943 measurements) reported in the scientific literature through September 2013 and previously unpublished surveillance data from the United States and Canada. Model results indicated that the mean WWTP influent concentration of NoV GII (3.9 log10gc/liter; 95% credible interval [CI], 3.5, 4.3 log10gc/liter) is larger than the value for NoV GI (1.5 log10gc/liter; 95% CI, 0.4, 2.4 log10gc/liter), with large variations occurring from one WWTP to another. For WWTPs with mechanical systems and chlorine disinfection, mean log10reductions were −2.4 log10gc/liter (95% CI, −3.9, −1.1 log10gc/liter) for NoV GI, −2.7 log10gc/liter (95% CI, −3.6, −1.9 log10gc/liter) for NoV GII, and −2.9 log10PFU per liter (95% CI, −3.4, −2.4 log10PFU per liter) for MSCs. Comparable values for WWTPs with lagoon systems and chlorine disinfection were −1.4 log10gc/liter (95% CI, −3.3, 0.5 log10gc/liter) for NoV GI, −1.7 log10gc/liter (95% CI, −3.1, −0.3 log10gc/liter) for NoV GII, and −3.6 log10PFU per liter (95% CI, −4.8, −2.4 PFU per liter) for MSCs. Within WWTPs, correlations exist between mean NoV GI and NoV GII influent concentrations and between the mean log10reduction in NoV GII and the mean log10reduction in MSCs.

scholarly journals Survey of Wastewater Indicators and Human Pathogen Genomes in Biosolids Produced by Class A and Class B Stabilization Treatments

2008 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 164-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Viau ◽  
Jordan Peccia
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Legionella Pneumophila ◽  
Human Adenovirus ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Class A ◽  
Stabilization Methods ◽  
Class B ◽  
Male Specific ◽  
Pathogen Genome

ABSTRACT Accurate modeling of the infectious aerosol risk associated with the land application of biosolids requires an in-depth knowledge of the magnitudes and changes in pathogen concentrations for a variety of class A and class B stabilization methods. The following survey used quantitative PCR (qPCR) and culture assays to detect environmentally resistant bacterial and viral pathogens and biosolid indicator organisms for 36 biosolid grab samples. Biosolids were collected from 14 U.S. states and included 16 class B mesophilic anaerobic digestion (MAD) samples and 20 class A biosolid samples from temperature-phased anaerobic digestion (TPAD), MAD plus composting (COM), and MAD plus heat pelletization processes. The indicator concentrations of fecal coliforms and male-specific coliphages as well as pathogen genome concentrations for human adenovirus species, Legionella pneumophila, Staphylococcus aureus, and Clostridium difficile were significantly lower in the class A samples, and a multivariate analysis of variance ranked the stabilization processes from the lowest pathogen/indicator load to the highest as (i) class A COM, (ii) class A TPAD, and (iii) class B MAD. Human adenovirus genomes were found in 88% of the class B samples and 70 to 100% of the class A samples. L. pneumophila, S. aureus, and C. difficile genomes were detected at the qPCR assay detection limits in 19 to 50% of the class B and class A anaerobic digestion samples, while L. pneumophila was detected in 50% of the class A compost samples. When considering all the stabilization methods, both the fecal coliform and the male-specific coliphage concentrations show a significant linear correlation with the pathogen genome concentrations. This survey provides the necessary pathogen concentrations to add to biosolid aerosol risk and pathogen exposure analyses and clarifies the effectiveness of class A stabilization methods with the pathogen and indicator loads in biosolids.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document