Field marker character for essential oil content in green herbage through leaf colour intensity in holy basil (Ocimum sanctum L.)

Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and holy basil (Ocimum sanctum L.) are the most widely grown basil species in the world either for the fresh market or for essential oil production. Both species are considered to be promising essential oil crops in the southeastern United States; however, research on oil production and composition of these species in Mississippi and the southeastern United States is lacking. The objective of this study was to evaluate biomass productivity, oil content, and oil composition of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) cvs. German and Mesten and holy basil (Ocimum sanctum L.) cv. Local grown at four locations in Mississippi. Overall, the three basil cultivars grew well; the fresh herbage and essential oil yields at three of the locations were high and comparable to basil yields reported in the literature. Essential oil content in air-dry herbage and the essential oil yields were as follows: 0.07% to 0.50% and 0.7 to 11.0 kg·ha−1 in sweet basil cv. Mesten, 0.2% to 0.5% and 1.4 to 13.0 kg·ha−1 in sweet basil cv. German, and 0.08% to 0.40% and 0.6 to 5.3 kg·ha−1 in holy basil cv. Local, respectively. The main constituent of sweet basil cultivars was (–)-linalool with other constituents being (–)-camphor, α-humulene, eucalyptol, eugenol, (–)-bornyl acetate, methyl chavicol, (–)-trans-caryophyllene, α-trans-bergamotene, and cadinol. The main constituents of holy basil were methyl chavicol, eugenol, and eucalyptol with other constituents being α-humulene, humulene-epoxide II, (–)-trans-caryophyllene, α-trans-bergamotene, and γ-cadinene. Our results suggest sweet and holy basils have a potential as new essential oil crops for Mississippi and possibly the southeastern United States and can provide oil yields and composition typical for the respective species.

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Aromatic Profiles of Essential Oil from 5 Commonly Used Thai Basils

10.20944/preprints201809.0338.v1 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Tibet Tangpao ◽

Hsiao-Hang Chung ◽

Sarana Rose Sommano

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Principal Component ◽

Methyl Eugenol ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Ocimum Sanctum ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Sweet Basil ◽

Ocimum Species ◽

Holy Basil

The research objectives of this study are to analyse the volatile compositions of different basil types available in Thai markets and to descriptively determine their aromatic qualities.  Essential oils were hydro-distillated from fresh leaves of 2 Holy basil (Ocimum sanctum) varieties namely, white and red and other basil species, including Tree basil (O. gratissimum), Sweet basil (O. basilicum var. thyrsiflorum) and Lemon basil (O. citriodorum).  Oil physicochemical characteristics and volatile chromatograms from Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to qualitatively and quantitatively describe the chemical compositions.  Methyl eugenol, estragole and eugenol were among the major chemicals found in the essential oils of these basil types.  Classification by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) advised that these Ocimum spp. samples are grouped based on either the distinctive anise, citrus aroma (estragole, geranial and neral) or spice-like aroma (β-methyl eugenol, caryophyllene and α-cubebene).  The essential oil was also used for descriptive sensorial determination by five trained panelists, using the following developed terms: anisic, citrus, herb, spice, sweet and woody.  The panelists were able to differentiate essential oil of white Holy basil from red Holy basil based on the intensity of the anisic attribute, while the anise and citrus scents were detected as dominant in the Lemon basil, Tree basil and Sweet basil essential oils.  The overall benefit from this research was the elucidation of aromatic qualities from Thai common Ocimum species in order to assess their potential as the raw materials for future food research and development.

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Variation in Growth and Development, and Essential Oil Yield between Two Ocimum Species (O. tenuiflorum and O. gratissimum) Grown in Georgia

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci13156-18 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 53 (9) ◽

pp. 1275-1282 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Noelle J. Fuller ◽

Ronald B. Pegg ◽

James Affolter ◽

David Berle

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Oil Content ◽

The United States ◽

The Body ◽

Therapeutic Benefits ◽

Ocimum Species ◽

Wide Range ◽

Growing Conditions ◽

Holy Basil

The use of medicinal plants in the United States is increasing. Holy basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum L. and Ocimum gratissimum L.), a medicinal herb native to India, has become increasingly popular for its therapeutic benefits. Traditionally, holy basil has been used to promote longevity by reducing stress and restoring balance to the body. Because it is easy to grow and adapts to a wide range of growing conditions, there is great potential for holy basil production in the southeastern United States. The purpose of this study was to evaluate holy basil varieties for harvestable weight and essential oil content. Fourteen varieties of holy basil were grown during the 2015 and 2016 seasons and compared. The main active compound in the holy basil essential oil fraction, eugenol, was quantitated and compared for each variety, because it is believed to be responsible for many of the health-promoting effects. Overall, there were significant differences in harvestable weights and essential oil yields among the varieties, and a significant effect of growing season. The eugenol content was highly variable among the varieties examined, with higher eugenol contents in 2016 than in 2015. The variety that had the overall highest yield, essential oil content, and eugenol concentration was PI 288779, a USDA accession, suggesting its use in future breeding research.

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Constituents of the Essential Oil from the Holy Basil or Tulsi Plant,Ocimum sanctum

Planta Medica ◽

10.1055/s-2006-961084 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 56 (06) ◽

pp. 527-527 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

I. Laakso ◽

T. Seppänen-Laakso ◽

B. Herrmann-Wolf ◽

N. Kühnel ◽

K. Knobloch

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Ocimum Sanctum ◽

Holy Basil

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ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF VIETNAMESE HOLY BASIL (Ocimum sanctum L.) AGAINST FOOD-BORNE BACTERIA AND FUNGI SPECIES

Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology ◽

10.15625/2525-2518/56/4a/12984 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 56 (4A) ◽

pp. 205

Author(s):

THI TO QUYNH CUNG

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Rhizoctonia Solani ◽

Fusarium Oxysporum ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Ocimum Sanctum ◽

Food Borne ◽

Bacteria And Fungi ◽

Holy Basil

Antimicrobial activities of essential oil (EO) of Vietnamese holy basil (Ocimum sanctum L.) were screened against several food-borne bacteria and fungi species. The main volatile components detected in the holy basil EO were eugenol (53.61%), (E)-caryophyllene (25.37%), (β)-elemene (15.86%), germacrene A (2.03%). A significant growth inhibition of this EO with some different concentrations against Escherichia coli ATCC® 25922™ (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus ATCC ® 25923 ™ (S. aureus), Bacillus subtilis ATCC® 11774™ (B.subtilis), Bacillus cereus ATCC® 13061™ (B.cereus) and Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum were observed by the standard disc diffusion method. The inhibition zone for each isolate by holy basil EO obtained from 5 µl and 10 µl of EO ranged from 15.3 - 16.4 mm and 16.7 – 18.4 mm in diameter, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of holy basil EO was 0.78 µl/ml determined by a micro-dilution method in MHB liquid medium. The bactericidal concentrations (MBC) was 1.56 µl/ml in all isolates tested. The antifungal properties of the holy basil EO were also determined in this study against three important pathogenic fungi such as Candida albicans, Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporum with the inhibition zone ranges from 20 to 30 mm. The results suggested that holy basil EO can be applied in food industries as natural flavoring preservatives/additives to control food spoilage and food-borne pathogenic bacteria and fungi causing severe destruction in food.

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The Essential Oils-bearing Plant Containing Eugenol in Vietnam

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International ◽

10.9734/jpri/2020/v32i3030905 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 69-74

Author(s):

Le Huy Hai ◽

Le Mai Xuan Truc ◽

Nguyen Quoc Trung

Keyword(s):

Gas Chromatography ◽

High Resolution ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Rainy Season ◽

Oil Content ◽

Steam Distillation ◽

Ocimum Sanctum ◽

Strong Growth ◽

High Resolution Gas Chromatography

Aim and Objectives: Eugenol is widely used in the pharmaceutical and aromatic industries, so the task of surveying to find essential oils containing eugenol is very important. The purpose of this study is to investigate essential oil-bearing plants containing eugenol in Vietnam for pharmaceutical and aromatic industries. Materials and Methods: By the method of fresh sampling of essential oil plants, essential oils are extracted by steam distillation and then analyzed by high-resolution gas chromatography (HRGC) to identify eugenol sources. Results: We have found that a lot of plants containing high eugenol content mostly grow wild in forests such as Hiptis suaveolens Poit. containing 62-67% eugenol, Cinnamomum verum Prest: 75-80%, Camellia sasanqua Thumb.: 90-95% can be used to exploit essential oils and extract eugenol. We also pointed out that essential oil plants containing high eugenol as Cestrum nocturnum L.: 50-55%, Ocimum sanctum L.: 60-65%, Ocimum gratissimum L.: 65-75% can be cultivated to obtain eugenol for the pharmaceutical and aromatic industry. Conclusions: During the survey, we discovered and made a list of 10 plants as a source of essential oils containing eugenol in Vietnam. The rainy season in Vietnam is from June to September. During this season, the essential oil content in the fresh leaves is lower than in the dry season, therefore, the eugenol content in the essential oils is low. However, due to the strong-growth of plants in the rainy season, a lot of fresh leaves can be harvested, which mean there are more essential oils presented to be extracted.

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