scholarly journals Endocrine disruptors in boiled drinking water carried in plastic containers: a pilot study in Thrissur, Kerala, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Geetha
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Endocrine Disruptors ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Plastic Container ◽  
Pet Bottles ◽  
Antimony Concentration ◽  
Repeated Use ◽  
Plastic Containers ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectra

AbstractBoiled drinking water is carried by students to schools and colleges in plastic containers. However, the risk associated with drinking water stored in plastic containers is very real especially the question of leachates finding their way into the water stored in these containers. In this pilot study, we identified the most common plastic container used by students to carry water and the factors that govern their choice. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) was identified as the most favored plastic used to carry water. PET bottles were then subject to treatments that mimic conditions representative of normal consumer usage. The water sample collected was tested for the presence of phthalates, antimony & titanium, and their content estimated by gas chromatography and atomic absorption spectra. Although phthalates and antimony leach into water from PET bottles their concentration was not high enough to pose a threat to human life. However, the trend of increasing antimony concentration with temperature and time is a cause of concern because of its role as endocrine disruptors. Prolonged and repeated use of PET bottles to carry water, especially warm water may lead to health problems in the community.

scholarly journals The influence of pet containers on antimony concentration in bottled drinking water

2010 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 305-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Peric-Grujic ◽  
Aleksandar Radmanovac ◽  
Aleksander Stojanov ◽  
Viktor Pocajt ◽  
Mirjana Ristic
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Food Packaging ◽  
Spring Water ◽  
Antimony Trioxide ◽  
Antimony Content ◽  
Maximum Contaminant Level ◽  
Pet Bottles ◽  
Antimony Concentration ◽  
Contaminant Level

Antimony trioxide (Sb2O3) is the most frequently used catalyst in the polyethylene terephthalate (PET) manufacture. As a result, antimony is incorporated into PET bottles at concentration level of 100-300 mg/kg. PET containers are used for drinking water and beverages, as well as food packaging and in the pharmaceutical industry. Thus, it is important to understand the factors that may influence the release of antimony from the catalysts into water and other products, since antimony is potentially toxic trace element. In this paper, the antimony content in nine brands of bottled mineral and spring water from Serbia, and seven brands of bottled mineral and spring water from EU countries was analyzed. The measurements were conducted using the inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) technique. In the all examined samples the antimony concentration was bellow the maximum contaminant level of 5 ?g/L prescribed by the Serbian and EU regulations. Comparison of the content of antimony in PET bottled waters with the content of antimony in water bottled commercially in glass and the natural content of antimony in pristine groundwaters, provides explicit evidence of antimony leaching from PET containers. Since waters bottled in PET have much greater concentration ratio of Sb to Pb than corresponding pristine groundwaters, it can be assumed that bottled waters cannot be used as the relavant source for the study of the natural antimony content in groundwaters. There is a clear relation between the quality of water in bottles (composition, ion strength) and antimony leaching rate. Moreover, while the rate of antimony leaching is slow at temperatures below 60 oC, at the temperature range of 60-80 oC antimony release occurs and reaches maximum contaminant level rapidly. As antimony can cause both acute and chronic health problems, factors that promote the increase of antimony concentration should be avoided.

scholarly journals Intestinal Parasitic Infections and Associated Risk Factors Among School-going Children of Age 1-5 years in Dharan, Eastern Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (01) ◽  
pp. 26-35
Author(s):  
Dhiren Subba Limbu ◽  
Samana Shrestha ◽  
Kamana Bantawa ◽  
Ramesh Majhi ◽  
Milan Kharel
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Plastic Container ◽  
Intestinal Parasitic Infections ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

 Intestinal parasitic infections have been a major public health burden of developing countries, especially in children. Higher prevalence has been reported among school children, mostly in rural areas of Nepal where water, toilets, hygiene, and sanitation facilities are insufficient. This cross-sectional study was carried out from April to September 2019 to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among school-going children1-5 years of Dharan, Nepal, and to assess the associated risk factors. Stool samples were collected in a clean, dry, screw-capped, and wide-mouthed plastic container, kept in an icebox, and transported to the laboratory. Data relating to different risk factors were collected from the parents of 116 participants using a structured questionnaire. The parasites were identified by using the direct wet mount method and formal-ether concentration method. Pearson’s chi-square test was carried out to establish associations between dependent and independent variables using SPSS version 20, and the test considered a greater than < 0.05% as statistically significant with a 95% confidence level. Out of the 116 stool samples, 9 (7.75%) tested positive for the parasitic infections in which 5 (55.5%) were protozoa and 4 (44.45%) were helminths. The prevalent parasites, were Entamoeba histolytica (23%), Hyamenolepis nana (22%), Giardia lamblia (11%), Hookworm (11%), Entamoeba coli (11%), Ascaris lumbricoides (11%), and Intestinal parasitic infections had a significant association with drinking water, bowel syndrome, bathing habit, toilet facility, and washing hands after toilets (p<0.05). Lack of toilets, poor hygiene, and unsafe drinking water were the main risk factors. Improved hygienic practices, safe drinking water, and the use of latrines could lower the rate of parasitic infections.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Bacteriological Quality Characteristics of Drinking Waters of few Village Sources in Coastal Areas of Bhimavaram region at West Godavari District, India

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 888-892
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Waterborne Diseases ◽  
Biological Quality ◽  
Bacteriological Quality ◽  
To Come ◽  
And Control

The essential requirement for human life to exist is water. After to the air, the other It has in various sources such as canals, ponds, rivers, lake, streams, reservoirs and etc. human settlers on the banks of major river systems at the earliest and has need water for drinking, bathing, cooking, laundering, and many more. But with the advancement of civilization the demand of water supply grately increased and now has such a stage to come that without well organized public water supply scheme, it is not possible to move the present human life and the develop the towns. Earlier has importance on quantity. And now today importance of quality comes to be recognized gradually in the later days. In this present study, numbers of water samples were collected various water supply schemes from 20 villages of bhimavaram region, West Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh. The drinking water samples are analyze its biological quality and it was found that some of the samples in the study area are exceeds or above the standard limit or permissible limit. On over all based on biological quality few drinking water sources located in and around different areas of Bhimavaram was seriously polluted by harmful bacteria and must need few treatment methods. So that need of attention not to use of supplied water and need to give suggestions and remedial measures to concerned local authorities of various disinfection treatment technologies or control measure to make supplied water free from pathogenic Bactria. Quality Assessment of drinking water from various sources (S Malhotra, S.K., Sndhu (2015), especially bacteriological quality should be periodically planned regularly to avoid and control waterborne diseases

The Lifelines of the Statesman

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Naas
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Animal Sacrifice ◽  
Repeated Use ◽  
Organic As

Chapter 1 looks at Plato’s attempt, in the opening pages of the Statesman (257a–267b), to discover the essence of the statesman through the method known as diairesis, that is, through the philosophical exercise of drawing lines. While it might seem that these lines between not only various species of natural beings (especially human and animal) but different kinds of man-made objects or activities (such as statesmanship) are merely conventional, the dialogue demonstrates that they are in fact already drawn in nature and that the discourse that follows them must be just as natural, indeed just as organic, as the objects they try to define (the logos as zōon). In addition to asking about the place where Plato draws the line between life and its others, human life and its others, the chapter interrogates Plato’s repeated use of animal metaphors to characterize the very method of philosophy—the dialogue as hunt, diairesis as animal sacrifice, Platonic forms as “natural species,” and so on.

scholarly journals Pilot study of global endocrine disrupting activity in Iowa public drinking water utilities using cell-based assays

2020 ◽  
Vol 714 ◽  
pp. 136317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rena R. Jones ◽  
Diana A. Stavreva ◽  
Peter J. Weyer ◽  
Lyuba Varticovski ◽  
Maki Inoue-Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Water Utilities ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting ◽  
Public Drinking Water ◽  
Public Drinking

scholarly journals Lithium levels in the public drinking water supply and risk of suicide: A pilot study

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 197-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vilma Liaugaudaite ◽  
Narseta Mickuviene ◽  
Nijole Raskauskiene ◽  
Rima Naginiene ◽  
Leo Sher
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Drinking Water Supply ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Drinking Water ◽  
Public Drinking

scholarly journals Bacteriological Assessment of Bottled Drinking Water Available at Major Transit Places in Mangalore City of South India

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nitin Joseph ◽  
Sevitha Bhat ◽  
Subhani Mahapatra ◽  
Ayush Singh ◽  
Sajal Jain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Viable Count ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Ozone Treatment ◽  
Floating Bodies ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Batch Number

Introduction. Safe drinking water is essential for human life. It is generally considered that bottled water is safe for usage by people. For long-distance travelers, it serves as the only source of reliable drinking water. But, several studies have reported that bottled water does not always meet the acceptability standards. Objectives. To assess the bacteriological and physical quality of bottled water marketed in major transit areas and to check its compliance with national standards. Methods. The investigating team visited retail shops at three main transit sites for long-distance travelers in Mangalore city. A total of 24 water bottles of 12 brands were randomly selected. The analysis of total viable count (TVC) was done to assess the bacteriological quality of samples. Results. In 3(12.5%) samples, all of which were of local brands, batch number, the period of manufacture, and the period of expiry were not mentioned. Odor and floating bodies were present in one sample each. Five (20.8%) water bottles had been enriched with minerals. Ozone treatment was the most commonly 22(91.7%) used method for disinfection of water. In only 15(62.5%) samples, the bacterial contamination was within acceptable limits certified for drinking purposes. Water samples manufactured by multinational companies (p=0.018), those with batch number mentioned (p=0.042), the best period of manufacture (p=0.036), and long expiry dates (p=0.028) were acceptable for usage. Conclusion. Surveillance of bottled water manufacturing industries in the settings on a regular basis needs to be done by regulatory agencies. These measures will ensure safe and wholesome bottled water for public usage.

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