Erratum to: Ability of Two Dam Fine-Grained Sediments to be Used in Cement Industry as Raw Material for Clinker Production and as Pozzolanic Additional Constituent of Portland-Composite Cement

The cement industry has for some time been seeking alternative raw material for the Portland cement clinker production. The aim of this research was to investigate the possibility of utilizing iron ore tailings (IOT) to replace clay as alumina-silicate raw material for the production of Portland cement clinker. For this purpose, two kinds of clinkers were prepared: one was prepared by IOT; the other was prepared by clay as a reference. The reactivity and burnability of raw meal, mineralogical composition and physical properties of clinker, and hydration characteristic of cement were studied by burnability analysis, differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, and hydration analysis. The results showed that the raw meal containing IOT had higher reactivity and burnability than the raw meal containing clay, and the use of IOT did not affect the formation of characteristic mineralogical phases of Portland cement clinker. Furthermore, the physical and mechanical performance of two cement clinkers were similar. In addition, the use of IOT was found to improve the grindability of clinker and lower the hydration heat of Portland cement. These findings suggest that IOT can replace the clay as alumina-silicate raw material for the preparation of Portland cement clinker.

Download Full-text

Fine-grained reservoir sediments: an interesting alternative raw material for Portland cement clinker production

European Journal of Environmental and Civil engineering ◽

10.1080/19648189.2017.1327890 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 23 (8) ◽

pp. 957-970 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Baptiste Anger ◽

Isabelle Moulin ◽

Jean-Pierre Commene ◽

François Thery ◽

Daniel Levacher

Keyword(s):

Portland Cement ◽

Raw Material ◽

Cement Clinker ◽

Reservoir Sediments ◽

Fine Grained ◽

Portland Cement Clinker ◽

Clinker Production ◽

Interesting Alternative

Download Full-text

A Survey and Analysis on Electricity Consumption of Raw Material Mill System in China Cement Industry between 2014 and 2019

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13031126 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 1126

Author(s):

Ruonan Meng ◽

Qinglin Zhao ◽

Miaomiao Wu ◽

Quanming Long ◽

Mingkai Zhou

Keyword(s):

Electricity Consumption ◽

Cement Industry ◽

Raw Material ◽

Preparation Process ◽

Production Lines ◽

Cement Production ◽

Whole Process ◽

Grinding System ◽

Clinker Production ◽

Material Preparation

In the whole process of cement production, the electricity consumption of a raw material mill accounts for about 24% of the total. Based on the statistics of the electricity consumption of the raw material mill system of 1005 production lines in China between 2014 and 2019, it is found that the average electricity consumption of the raw material preparation process of all clinker production lines between 2014 and 2019 was 25.2 kWh/t. The average electricity consumption of different-tonnage production lines varies with time. In comparison with high-tonnage ones, the electricity consumption of low-tonnage production lines has wider distribution. The average electricity consumption of raw material mill dropped from 30.88 kWh/t in 2014 to 16.13 kWh/t in 2019, with a drop of more than half. At present, the raw material preparation process of new drying-process cement production enterprises mainly includes middle unloading drying tube mill raw material preparation system, vertical mill raw material final grinding system, and roller press raw material final grinding system. This paper compares the characteristics of several grinding systems and summarizes their influence on the electricity consumption.

Download Full-text

Analysis on the CO2 Emission of Calcium Carbide Sludge as Secondary Raw Material in Cement Clinker Production

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.743-744.516 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 743-744 ◽

pp. 516-522 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Fei Fei Shi ◽

Zhi Hong Wang ◽

Ming Hui Fang ◽

Bo Xue Sun ◽

Ming Nan Zhao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Emission Reduction ◽

Calcium Carbide ◽

Cement Industry ◽

Raw Material ◽

Cement Clinker ◽

The World ◽

Secondary Raw Material ◽

Global Carbon ◽

Clinker Production

With the development of economy, China has become one of the largest cement producers in the world. However, cement industry is a main contributor of global carbon emissions. Substituting calcium carbide sludge for limestone is an effective method for CO2 emission reduction in cement industry and has developed rapidly in recent years in China. The purpose of this study is to determine the life cycle CO2 emission of cement clinker produced with calcium carbide sludge as secondary raw material. The results show that compared with general cement clinker, the life cycle CO2 emission intensity of cement clinker produced with calcium carbide sludge will be decreased by 39.1% when substitution rate is 80%. And the CO2 emission results from the procedure of cement clinker production accounts for 85.7% of the total emission, in this stage, the CO2 emission declined by 42.2%.

Download Full-text

PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH FLY ASH DARI PEMBAKARAN BATUBARA PADA PEMBUATAN SEMEN PCC (PORTLAND COMPOSITE CEMENT) DI PT SEMEN XYZ LAMPUNG

Industrika: Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Industri ◽

10.37090/indstrk.v4i2.233 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Dwi Septiyana Sari ◽

◽

Susanti Sundari

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Fly Ash ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Testing Machine ◽

Technical Aspect ◽

Raw Material ◽

Physical Test ◽

Composite Cement ◽

The Difference ◽

The Cost

Abstract This study discusses the use of fly ash waste from coal burning on the manufacture of PCC (Portland composite cement) at PT. XYZ Lampung. The purpose of this research is to look at the technical studies and the efficiency of raw materials in the use of fly ash in cement making, in this case PCC cement (Portland Composite Cement). The steps taken in analyzing the data in this study were viewed from a technical aspect by means of a physical test, namely the cement compressive strength test at the age of 3 days, 7 days, and 28 days using the Compression Testing Machine. This test was conducted to see the comparison of the compressive strength of PCC cement using limestone and fly ash as raw materials, then calculate the difference in raw material costs in the year before and after the replacement of limestone with fly ash. The results showed that cement with the addition of fly ash after 3 days, 7 days and 28 days had an increased compressive strength value, which increased 21.69%, 16.07% and 8.05% respectively of the compressive strength of cement using limestone. The use of fly ash as a substitute for limestone has an effect on the cost of raw materials, where the difference between the cost of raw materials in 2019 and the cost of raw materials in 2018 is Rp. 39,440,952,074.

Download Full-text

Preliminary Characterization of Three Metallurgical Bauxite Residue Samples

Materials Proceedings ◽

10.3390/materproc2021005066 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 66

Author(s):

Panagiotis Angelopoulos ◽

Maria Georgiou ◽

Paschalis Oustadakis ◽

Maria Taxiarchou ◽

Hakan Karadağ ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Low Cost ◽

Bauxite Residue ◽

Raw Material ◽

Morphological Observation ◽

Critical Metals ◽

Alumina Production ◽

Preliminary Characterization ◽

Fine Grained ◽

Extraction And Separation ◽

Bulk Chemical

Bauxite Metallurgical Residue (BR) is a highly alkaline and very fine-grained by-product of the Bayer process for alumina production. Its huge global annual production has resulted in increasing accumulation of BR, causing deposition problems and serious environmental issues. RM contains oxides and salts of the main elements Fe, Al, Ca, Na, Si, Ti, and rare earths—REEs (Sc, Nd, Y, La, Ce, Ds)—many of which have been categorised by EU as critical metals (CMs). The valorisation of BR as a low-cost secondary raw material and metal resource could be a route for its reduction, introducing the waste into the economic cycle. REEScue constitutes a research project that aims to instigate the efficient exploitation of European bauxite residues, resulting from alumina production from Greece (MYTILINEOS SA), Turkey (ETI Aluminium), and Romania (ALUM SA), containing appreciable concentrations of scandium and REEs, through the development of a number of innovative extraction and separation technologies that can efficiently address the drawbacks of the existing solution. The consortium consists of three alumina producers from Greece (MYTILINEOS SA), Turkey (ETI Aluminium), and Romania (ALUM SA) and two academic partners from Greece (National Technical University of Athens) and Turkey (Necmettin Erbacan University). We present preliminary characterization results of three different BR samples that originate from the three aluminium industries, in respect of bulk chemical analysis (XRF, ICP), mineralogical investigation (XRD), and morphological observation through microscopy.

Download Full-text

Substance Flow Analysis of Zinc in Two Preheater–Precalciner Cement Plants and the Associated Atmospheric Emissions

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos13010128 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 128

Author(s):

Zhonggen Li ◽

Yiming Huang ◽

Xinyu Li ◽

Guan Wang ◽

Qingfeng Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Temperature ◽

Production Process ◽

Flow Analysis ◽

Distribution Patterns ◽

Cement Industry ◽

Environmental Stability ◽

Anthropogenic Sources ◽

Human Beings ◽

Atmospheric Emission ◽

Clinker Production

Atmospheric emission of heavy metals from different anthropogenic sources is a great concern to human beings due to their toxicities. In order to disclose the emission levels and the distribution patterns of zinc (Zn) in the modern cement industry with respect to its low boiling point (~900 °C) comparing to the high-temperature (1450 °C) clinker production process, solid samples representing the input and output flow of Zn during the entire production process in two preheater–precalciner cement plants (CPs) were collected and analyzed. For the first time, it was found that the behaviour of Zn inside different precalciner CPs was similar despite a huge difference in the Zn inputs to the CPs; namely, almost all the Zn input was output in clinker, which was then mixed with different additives and retarder to make cement products. The high-temperature clinkerisation process would incorporate Zn into the aluminosilicate of clinker. As a result, there was no enrichment of Zn during clinker production and the atmospheric emission factor was relatively low at 0.002%, or 1.28–9.39 mg Zn·t−1 clinker. Our result for the atmospheric Zn emissions from CPs was much lower than most previous reports, implying the CPs were not a crucial Zn emission source. However, the higher load of Zn in some raw/alternative materials—like nonferrous smelting slag with a Zn content of ~2%—could greatly increase the content of Zn in clinker and cement products. Therefore, further investigation on the environmental stability of Zn in such Zn-laden cement and concrete should be carried out.

Download Full-text

Geochemical And Mineralogical Assessment Of Secondary Gypsum In Al-Najaf, Iraq And Employment As Raw Material For Cement Industry

Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia ◽

10.7186/bgsm72202117 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 72 ◽

pp. 215-222

Author(s):

Mohanad R.A. Al-Owaidi ◽

◽

Mohammed L. Hussein ◽

Ruaa Issa Muslim ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Portland Cement ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Quality Standard ◽

Cement Industry ◽

Raw Material ◽

Insoluble Residue ◽

Mineralogical Study ◽

The Mean ◽

Industry Success

The Portland cement industry is one of the strategic industries in any country. The basis of an industry success is the availability of raw materials and, the low extraction in addition to transportation costs. The Bahr Al-Najaf region is abundant with limestone rocks but lacks primary gypsum. An investigation had been carried out to identify the source of secondary gypsum as an alternative to primary gypsum. Twelve boreholes were drilled for a depth of 2 m, as the thickness of suitable secondary gypsum layer ranges from 1 to 1.5 m. The mineralogical study revealed the predominance of gypsum followed by quartz and calcite, with an average of 62.9%, 19.6% and 14.35%, respectively. The geochemical analysis revealed that the content of SO3 is appropriate and ranging from 41.92% to 32.89% with an average of 37.73%. The SO3 content is within an acceptable range. The mean abundance of the major oxides of the study area may be arranged as SO3 > CaO> SiO2> MgO> Al2O> Fe2O3. The insoluble residue was at an acceptable rate. The laboratory experiments for milling secondary gypsum with clinker has successfully proven the production of Portland cement that matches the limits of the Iraqi Quality Standard (IQS) No. 5 of 1984. Great care must be taken when using secondary gypsum; secondary gypsum must be mixed well to maintain the chemical properties before blending with clinker and utilizing in the cement mill in the cement plant.

Download Full-text