scholarly journals Domestic Support for Foreign Fighting: Attitudes Towards the Use of Violence Abroad

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eline Drury Løvlien
Keyword(s):  
Explanatory Models ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Religious Identities ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Multinomial Models ◽  
Exploratory Testing ◽  
Syrian Civil War ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Domestic Support ◽  
Levels Of Support

AbstractThis study explores the phenomenon of foreign fighting through survey data gathered amongst Norwegian youths in 2015. Looking at two overarching explanatory models the article tests how grievances, criminality and more sectarian and religious factors affect more radical attitudes towards foreign fighting in Syria. Through this the article tests some central individual level factors to see how they impact support for foreign fighting in Syria, while also running alternative methodological approaches to test both the robustness of the initial findings and do some exploratory testing of non-responsive respondents in the multinomial models. The findings find support for factors such as past criminal behaviour and perceived deprivation in the form of self-reported socio-economic position, both of which are significant across the main models and in most of the alternative models. More abstract grievance measures, such as alienation and disillusionment more generally, provide more mixed findings. Hypotheses about a connection between religious identities and religiosity also finds support, with some indications that the sectarian nature of the Syrian civil war has a significant impact on attitudes amongst religious groups across the board. There is also a clearer sectarian dimension when studying those with higher levels of support for foreign fighting in Syria.

scholarly journals On “Nationology”: The Gravitational Field of National Culture

2021 ◽  
pp. 002202212110447
Author(s):  
Plamen Akaliyski ◽  
Christian Welzel ◽  
Michael Harris Bond ◽  
Michael Minkov
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
National Culture ◽  
Random Noise ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Individual Values ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Collective Phenomenon ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual

Nations have been questioned as meaningful units for analyzing culture due to their allegedly limited variance-capturing power and large internal heterogeneity. Against this skepticism, we argue that culture is by definition a collective phenomenon and focusing on individual differences contradicts the very concept of culture. Through the “miracle of aggregation,” we can eliminate random noise and arbitrary variation at the individual level in order to distill the central cultural tendencies of nations. Accordingly, we depict national culture as a gravitational field that socializes individuals into the orbit of a nation’s central cultural tendency. Even though individuals are also exposed to other gravitational forces, subcultures in turn gravitate within the limited orbit of their national culture. Using data from the World Values Survey, we show that individual values cluster in concentric circles around their nation’s cultural gravity center. We reveal the miracle of aggregation by demonstrating that nations capture the bulk of the variation in the individuals’ cultural values once they are aggregated into lower-level territorial units such as towns and sub-national regions. We visualize the gravitational force of national cultures by plotting various intra-national groups from five large countries that form distinct national clusters. Contrary to many scholars’ intuitions, alternative social aggregates, such as ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups, as well as diverse socio-demographic categories, add negligible explained variance to that already captured by nations.

环境因素对建立关系和宗教身份的影响∶中国研究生在美国两个社会文化环境中的个案分析

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-58
Author(s):  
Cynthia Baiqing Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Religious Identity ◽  
Network Formation ◽  
Human Agency ◽  
The United States ◽  
Multiple Relationships ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Network Ties ◽  
Religious Identities ◽  
Chinese Graduate Students ◽  
Primary Groups

Linking concepts from networks, identities, and ecology, I draw on material collected during sixty interviews to show how a group of culturally homogeneous Chinese graduate students, when placed in two sociocultural environments in the United States, displayed different processes of religious identity network formation. In a large and heterogeneous community with more possible identities, students showed human agency by forming religious identities less constrained by networks. Human agency is also exemplified in the expansion of their religious circle of friends once they developed a religious identity. Religious identity often preceded networks. However, in a small and homogeneous community, students did emotion work to stay in pro-religious groups, presumably due to the limitations they had in choosing friends, particularly Chinese friends. The formation of networks more likely preceded the emergence of religious identities premised on the coexistence of multiple relationships in dyads and solidarity within primary groups. The narratives demonstrate how ecology matters for the formation of network ties and religious identity. 根据对60个对硕士博士研究生的采访，通过运用网络分析、身份研究、和环境研究领域的概念，本文详述同属一个文化的中国留学生当处于美国两个不同城市文化环境中时，通过生活圈子发展特定身份的不同过程。在一个大型、充满差异的城市里，留学生的身份选择具有多样性。其主体性表现在自主选择宗教认同并扩大有宗教信仰的朋友圈子。他们的宗教认同常常先于他们的宗教朋友圈。而在一个小型、倡导同化的城市里，由于可选择的中国朋友人数少，留学生常常通过控制自我感情来维系与亲宗教的朋友的关系。他们的宗教网络常常先于他们的宗教认同。在这种环境中，当两人有多重社会关系，并处于一个高度团结的小群体中时，宗教认同才得以传播。本研究显示社区规模和文化是重要的影响身份和社会网络的环境因素。 (This article is in English.)

scholarly journals Improving Knowledge that Alcohol Can Cause Cancer is Associated with Consumer Support for Alcohol Policies: Findings from a Real-World Alcohol Labelling Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashini Weerasinghe ◽  
Nour Schoueri-Mychasiw ◽  
Kate Vallance ◽  
Tim Stockwell ◽  
David Hammond ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Unit Price ◽  
Intervention Site ◽  
Standard Drink ◽  
Comparison Site ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Alcohol Policies ◽  
Alcohol Industry ◽  
Pricing Policies ◽  
Liquor Store ◽  
Levels Of Support

Knowledge that alcohol can cause cancer is low in Canada. Alcohol labels are one strategy for communicating alcohol-related harms, including cancer. Extending existing research observing an association between knowledge of the alcohol–cancer link and support for alcohol policies, this study examined whether increases in individual-level knowledge that alcohol is a carcinogen following an alcohol labelling intervention are associated with support for alcohol polices. Cancer warning labels were applied to alcohol containers at the intervention site, and the comparison site did not apply cancer labels. Pre-post surveys were conducted among liquor store patrons at both sites before and two-and six-months after the intervention was stopped due to alcohol industry interference. Limiting the data to participants that completed surveys both before and two-months after the cancer label stopped, logistic regression was used to examine the association between increases in knowledge and support for policies. Support for pricing and availability policies was low overall; however, increases in individual-level knowledge of the alcohol-cancer link was associated with higher levels of support for pricing policies, specifically, setting a minimum unit price per standard drink of alcohol (OR = 1.86, 95% CI: 1.11–3.12). Improving knowledge that alcohol can cause cancer using labels may increase support for alcohol policies. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID): RR2-10.2196/16320

scholarly journals Farklı İslâmî Kimliklerin Birlikte Yaşama Problemi ve Çözüm Önerileri Sufi Psikolojisi Açısından Bir Giriş Denemesi / The Problem of Coexistence of Different Islamic Identities and Suggestions for Solution an Entrance in Terms of Sufi Psychology

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 653
Author(s):  
İbrahim Işıtan
Keyword(s):  
Religious Values ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Religious Thought ◽  
Religious Identities ◽  
Islamic History ◽  
Living Together ◽  
Basic Issue ◽  
Islamic Religion ◽  
Leading Position ◽  
To Come

<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>The existence of different religious identities in various forms in Islamic world is a legacy that Islamic history leaves to the contemporary societies. In other words, these religious identities cause the problem of living together of different religious groups in Islamic societies, but they can also lead to the problem of ‘othering’ as well. In this case, it can be difficult to make social reconciliation and live together in the framework of general religious values. When any religious thought and opinion desires to come to a leading position to feel safe, other thoughts and opinions tend to react to it. The main problem at that point seems to be whether to accept different thoughts as a richness or not.</p><p>This research looks for answers to the question of what should be done so that the differences that sects and groups in Islamic societies create, do not lead to political discrepancies. The most basic issue that the work is emphasize is that the principles of belief, deed and morality of Islamic religion has been determined by revelation, and these principles have not changed over time. However, the relations between these principles, the issue of which principle is ahead of the other and which principles should be brought forward in the new situations have caused to raise different opinions and the predecessor scholars (Salaf) propounded diverse ideas and thoughts to this issue. In later periods, different interpretations were added due to new events happening indoors and new beliefs and cultures encountered outside, and so new trends and understandings emerged. The currents and understandings generated by the mentioned interpretations continue their existence today in different forms and even new currents can occur. This work also emphasizes that these differences of interpretation -on the condition that the religious constancies do not move from place- should be accepted as wealth and should not lead to political separation in this way. For this, we underlined the need to live together around general religious values by emphasizing the fact that different religious groups must live together. In the work it is alleged that the lifestyle of the Sufi tradition can help us on this subject.</p><p><strong>Öz</strong></p><p>İslam dünyasında farklı dinî kimliklerin çeşitli şekillerde varlığı, İslam tarihinin günümüz toplumlarına bıraktığı bir mirastır. Söz konusu bu kimlikler İslam toplumlarında farklı dinî grupların bir arada yaşama problemini doğurmakta fakat ‘ötekileştirme’ sorununa da yol açabilmektedir. Bu durumda toplumsal uzlaşma sağlanması ve genel dinî değerler çerçevesinde bir arada yaşanması zorlaşabilmektedir. Herhangi bir dinî düşünce ve görüş kendini güvencede hissetmek amacıyla hâkim konuma gelmeyi arzu edince, diğer düşünce ve görüşler buna karşı reaksiyon gösterme eğilimi içerisine girebilmektedir.</p><p>Bu çalışmada İslam toplumlarında mevcut olan mezhep ve grupların ortaya çıkardığı farklılıkların siyasal anlamda krize yol açmaması için neler yapılması gerektiği sorusuna cevap aranmaktadır. Üzerinde durulan en temel konu, İslam dininin inanç, amel ve ahlak esaslarının vahiyle belirlenmiş olması ve bu esasların zamanla değişime uğramayışı gerçeğidir. Fakat bu esaslar arasındaki ilişkiler, hangi esasın diğerinden daha önde olması meselesi ve yeni karşılaşılan durumlarda hangi prensiplerin öne çıkarılması gerektiği konusunda farklı görüşler ortaya atılmış ve ilk dönem selef âlimleri bu hususta farklı fikir ve düşünceler serdetmişlerdir. Daha sonraki dönemlerde, içeride yaşanan yeni olaylar ve dışarıda karşılaşılan yeni inanç ve kültürler nedeniyle farklı yorumlar eklenmiş ve böylece yeni akım ve anlayışlar ortaya çıkmıştır. Söz konusu yorumların oluşturduğu akım ve anlayışlar günümüzde de farklı şekillerde varlığını devam ettirmekte ve hatta yeni akımlar bile oluşabilmektedir. Bu çalışmamızda, yorum farklılıklarının –dinî sâbiteleri yerinden oynatmamak kaydıyla– zenginlik kabul edilmesi ve bu şekilde siyasal ayrıma yol açmaması gerektiğinin altını çizdik. Bunun için farklı dinî grupların birlikte yaşama zorunluluğu gerçeği vurgulanarak, genel dinî değerler etrafında birlikte yaşamanın gerekliliği dile getirilmiştir. Bu konuda sûfî geleneğin yaşam tarzından istifade edilebileceği de özellikle vurgulanmıştır.</p>

scholarly journals Cancer screening simulation models: a state of the art review

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Bespalov ◽  
Anton Barchuk ◽  
Anssi Auvinen ◽  
Jaakko Nevalainen
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Markov Models ◽  
Search Time ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Cancer Types ◽  
Methodological Approaches

Abstract Background Nowadays, various simulation approaches for evaluation and decision making in cancer screening can be found in the literature. This paper presents an overview of approaches used to assess screening programs for breast, lung, colorectal, prostate, and cervical cancers. Our main objectives are to describe methodological approaches and trends for different cancer sites and study populations, and to evaluate quality of cancer screening simulation studies. Methods A systematic literature search was performed in Medline, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. The search time frame was limited to 1999–2018 and 7101 studies were found. Of them, 621 studies met inclusion criteria, and 587 full-texts were retrieved, with 300 of the studies chosen for analysis. Finally, 263 full texts were used in the analysis (37 were excluded during the analysis). A descriptive and trend analysis of models was performed using a checklist created for the study. Results Currently, the most common methodological approaches in modeling cancer screening were individual-level Markov models (34% of the publications) and cohort-level Markov models (41%). The most commonly evaluated cancer types were breast (25%) and colorectal (24%) cancer. Studies on cervical cancer evaluated screening and vaccination (18%) or screening only (13%). Most studies have been conducted for North American (42%) and European (39%) populations. The number of studies with high quality scores increased over time. Conclusions Our findings suggest that future directions for cancer screening modelling include individual-level Markov models complemented by screening trial data, and further effort in model validation and data openness.

scholarly journals Religion and Political Protest: A Cross-Country Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 246-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gizem Arikan ◽  
Pazit Ben-Nun Bloom
Keyword(s):  
Government Regulation ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Political Protest ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Combining Data ◽  
Country Analysis ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
The Individual

Religion’s effect on individual tendency to engage in political protest is influenced both by the resources available to citizens at the individual level and opportunities provided to religious groups and organizations at the country level. Combining data from last two waves of the World Values Surveys with aggregate data on religious regulation, we show that private religious beliefs reduce an individual’s protest potential while involvement in religious social networks fosters it. At the country level, we find that government regulation of religion decreases individual tendency to protest, and has an especially detrimental effect on the likelihood of religious minorities joining peaceful protest activities. These findings are in line with opportunity structure theories that stress the importance of system openness for fostering political protest.

scholarly journals Lost in translation

F1000Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parashkev Nachev ◽  
Geraint Rees ◽  
Richard Frackowiak
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Explanatory Models ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Large Scale Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Adaptive Nature ◽  
Lost In Translation ◽  
The Brain

Translation in cognitive neuroscience remains beyond the horizon, brought no closer by supposed major advances in our understanding of the brain. Unless our explanatory models descend to the individual level—a cardinal requirement for any intervention—their real-world applications will always be limited. Drawing on an analysis of the informational properties of the brain, here we argue that adequate individualisation needs models of far greater dimensionality than has been usual in the field. This necessity arises from the widely distributed causality of neural systems, a consequence of the fundamentally adaptive nature of their developmental and physiological mechanisms. We discuss how recent advances in high-performance computing, combined with collections of large-scale data, enable the high-dimensional modelling we argue is critical to successful translation, and urge its adoption if the ultimate goal of impact on the lives of patients is to be achieved.

Intraindividual Variability in Lifespan Developmental Methodology

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric S. Cerino ◽  
Karen Hooker
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Change ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Intraindividual Variability ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Temporal Frame ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Developmental Domains ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Health And Well Being

Intraindividual variability (IIV) refers to short-term fluctuations that may be more rapid, and are often conceptualized as more reversible, than developmental change that unfolds over a longer period of time, such as years. As a feature of longitudinal data collected on micro timescales (i.e., seconds, minutes, days, or weeks), IIV can describe people, contexts, or general processes characterizing human development. In contrast to approaches that pool information across individuals and assess interindividual variability in a population (i.e., between-person variability), IIV is the focus of person-centered studies addressing how and when individuals change over time (i.e., within-person variability). Developmental psychologists interested in change and how and when it occurs, have devised research methods designed to examine intraindividual change (IIC) and interindividual differences in IIC. Dispersion, variability, inconsistency, time-structured IIV, and net IIV are distinct operationalizations of IIV that, depending on the number of measures, occasions, and time of measurement, reflect unique information about IIV in lifespan developmental domains of interest. Microlongitudinal and measurement-burst designs are two methodological approaches with intensive repeated measurement that provide a means by which various operationalizations of IIV can be accurately observed over an appropriate temporal frame to garner clearer understanding of the dynamic phenomenon under investigation. When methodological approaches are theoretically informed and the temporal frame and number of assessments align with the dynamic lifespan developmental phenomenon of interest, researchers gain greater precision in their observations of within-person variability and the extent to which these meaningful short-term fluctuations influence important domains of health and well-being. With technological advancements fueling enhanced methodologies and analytic approaches, IIV research will continue to be at the vanguard of pioneering designs for elucidating developmental change at the individual level and scaling it up to generalize to populations of interest.

scholarly journals Overseas Credit Claiming and Domestic Support for Foreign Aid

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Dietrich ◽  
Susan D. Hyde ◽  
Matthew S. Winters
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Laboratory Experiment ◽  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Donor Country ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Development Interventions ◽  
Brand Development ◽  
Credit Claiming ◽  
Domestic Support ◽  
Levels Of Support

AbstractMany foreign aid donors brand development interventions. How do citizens in the donor country react to seeing this branding in action? We test the proposition that citizens will express higher levels of support for foreign aid when they see a branded foreign aid project relative to seeing the same project without branding. We present results from a survey-based laboratory experiment conducted in the United Kingdom where subjects learned about a typical foreign aid project and received a randomized UK branding treatment. Our results suggest that the branding treatments increase the likelihood that donor country respondents believe that aid recipients can identify the source of the foreign aid. Only among conservative respondents, however, does the evidence imply that branding increases support for foreign aid. “UK aid” branding increases conservative opinion that aid dollars are well spent and increases support among this group for the expansion of foreign aid.

Religious Moral Communities or Secular Tolerance? Individual-, National-, and Regional-Level Explanations for Restrictive Refugee Policy Preferences in Europe

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth R Vaughan
Keyword(s):  
Regional Level ◽  
Policy Preferences ◽  
Religious Communities ◽  
Religious Service ◽  
Religious Service Attendance ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Political Preferences ◽  
Moral Communities ◽  
Levels Of Support ◽  
Service Attendance

Abstract Religious communities can encourage generosity toward strangers. In these communities, such norms are high among religious individuals and nonadherents. It remains unclear how these norms inform policy. Recent refugee crises provide critical tests of how charitable values translate into political preferences. As Europe experiences turmoil over the acceptance and integration of Muslim refugees, I ask how religion affects preferences regarding refugee admissions. I find that marginalized religious groups among new immigrants offer the highest levels of support for admitting refugees. Catholics are more restrictive than religious nones regarding policy preferences, while there are mixed results comparing nones to other Christian denominations. However, for Catholics and most other Christians, generous policy preferences increase with higher rates of religious service attendance. Respondents offer more generous policy preferences in regions with higher rates of Protestant and Catholic affiliation and in nations with higher Protestant affiliation. Restrictive preferences increase with regional and national percent unaffiliated.

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