Trophic effect of erythropoietin and other hematopoietic factors on central cholinergic neurons in vitro and in vivo

1993 ◽  
Vol 609 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 29-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshihiro Konishi ◽  
De-Hua Chui ◽  
Hideki Hirose ◽  
Tatsuhide Kunishita ◽  
Takeshi Tabira
Keyword(s):  
Cholinergic Neurons ◽  
Trophic Effect ◽  
Hematopoietic Factors

Trophic Effect of Porcine Sertoli Cells on Rat and Human Ventral Mesencephalic Cells and Hnt Neurons in Vitro

1998 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agneta I. Othberg ◽  
Alison E. Willing ◽  
Don F. Cameron ◽  
Alex Anton ◽  
Samuel Saporta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sertoli Cells ◽  
Islet Cells ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Teratocarcinoma Cell ◽  
Trophic Effect ◽  
Soma Size ◽  
Ventral Mesencephalic

The poor survival of embryonic dopaminergic (DA) neurons transplanted into patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) has encouraged researchers to search for new methods to affect the short- as well as long-term survival of these neurons after transplantation. In several previous rodent studies Sertoli cells increased survival of islet cells and chromaffin cells when cotransplanted in vivo. The aims of this study were to investigate whether porcine Sertoli cells had a positive effect on the survival and maturation of rat and human DA neurons, and whether the Sertoli cells had an effect on differentiation of neurons derived from a human teratocarcinoma cell line (hNT neurons). A significant increase of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons of both rat and human ventral mesencephalic tissue was found when cocultured with Sertoli cells. Furthermore, there was a significantly increased soma size and neurite outgrowth of neurons in the coculture treated group. The Sertoli cell and hNT coculture also revealed an increased number of TH-positive cells. These results demonstrate that the wide variety of proteins and factors secreted by porcine Sertoli cells benefit the survival and maturation of embryonic DA neurons and suggest that cotransplantation of Sertoli cells and embryonic DA neurons may be useful for a cell transplantation therapy in PD.

Effects of Removal of the Statoacoustic Ganglion Complex upon the Growing Otocyst

1976 ◽  
Vol 85 (6_suppl) ◽  
pp. 2-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas R. Van De Water
Keyword(s):  
Organ Culture ◽  
Inner Ear ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Trophic Effect ◽  
Group A ◽  
Sensory Structures ◽  
Statoacoustic Ganglion ◽  
Group B

An experiment was designed to answer the question as to whether or not the neural elements of the statoacoustic ganglion complex have a trophic effect upon the histodifferentiation of the sensory structures of the embryonic mouse inner ear anlage as it develops in vitro. The embryonic inner ear anlage with associated otic mesenchyme and statoacoustic ganglion complex was excised from 11, 12, and 13-day CBA/C57 mouse embryos. The inner ear explants of each gestational age group were further divided into two groups: the first group “A” (with) statoacoustic ganglion was explanted to the organ culture system without further surgical intervention; the second group “B” (without) statoacoustic ganglion underwent further surgical manipulation during which their statoacoustic ganglion complexes were dissected away prior to explantation to in vitro. The explanted embryonic inner ears were allowed to develop in organ culture until the equivalent of gestation day 21 in vivo was reached for each group; then all cultures were fixed and histologically processed and stained by a nerve fiber stain, in combination with a stain for glucoprotein membranes. Each specimen was code labeled and scored for histodifferentiation of sensory structures. Light microscopic observations confirmed that in group “A” cultures, statoacoustic ganglion neurons and their nerve fibers were present in association with the developed sensory structures; neither ganglion cell neurons nor their nerve fibers were found to be present in the sensory structures that developed in the group “B” organ culture specimens. Quantification revealed no consistent trend of greater occurrence of any sensory structure in the groups of explants analyzed. The presence of such a trend would have signified the probable existence of a trophic effect of the statoacoustic ganglion neural elements upon development of inner ear sensory structures in the group “A” explants of the 11, 12, and 13-day embryo inner ear organ culture specimens when compared to the aganglionic group “B” cultures. Microscopic comparison of the sensory structures and their sensory hair cells that developed in the organ cultures revealed no differences in the quality of the histodifferentiation of either group “A” or group “B” explants. A base to apex pattern of histodifferentiation of the organ of Corti sensory structures, which has been described to occur in vivo, was noted to occur in the in vitro developed cochlear ducts of all of the explanted inner ears without respect to whether neural elements were present (“A”) or absent (“B”) during development. It was concluded from the quantification of histodifferentiation data and the above observation on the pattern of differentiation of Corti's organ that no trophic effect of neural elements of the statoacoustic ganglion complex influencing the histodifferentiation of sensory structures of 11, 12, and 13-gestation day mouse embryo inner ear explants as they differentiate in vitro could be demonstrated.

Evidence for nitroxidergic innervation in monkey ophthalmic arteries in vivo and in vitro

2000 ◽  
Vol 279 (4) ◽  
pp. H2006-H2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuhide Ayajiki ◽  
Toshiki Tanaka ◽  
Tomio Okamura ◽  
Noboru Toda
Keyword(s):  
Ophthalmic Artery ◽  
Cholinergic Neurons ◽  
Geniculate Ganglion ◽  
Cholinergic Nerves ◽  
Neurogenic Vasodilatation ◽  
Pterygopalatine Ganglion ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Ophthalmic Arteries

In anesthetized monkeys, electrical stimulation (ES) of the pterygopalatine or geniculate ganglion dilated the ipsilateral ophthalmic artery (OA). The induced vasodilatation was unaffected by phentolamine but potentiated by atropine. Intravenous N G-nitro-l-arginine (l-NNA) abolished the response, which was restored byl-arginine. Hexamethonium-abolished vasodilator responses induced solely by geniculate ganglionic stimulation. Thel-NNA constricted OA; l-arginine reversed the effect. Destruction of the pterygopalatine ganglion constricted the ipsilateral artery. Helical strips of OA isolated under deep anesthesia from monkeys, denuded of endothelium, responded to transmural ES with relaxations, which were abolished by tetrodotoxin and l-NNA but were potentiated by atropine. It is concluded that neurogenic vasodilatation of monkey OA is mediated by nerve-derived nitric oxide (NO), and the nerve is originated from the ipsilateral pterygopalatine ganglion that is innervated by cholinergic neurons from the brain stem via the geniculate ganglion. The OA appears to be dilated by mediation of NO continuously liberated from nerves that receive tonic discharges from the vasomotor center. Acetylcholine liberated from postganglionic cholinergic nerves would impair the release of neurogenic NO.

scholarly journals Multifunctionalized hydrogels foster hNSC maturation in 3D cultures and neural regeneration in spinal cord injuries

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (15) ◽  
pp. 7483-7492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Marchini ◽  
Andrea Raspa ◽  
Raffaele Pugliese ◽  
Marina Abd El Malek ◽  
Valentina Pastori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injuries ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cholinergic Neurons ◽  
Good Manufacturing Practice ◽  
Neural Regeneration ◽  
Neuronal Markers

Three-dimensional cell cultures are leading the way to the fabrication of tissue-like constructs useful to developmental biology and pharmaceutical screenings. However, their reproducibility and translational potential have been limited by biomaterial and culture media compositions, as well as cellular sources. We developed a construct comprising synthetic multifunctionalized hydrogels, serum-free media, and densely seeded good manufacturing practice protocol-grade human neural stem cells (hNSC). We tracked hNSC proliferation, differentiation, and maturation into GABAergic, glutamatergic, and cholinergic neurons, showing entangled electrically active neural networks. The neuroregenerative potential of the “engineered tissue” was assessed in spinal cord injuries, where hNSC-derived progenitors and predifferentiated hNSC progeny, embedded in multifunctionalized hydrogels, were implanted. All implants decreased astrogliosis and lowered the immune response, but scaffolds with predifferentiated hNSCs showed higher percentages of neuronal markers, better hNSC engraftment, and improved behavioral recovery. Our hNSC-construct enables the formation of 3D functional neuronal networks in vitro, allowing novel strategies for hNSC therapies in vivo.

Gangliosides: the relevance of current research to neurosurgery

1991 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 606-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank A. Rodden ◽  
Herbert Wiegandt ◽  
Bernard L. Bauer
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Trophic Effect ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Degree Of Malignancy ◽  
Fine Print

✓ Gangliosides are complex glycolipids found on the outer surface of most cell membranes: they are particularly concentrated in tissues of the nervous system. Gangliosides form part of the immunological identity of mammalian cells and are involved in a variety of cell-surface phenomena such as cell-substrate binding and receptor functions. In tumorous tissue, the ganglioside composition is altered, sometimes in direct proportion to the degree of malignancy. The literature on the glycosphingolipid composition and immunology of intracranial tumors is reviewed. Some gangliosides induce neuritogenesis and exhibit a trophic effect on nerve cells grown in vitro. In vivo, a particular ganglioside, GM1, reduces cerebral edema and accelerates recovery from injury (traumatic and ischemic) to the peripheral and central nervous systems of laboratory animals. Preliminary clinical studies have shown that treatment with gangliosides may have corresponding effects on lesions of the human peripheral nervous system. Gangliosides have not been tested in human subjects with brain injury.

Tonic effect of endogenous TSH on the in vitro thyroid cAMP response to TSH

1984 ◽  
Vol 107 (4) ◽  
pp. 489-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hitoshi Ikeda ◽  
Hidemasa Uchimura ◽  
Shigenobu Nagataki
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Concomitant Treatment ◽  
Camp Production ◽  
Trophic Effect ◽  
The Third ◽  
Mouse Thyroid

Abstract. The present study was undertaken to compare the effects of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) alone and T3 plus bovine thyrotrophin (bTSH) given chronically in vivo on the TSH-stimulated cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) production in a mouse thyroid in vitro. Mice were given T3 (5 μg/ml) in drinking water for 4 days. The thyroid cAMP concentrations after an incubation with 10 mU/ml of TSH for 10 min were decreased by 50% in T3-treated mice as compared to the control. In the second experiment, mice were given T3 alone or T3 plus 0.5 mU of bTSH ip daily for 4 days. The combined treatment with T3 and TSH partially restored the reduction of cAMP response to TSH that was induced by T3 alone. In the third experiment, mice were given T3 alone for 7 days, or T3 for 7 days plus TSH for the last 3 days. The reduced cAMP response to TSH induced by T3 alone was again partially restored by the concomitant treatment with TSH. These results indicate 1) that the capacity of the thyroid cAMP to respond to TSH is regulated, at least in part, by a trophic effect of endogenous TSH and 2) that the impaired capacity caused by a loss of tonic effect of endogenous TSH is reversible.

scholarly journals Simulated Cholinergic Reinnervation ofβ(INS-1) Cells: Antidiabetic Utility of Heterotypic Pseudoislets ContainingβCell and Cholinergic Cell

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ao Jiao ◽  
Feng Li ◽  
Chengshuo Zhang ◽  
Wu Lv ◽  
Baomin Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Pancreatic Islets ◽  
3D Culture ◽  
Cholinergic Neurons ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Glucose Stimulated Insulin Secretion ◽  
E Cadherin

Cholinergic neurons can functionally support pancreatic islets in controlling blood sugar levels. However, in islet transplantation, the level of cholinergic reinnervation is significantly lower compared to orthotopic pancreatic islets. This abnormal reinnervation affects the survival and function of islet grafts. In this study, the cholinergic reinnervation of beta cells was simulated by 2D and 3D coculture of INS-1 and NG108-15 cells. In 2D culture conditions, 20 mM glucose induced a 1.24-fold increase (p<0.0001) in insulin secretion from the coculture group, while in the 3D culture condition, a 1.78-fold increase (p<0.0001) in insulin secretion from heterotypic pseudoislet group was observed. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) from 2D INS-1 cells showed minimal changes when compared to 3D structures. E-cadherin expressed in INS-1 and NG108-15 cells was the key adhesion molecule for the formation of heterotypic pseudoislets. NG108-15 cells hardly affected the proliferation of INS-1 cells in vitro. Heterotypic pseudoislet transplantation recipient mice reverted to normoglycemic levels faster and had a greater blood glucose clearance compared to INS-1 pseudoislet recipient mice. In conclusion, cholinergic cells can promote insulin-secreting cells to function better in vitro and in vivo and E-cadherin plays an important role in the formation of heterotypic pseudoislets.

scholarly journals Reference-based annotation of single cell transcriptomes identifies a profibrotic macrophage niche after tissue injury

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dvir Aran ◽  
Agnieszka P. Looney ◽  
Leqian Liu ◽  
Valerie Fong ◽  
Austin Hsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Lung Fibrosis ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Granular Cell ◽  
Cellular Heterogeneity ◽  
Trophic Effect ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Wide Range

AbstractMyeloid cells localize to peripheral tissues in a wide range of pathologic contexts. However, appreciation of distinct myeloid subtypes has been limited by the signal averaging inherent to bulk sequencing approaches. Here we applied single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to map cellular heterogeneity in lung fibrosis induced by bleomycin injury in mice. We first developed a computational framework that enables unbiased, granular cell-type annotation of scRNA-seq. This approach identified a macrophage subpopulation that was specific to injured lung and notable for high expression of Cx3cr1+ and MHCII genes. We found that these macrophages, which bear a gene expression profile consistent with monocytic origin, progressively acquire alveolar macrophage identity and localize to sites of fibroblast accumulation. Probing their functional role, in vitro studies showed a trophic effect of these cells on fibroblast activation, and ablation of Cx3cr1-expressing cells suppressed fibrosis in vivo. We also found by gene set analysis and immunofluorescence that markers of these macrophages were upregulated in samples from patients with lung fibrosis compared with healthy controls. Taken together, our results uncover a specific pathologic subgroup of macrophages with markers that could enable their therapeutic targeting for fibrosis.

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