scholarly journals Comparison of human and faunal enamel isotopes reveals diverse paleodiet and exchange patterns at the highland Maya Site of Kaminaljuyu, Guatemala

2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley E. Sharpe ◽  
Bárbara Arroyo ◽  
Lori E. Wright ◽  
Gloria Ajú ◽  
Javier Estrada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Dental Enamel ◽  
Species Variation ◽  
Mobility Patterns ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Economic Role ◽  
Terrestrial Mammals ◽  
Highland Maya ◽  
Maya Site ◽  
Faunal Studies

AbstractThis study provides an isotopic examination of both human and animal paleodiets and mobility patterns at a highland Maya community. Kaminaljuyu, Guatemala, was a large Prehispanic center located in a distinctly cooler, drier setting compared with the majority of Maya sites in the surrounding lowlands. Previous archaeological research at Kaminaljuyu revealed it played an important political and economic role in the Maya region, assisting in the obsidian trade network and maintaining ties with communities as far away as Teotihuacan in central Mexico. By examining the strontium (87Sr/86Sr), carbon (δ13C), and oxygen (δ18O) isotope values from dental enamel of humans and terrestrial mammals at the site, this study provides direct evidence of long-distance animal trade, explores the nature and timing of such activities, and compares highland dietary patterns with faunal studies in the lowlands. Our results indicate that isotopically non-local humans and animals are most frequently found in special and ceremonial contexts, indicating that long-distance movements of people and products were motivated for politically or ritually significant events. Although dietary patterns showed cross-species variation, diets within species were similar between highland and lowland settings.

scholarly journals Exploring Monitoring Systems Data for Driver Distraction and Drowsiness Research

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (14) ◽  
pp. 3836
Author(s):  
António Lobo ◽  
Sara Ferreira ◽  
António Couto
Keyword(s):  
Short Distance ◽  
Monitoring Systems ◽  
Mobility Patterns ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Road Crashes ◽  
Driving Time ◽  
Driver Monitoring ◽  
Driver Inattention ◽  
Ordered Probit Models ◽  
Breaking Time

Driver inattention is a major contributor to road crashes. The emerging of new driver monitoring systems represents an opportunity for researchers to explore new data sources to understand driver inattention, even if the technology was not developed with this purpose in mind. This study is based on retrospective data obtained from two driver monitoring systems to study distraction and drowsiness risk factors. The data includes information about the trips performed by 330 drivers and corresponding distraction and drowsiness alerts emitted by the systems. The drivers’ historical travel data allowed defining two groups with different mobility patterns (short-distance and long-distance drivers) through a cluster analysis. Then, the impacts of the driver’s profile and trip characteristics (e.g., driving time, average speed, and breaking time and frequency) on inattention were analyzed using ordered probit models. The results show that long-distance drivers, typically associated with professionals, are less prone to distraction and drowsiness than short-distance drivers. The driving time increases the probability of inattention, while the breaking frequency is more important to mitigate inattention than the breaking time. Higher average speeds increase the inattention risk, being associated with road facilities featuring a monotonous driving environment.

scholarly journals Lockdown related travel behavior undermines the containment of SARS-CoV-2

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nishant Kishore ◽  
Rebecca Kahn ◽  
Pamela P. Martinez ◽  
Pablo M. De Salazar ◽  
Ayesha S. Mahmud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Mobility Patterns ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Mobility Data ◽  
Travel Restrictions ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTIn response to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, unprecedented policies of travel restrictions and stay-at-home orders were enacted around the world. Ultimately, the public’s response to announcements of lockdowns - defined here as restrictions on both local movement or long distance travel - will determine how effective these kinds of interventions are. Here, we measure the impact of the announcement and implementation of lockdowns on human mobility patterns by analyzing aggregated mobility data from mobile phones. We find that following the announcement of lockdowns, both local and long distance movement increased. To examine how these behavioral responses to lockdown policies may contribute to epidemic spread, we developed a simple agent-based spatial model. We find that travel surges following announcements of lockdowns can increase seeding of the epidemic in rural areas, undermining the goal of the lockdown of preventing disease spread. Appropriate messaging surrounding the announcement of lockdowns and measures to decrease unnecessary travel are important for preventing these unintended consequences of lockdowns.

scholarly journals Mobility Patterns During COVID-19 Travel Restrictions in Nairobi Urban Informal Settlements: Who Is Leaving Home and Why

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessie Pinchoff ◽  
Cara Kraus-Perrotta ◽  
Karen Austrian ◽  
James B. Tidwell ◽  
Timothy Abuya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Informal Settlement ◽  
Informal Settlements ◽  
Urban Slums ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Relative Risk Ratio ◽  
Mobility Patterns ◽  
Multinomial Regression ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The City

AbstractNairobi’s urban slums are ill equipped to prevent spread of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) due to high population density, multigenerational families in poorly ventilated informal housing, and poor sanitation. Physical distancing policies, curfews, and a citywide lockdown were implemented in March and April 2020 resulting in sharp decreases in movement across the city. However, most people cannot afford to stay home completely (e.g., leaving daily to fetch water). If still employed, they may need to travel longer distances for work, potentially exposing them COVID-19 or contributing to its spread. We conducted a household survey across five urban slums to describe factors associated with mobility in the previous 24 h. A total of 1695 adults were interviewed, 63% female. Of these, most reported neighborhood mobility within their informal settlement (54%), 19% stayed home completely, and 27% reported long-distance mobility outside their informal settlement, mainly for work. In adjusted multinomial regression models, women were 58% more likely than men to stay home (relative risk ratio (RRR): 1.58, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.16, 2.14) and women were 60% less likely than men to report citywide mobility (RRR: 0.40; 95% CI 0.31, 0.52). Individuals in the wealthiest quintile, particularly younger women, were most likely to not leave home at all. Those who reported citywide travel were less likely to have lost employment (RRR: 0.49; 95% CI 0.38, 0.65) and were less likely to avoid public transportation (RRR: 0.30; 95% CI 0.23, 0.39). Employment and job hunting were the main reasons for traveling outside of the slum; less than 20% report other reasons. Our findings suggest that slum residents who retain their employment are traveling larger distances across Nairobi, using public transportation, and are more likely to be male; this travel may put them at higher risk of COVID-19 infection but is necessary to maintain income. Steps to protect workers from COVID-19 both in the workplace and while in transit (including masks, hand sanitizer stations, and reduced capacity on public transportation) are critical as economic insecurity in the city increases due to COVID-19 mitigation measures. Workers must be able to commute and maintain employment to not be driven further into poverty. Additionally, to protect the majority of individuals who are only travelling locally within their settlement, mitigation measures such as making masks and handwashing stations accessible within informal settlements must also be implemented, with special attention to the burden placed on women.

scholarly journals The Ølby Woman:

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Samantha Scott Reiter ◽  
Karin Margarita Frei ◽  
Heide Wrobel Nørgaard ◽  
Flemming Kaul
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Lead Isotope ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Dental Enamel ◽  
Strontium Isotope ◽  
Mobility Patterns ◽  
Provenance Studies ◽  
Non Local ◽  
Isotope Analyses ◽  
Potential Mobility

The Early Nordic Bronze Age oak coffin burials include some of Europe’s best preserved human remains. Although traditional typological examinations thereof have not always found clear foreign references, recent provenance investigations from Egtved and Skrydstrup suggest that the two women were of non-local provenance. In order to investigate potential mobility patterns and how these might or might not be related to the archaeological evidence, we conducted comprehensive multi-analytical investigations on the Ølby Woman, another key female oak coffin burial. Her grave included large metal items, the remains of a corded skirt and a glass bead recently identified as of Egyptian origin. Strontium isotope analyses of the dental enamel of Ølby’s first, second and third molars investigate her provenance and potential mobility through childhood. Furthermore, we conducted lead isotope analyses and craft technical analyses of her belt plate and sword/dagger. Our results reveal that the Ølby female’s strontium isotope signatures fall within the local baseline, suggesting that she was of local origin. The metal provenance studies and craft technical studies of the belt plate and sword suggest that the objects were manufactured in Scandinavia, while the raw materials for each item were imported from different places in Europe.  

Effective dispersal of large seeds by Baird's tapir: a large-scale field experiment

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgina O'Farrill ◽  
Sophie Calmé ◽  
Raja Sengupta ◽  
Andrew Gonzalez
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Home Range Size ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Terrestrial Mammals ◽  
Scale Field ◽  
Large Scale Field ◽  
Viable Seeds

Even though the full process of seed dispersal is the combination of movement mode and distance, deposition, successful germination and survival (Nathan 2006, Westcott et al. 2005), relatively few studies have documented the role of mammals as facilitators of germination and survival (Paine & Harms 2009). In particular, the effectiveness of large terrestrial mammals (>50 kg) as effective dispersers of large seeds is poorly known, but has been linked to the treatment of the seeds in their digestive system, the deposition of viable seeds in nutrient-rich environments (faeces) and favourable sites. Other aspects related to long-distance movements, defecation patterns and home-range size are frequently cited as factors that favour the deposition of seeds far from parent trees, which is expected to reduce predation and intraspecific competition, and enhance fitness (Schupp et al. 2002). We addressed these issues through a large-scale field experiment.

Changing Climate and Reparatory Justice

2021 ◽  
pp. 42-61
Author(s):  
Clara Rachel Eybalin Casseus
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
Climate Justice ◽  
Transnational Literature ◽  
Mobility Patterns ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Civil Society Organisations ◽  
Management Of Resources ◽  
Neoliberal Policies ◽  
Effective Use

In this chapter, the author draws on transnational literature on displacement by challenging its overemphasis on identities. In contrast, it argues for a deeper engagement of new mobility patterns and other routes that have emerged in localities often situated apart that have not been fully analysed together thus far. Further, an analysis of consequence of neoliberal policies through the use of civil society organisations (CSOs) versus a more effective use of the politics of decentralization contributes to increasing the understanding of both the mechanisms that reproduce (mis)management of resources and the constant marginalisation of constructive endogenous forces to address reparatory justice under the threat of climate change. From Abricots (Haiti) to Beirut (Lebanon), putting in dialogue regions that barely interact in the literature is intended to motivate future studies on the emerging connections between memory, long-distance civic engagement, South-South cooperation, and claims for restorative climate justice.

ANCIENT MAYA SETTLEMENT, INTERACTION SPHERES, AND GEOPOLITICS IN SOUTH-CENTRAL QUINTANA ROO, MEXICO

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 441-461
Author(s):  
Laura P. Villamil ◽  
R. Jason Sherman
Keyword(s):  
Quintana Roo ◽  
Ancient Maya ◽  
Late Classic ◽  
Monumental Architecture ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Terminal Classic ◽  
South Central ◽  
Interaction Spheres ◽  
Middle Preclassic ◽  
Maya Site

AbstractThis paper presents the results of investigations at the ancient Maya site of Margarita in south-central Quintana Roo, Mexico, and relates them to documented patterns at neighboring centers. Following initial settlement of the region in the Middle Preclassic, settlement hierarchies topped by large centers with monumental architecture, carved monuments, and associations with sites to the south emerged in the Late Preclassic to Early Classic periods. In the Late Classic, several primary centers declined and there was a proliferation of affluent urban populations—evidenced by construction of elaborate residential groups—at smaller centers like Margarita. Long-distance cultural affiliations shifted as well, with ceramic and architectural links to western and northern Yucatán becoming pronounced. Many settlements were abandoned in the Terminal Classic, but there is also evidence of the formation of “post-collapse” communities at Margarita and other neighboring sites during the same period.

scholarly journals Von der Oase zur antiken Handelsmetropole. Überlegungen zur wirtschaftlichen Rolle und Bedeutung der nahöstlichen Oasenstadt Palmyra im Kontext der römischen Ostexpansion

2017 ◽  
pp. 213
Author(s):  
Lisa-Marie Gabriel
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Economic Role ◽  
Steppe Region ◽  
Trade Center

From an oasis to an ancient trading metropolis. Considerations about the economic role and importance of the middle eastern oasis of Palmyra in the context of the Roman eastward expansion Numerous publications deal with the versatile ancient oasis Palmyra, which has been known long before the destruction campaign of ISIS as ancient caravan city and long-distance trade center of the Middle East. Nevertheless, little work devoted especially on the economic importance of the old Tadmor. Therefore this bachelor thesis tries to examine Palmyras economic development from an simple oasis in the barren steppe region of present-day Syria to a leading commercial metropolis in the context of the Roman expansion between the 1st century BC and the 3rd century AD. 

scholarly journals Diverse and Dynamic Dietary Patterns in Early Colonial Cuba: New Insights from Multiple Isotope Analyses

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-121
Author(s):  
Jason E. Laffoon ◽  
Roberto Valcárcel Rojas ◽  
Darlene A. Weston ◽  
Menno L. P. Hoogland ◽  
Gareth R. Davies ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Mobility Patterns ◽  
Carbon And Oxygen Isotope ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Archaeological Reconstruction ◽  
Isotope Analyses

The European conquest and colonization of the Caribbean precipitated massive changes in indigenous cultures and societies of the region. One of the earliest changes was the introduction of new plant and animal foods and culinary traditions. This study presents the first archaeological reconstruction of indigenous diets and foodways in the Caribbean spanning the historical divide of 1492. We use multiple isotope datasets to reconstruct these diets and investigate the potential relationships between dietary and mobility patterns at multiple scales. Dietary patterns are assessed by isotope analyses of different skeletal elements from the archaeological skeletal population of El Chorro de Maíta, Cuba. This approach integrates carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses of bone and dentine collagen with carbon and oxygen isotope analyses of bone and enamel apatite. The isotope results document extreme intrapopulation dietary heterogeneity but few systematic differences in diet between demographic/social groups. Comparisons with published isotope data from other precolonial and colonial period populations in the Caribbean indicate distinct dietary and subsistence practices at El Chorro de Maíta. The majority of the local population consumed more animal protein resources than other indigenous populations in the Caribbean, and their overall dietary patterns are more similar to colonial period enslaved populations than to indigenous ones.

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