International management of Atlantic salmon — the role of NASCO

The effects of porcine growth hormone on growth and salinity tolerance were studied in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr. Fish were held in freshwater at 11.5 °C during June and July under a photoperiod with light to dark periods opposite to the prevailing natural conditions. Fish treated with 1.0 μg/g body weight of growth hormone preparation on alternate days were significantly longer (P <.05), after 4 weeks, than placebo-injected controls. All hormone-injected fish survived transfer to seawater, 30‰ salinity. But under the same conditions, placebo-injected control fish showed a high mortality rate. Growth-hormone treatment caused a darkening of fin margins and a yellowing of the operculae and fin surfaces. The silvering which normally accompanies smoltification was not observed. The role of growth hormone in eliciting these actions and its possible role in the parr–smolt transformation are discussed.

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Secretome Profiling of Atlantic Salmon Head Kidney Leukocytes Highlights the Role of Phagocytes in the Immune Response to Soluble β-Glucan

Frontiers in Immunology ◽

10.3389/fimmu.2021.736964 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Dimitar B. Iliev ◽

Guro Strandskog ◽

Mehrdad Sobhkhez ◽

Jack A. Bruun ◽

Jorunn B. Jørgensen

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Atlantic Salmon ◽

Primary Cultures ◽

Head Kidney ◽

Cell Types ◽

Mononuclear Phagocytes ◽

Immunostimulatory Activity ◽

Complement Receptor 3 ◽

Bacteria And Fungi

β‐Glucans (BG) are glucose polymers which are produced in bacteria and fungi but not in vertebrate organisms. Being recognized by phagocytic leukocytes including macrophages and neutrophils through receptors such as dectin-1 and Complement receptor 3 (CR3), the BG are perceived by the innate immune system of vertebrates as foreign substances known as Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs). The yeast-derived BG has been recognized for its potent biological activity and it is used as an immunomodulator in human and veterinary medicine. The goal of the current study was to characterize the immunostimulatory activity of soluble yeast BG in primary cultures of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) in which phagocytic cell types including neutrophils and mononuclear phagocytes predominate. The effect of BG on the secretome of HKL cultures, including secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and soluble protein55s was characterized through western blotting and mass spectrometry. The results demonstrate that, along with upregulation of proinflammatory genes, BG induces secretion of ubiquitinated proteins (UbP), MHCII-containing EVs from professional antigen presenting cells as well as proteins derived from granules of polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMN). Among the most abundant proteins identified in BG-induced EVs were beta-2 integrin subunits, including CD18 and CD11 homologs, which highlights the role of salmon granulocytes and mononuclear phagocytes in the response to soluble BG. Overall, the current work advances the knowledge about the immunostimulatory activity of yeast BG on the salmon immune system by shedding light on the effect of this PAMP on the secretome of salmon leukocytes.

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PERAN KONVENSI HUKUM LAUT INTERNASIONAL PBB 1982 DAN INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION (IMO) BAGI KESELAMATAN DAN KEAMANAN ANAK BUAH KAPAL (ABK) SELAMA BERLAYAR DALAM PELAYARAN INTERNASIONAL

Jurnal Poros Hukum Padjadjaran ◽

10.23920/jphp.v2i1.260 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 160-178

Author(s):

Piseth Chann

Keyword(s):

Human Resources ◽

United Nations ◽

Ad Hoc ◽

International Management ◽

International Maritime Organization ◽

Law Of The Sea ◽

United Nations Convention ◽

The Law ◽

The Relationship

ABSTRAKEksploitasi terhadap tenaga kerja di laut lepas, khususnya ABK, masih sering terjadi. Meskipun tidak diatur secara spesifik, keselamatan dan keamanan ABK dapat dikaitkan dengan KHL PBB 1982, Pasal 94. Tujuan dari kajian ini adalah untuk menjelaskan keterkaitan Pasal 94 KHL dengan perlindungan terhadap ABK, peran IMO terhadap keselamatan dan keamanan ABK, dan kerja sama antara IMO dan ILO dalam menangani masalah eksploitasi sumber daya manusia dalam pelayaran internasional. Dari kajian ini dapat dijelaskan bahwa dalam KHL PBB 1982, Pasal 94 Ayat 2 (b) dan 3 (b) terdapat kewajiban yang dibebankan kepada Negara Bendera untuk ikut bertanggung jawab jika ABK mendapatkan suatu masalah. Sementara itu, sebagai agen khusus PBB, IMO telah mengadopsi satu Kode Manajemen Internasional dengan tujuan untuk memastikan keselamatan manusia dan menghindari kerusakan lingkungan laut. IMO, ILO dan Ad Hoc juga membentuk kerja sama tripartit untuk mengatur hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan ketenagakerjaan di laut. Kata Kunci: anak buah kapal; IMO; ILO; keselamatan dan keamanan ABSTRACTExploitation of workers on the high seas, especially the ship's crew, is still common. Although not specifically regulated, the safety and security of the ship's crew can be linked to the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), Article 94. The purpose of this study is to explain the relationship between Article 94 UNCLOS and the protection of ship's crew, the role of International Maritime Organization (IMO) in the safety and security of ship's crew, and cooperation between IMO and ILO in dealing with the problem of exploitation of human resources in international shipping. From this study, it can be explained that in the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Article 94 Paragraphs 2 (b) and 3 (b) there was an obligation imposed on the Flag State to take responsibility if the ship's crew had a problem. Meanwhile, as a UN special agent, IMO has adopted an International Management Code to ensure human safety and avoid damage to the marine environment. IMO, ILO and Ad Hoc also formed tripartite cooperation to regulate matters related to employment at sea.Keywords: ILO; IMO; security and safety; ship's crew

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A single nuclei transcriptomic analysis of the Atlantic salmon gill through smoltification and seawater transfer

10.1101/2020.09.03.281337 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Alexander C. West ◽

Yasutaka Mizoro ◽

Shona H. Wood ◽

Louise M. Ince ◽

Marianne Iversen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Atlantic Salmon ◽

Direct Evidence ◽

Cell Types ◽

Prior Work ◽

In The Wild ◽

Induced Changes ◽

Freshwater Environments ◽

Transcriptomic Studies

AbstractAnadromous salmonids begin life adapted to the freshwater environments of their natal streams before a developmental transition, known as smoltification, transforms them into marine-adapted fish. In the wild, the extending photoperiods of spring stimulates smoltification, typified by radical reprogramming of the gill from an ion-absorbing organ to ion-excreting organ. Prior work has highlighted the role of specialized “mitochondrion-rich” cells in delivering this phenotype. However, transcriptomic studies identify thousands of smoltification-driven differentially regulated genes, indicating that smoltification causes a multifaceted, multicellular change; but direct evidence of this is lacking.Here, we use single-nuclei RNAseq to characterize the Atlantic salmon gill during smoltification and seawater transfer. We identify 20 distinct clusters of nuclei, including known, but also novel gill cell types. These data allow us to isolate cluster-specific, smoltification-induced changes in gene expression. We also show how cellular make-up of the gill changes through smoltification. As expected, we noted an increase in the proportion of seawater mitochondrion-rich cells, however, we also identify a reduction of several immune-related cells. Overall, our results provide unrivaled detail of the cellular complexity in the gill and suggest that smoltification triggers unexpected immune reprogramming directly preceding seawater entry.

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The structural variation landscape in 492 Atlantic salmon genomes

Nature Communications ◽

10.1038/s41467-020-18972-x ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Alicia C. Bertolotti ◽

Ryan M. Layer ◽

Manu Kumar Gundappa ◽

Michael D. Gallagher ◽

Ege Pehlivanoglu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Atlantic Salmon ◽

Neurological Disorders ◽

Genetic Architecture ◽

Structural Variation ◽

Structural Variants ◽

Model Species ◽

Farmed Fish ◽

Functional Features ◽

Polygenic Selection

Abstract Structural variants (SVs) are a major source of genetic and phenotypic variation, but remain challenging to accurately type and are hence poorly characterized in most species. We present an approach for reliable SV discovery in non-model species using whole genome sequencing and report 15,483 high-confidence SVs in 492 Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) sampled from a broad phylogeographic distribution. These SVs recover population genetic structure with high resolution, include an active DNA transposon, widely affect functional features, and overlap more duplicated genes retained from an ancestral salmonid autotetraploidization event than expected. Changes in SV allele frequency between wild and farmed fish indicate polygenic selection on behavioural traits during domestication, targeting brain-expressed synaptic networks linked to neurological disorders in humans. This study offers novel insights into the role of SVs in genome evolution and the genetic architecture of domestication traits, along with resources supporting reliable SV discovery in non-model species.

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The Role of Country Culture in International Management

Strategic International Management ◽

10.1007/978-3-658-07884-3_9 ◽

2015 ◽

pp. 199-225

Author(s):

Dirk Morschett ◽

Hanna Schramm-Klein ◽

Joachim Zentes

Keyword(s):

International Management ◽

Country Culture

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Role of Fat Stores in the Maturation of Male Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Parr

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/f91-052 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 48 (3) ◽

pp. 405-413 ◽

Cited By ~ 216

Author(s):

D. K. Rowe ◽

J. E. Thorpe ◽

A. M. Shanks

Keyword(s):

Atlantic Salmon ◽

Salmo Salar ◽

Gonadosomatic Index ◽

Total Lipids ◽

Fat Accumulation ◽

Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽

Mesenteric Fat ◽

Fat Stores

We provide evidence that in male Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr, maturation is suppressed when mesenteric fat fails to exceed an undefined level by May. In nonmaturing parr the postwinter increase in total lipids began in May, while the mesenteric store started filling in June. However, in male parr which would have matured, total lipids started increasing a month earlier, in April, and the mesenteric store started filling in May. Consequently, maturing male parr had significantly more mesenteric fat than nonmaturing fish by June. Mesenteric fat is needed for maturation. Levels continued to increase in nonmaturing parr during autumn months, but had declined in maturing parr by September. This depletion of mesenteric fat in maturing males coincided with increases in the gonadosomatic index from 0.05 to 10% and with reductions in both feeding and growth. Fasting during spring months delayed increases in total lipids and fat accumulation into the mesenteric store until June and suppressed maturation rates of male parr. The internal decision to suppress maturation is therefore dependent on mesenteric fat levels increasing in May. However, this requires the prior replenishment of other stores in April. A model is proposed to explain the physiological link between fat accumulation during spring and the initiation of maturation.

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