True ileal digestibility of amino acids in meat and bone meal for the growing pig—application of a routine rat digestibility assay

The effect of dietary protein content (25, 60, 95, 130, 165 and 200 g crude protein (N × 6.25)/kg diet) on the apparent and true ileal digestibilities of N and amino acids in meat-and-bone meal given to the growing rat was investigated. Semi-synthetic diets in which meat-and-bone meal was the sole protein source were given to 180 g body-weight rats for 14 d. On the fourteenth day the rats were fed and then killed 4 h after the start of feeding and digesta were sampled from the terminal 200 mm ileum. Endogenous amino acid excretion was determined for eighteen rats given an enzymically hydrolysed casein (EHC)-based diet and with subsequent treatment of the digesta using ultrafiltration. The EHC-fed rats were killed 3 h after the start of feeding and digesta were collected from the terminal 200 mm ileum. True ileal digestibility values determined with reference to Cr as a marker were higher than the corresponding apparent estimates. Apparent digestibility values of N and amino acids increased significantly (P < 0.001) with increasing dietary protein level; however, dietary protein content had no significant (P > 0.05) effect on the true ileal digestibilities of N and amino acids. The mean apparent ileal digestibility of N in meat-and-bone meal ranged from 65.6 to 75.3%. The corresponding range for the true ileal digestibility of N was 76.9 to 78.2%. True ileal digestibility, unlike apparent digestibility, appears to be independent of dietary protein level and may allow feed ingredients to be compared accurately even if they are ingested in different quantities.

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Effect of protease supplementation on the digestibility of amino acids in animal-origin meals for broiler diets

Czech Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.17221/134/2020-cjas ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 66 (No. 1) ◽

pp. 29-37

Author(s):

Júlia Marixara Sousa da Silva ◽

Nayanne Rodrigues de Oliveira ◽

Alison Batista Vieira Silva Gouveia ◽

Rodolfo Alves Vieira ◽

Ronan Omar Fernandes dos Santos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Nitrogen Balance ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Animal Origin ◽

Meat And Bone Meal ◽

Bone Meal ◽

Ileal Digestibility ◽

Apparent Metabolizable Energy

Enzymes benefit digestion and absorption of the ingredients and their addition to an animal-origin meal (AOM) can improve its nutritional quality. This research aimed to evaluate the effect of protease on nutrient digestibility, amino acids, and metabolism of AOM energy for broilers. Four hundred and eighty broiler chickens were distributed in a completely randomized design (4 × 2 factorial scheme), eight treatments, six replicates containing 10 birds/replicate. Treatments consisted of poultry viscera meal, swine viscera meal (SVM), bovine meat and bone meal, and basal diet; with and without protease addition. Two tests were performed. In the first test, the total excreta collection method was used with birds at 13 to 20 days of age and 25% of the reference feed was replaced by AOM. In the second test, a protein-free diet was administered to birds at 21 to 24 days of age and AOM replaced 25% of the starch. The inclusion of protease increased the apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance of SVM by 15.99% and the apparent metabolizable crude energy by 5.7%, and it also raised the coefficient of true ileal digestibility of the amino acids in the AOMs by 5.67% on average. The inclusion of protease improved the apparent metabolizable crude energy of AOMs, apparent metabolizable dry matter of bovine meat and bone meal, coefficient of true ileal digestibility of essential amino acids, and apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance of SVM. Dietary supplementation of protease may be a potential strategy to improve the digestibility of amino acids for broilers, a possibility of using animal-origin meals as a protein source of diets.

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118 Digestibility of amino acids in hydrolyzed feather meal, flash dried poultry protein, poultry meal, and meat and bone meal fed to broiler chickens and pigs

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz122.120 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 65-65

Author(s):

Chan Sol Park ◽

Victor Naranjo ◽

Ariane Helmbrecht ◽

John K Htoo ◽

Olayiwola Adeola

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Block Design ◽

Latin Square ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Meat And Bone Meal ◽

Feather Meal ◽

Bone Meal ◽

Ileal Digestibility ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design

Abstract This study was conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in hydrolyzed feather meal (HFM), flash dried poultry protein (FDPP), poultry meal (PM), and meat and bone meal (MBM) fed to broiler chickens and pigs. Four semi-purified diets and a nitrogen-free diet were prepared. Exp. 1 was conducted with 416 male broiler chickens (initial body weight [BW] = 705 ± 100.0 g) at d 18 post-hatching in a randomized complete block design. Birds were fed diets for 5 d and then euthanized to collect ileal digesta. In Exp. 2, ten barrows (initial BW = 22.1 ± 1.59 kg) surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum were assigned to duplicate 5 × 4 incomplete Latin square design with 5 diets and 4 periods. There were 5-d adaptation and 2-d ileal digesta collection periods in each experimental period. Data were analyzed as a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement with the effects of species (i.e., broiler chickens and pigs) and four experimental diets. There were interactions (P < 0.05) in the SID of His, Lys, Thr, Trp, and Val between diets and species. In broiler chickens, the SID of Lys in MBM was greater (P < 0.05) than HFM and FDPP but was not different from PM. Pigs fed MBM had greater (P < 0.05) SID of Lys than HFM, FDPP, and PM. In broiler chickens, the SID of His, Thr, and Trp in FDPP and PM were greater (P < 0.05) than HFM but was less (P < 0.05) than MBM. In pigs, the SID of His, Thr, and Trp in FDPP and PM were greater (P < 0.05) than HFM but was not different from MBM. In conclusion, differences in the SID of AA among animal protein sources were affected by species of monogastric animals.

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Utilization of ileal digestible amino acids by pigs: Lysine

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19900070 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 64 (3) ◽

pp. 679-690 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

E. S. Batterham ◽

L. M. Andersen ◽

D. R. Baigent ◽

S. A. Beech ◽

R. Elliott

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Cottonseed Meal ◽

Soya Bean ◽

Considerable Proportion ◽

Meat And Bone Meal ◽

Bone Meal ◽

Ileal Digestibility ◽

Protein Concentrates ◽

Bean Meal ◽

Soya Bean Meal

Two experiments were conducted to determine the utilization of ileal digestible lysine by pigs. In the first, the apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids in cottonseed meal, meat-and-bone meal and soya-bean meal was determined in pigs fitted with‘T'-shaped cannulas. In the second experiment, three lysine-deficient diets were formulated to 0.36 g ileal digestible lysine/MJ digestible energy (DE), with lysine contributed from the three protein concentrates as the only source of lysine in sugar-based diets. An additional three diets were formulated with supplements of lysine to verify that lysine was limiting in the first three diets. The growth performance and retention of lysine by pigs given the six diets over the 20–45 kg growth phase were then determined. The apparent ileal digestibility of lysine in the three protein concentrates (proportion of total) was: cottonseed meal 0.74, meat-and-bone meal 0.78, soya-bean meal 0.89. Growth rates (g/d) of the pigs given the three diets formulated to 0.36 g ileal digestible lysine/MJ DE were significantly different (P < 0.001): cottonseed meal 377, meat-and-bone meal 492, soya-bean meal 541. The response of pigs to the addition of lysine confirmed that lysine was limiting in these diets. Crude protein (nitrogen× 6.25) deposited by the pigs was significantly higher (P < 0.001) for those given soya-bean meal (77 g/d), relative to meat-and-bone meal (66 g/d) and cottonseed meal (38 g/d). The proportion of ileal digestible lysine retained by pigs given the three protein concentrates was: cottonseed meal 0.36, meat-and-bone meal 0.60, soya-bean meal 0.75. The results indicate that values for the ileal digestibility of lysine in protein concentrates are unsuitable in dietary formulations as the assay does not reflect the proportion of lysine that can be utilized by the pig. It appears that, with heat-processed meals, a considerable proportion of the lysine is absorbed in a form(s) that is (are) inefficiently utilized.

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Endogenous ileal nitrogen and amino acid flows in the growing pig receiving a protein-free diet and diets containing enzymically hydrolysed casein or graded levels of meat and bone meal

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1357729800050530 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 68 (3) ◽

pp. 511-518 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

A. Donkoh ◽

P. J. Moughan

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Regression Method ◽

Meat And Bone Meal ◽

Bone Meal ◽

Dietary Amino Acids ◽

Growing Pig ◽

Protein Free Diet ◽

Hydrolysed Casein

AbstractEndogenous ileal amino acid flows were determined in pigs fitted with simple T-cannulas using either the regression method (meat and bone meal (MBM) as the protein source at five levels of inclusion) or following protein-free alimentation. Amino acid flows were compared with those determined by feeding animals a diet the sole nitrogen source of which was enzyme-hydrolysed casein (EHC), followed by centrifugation and ultrafiltration of the ileal digesta. The EHC was a mixture of free amino acids and oligopeptides (molecular weight 5000 Da). For the EHC treatment, the ileal digesta precipitate plus retentate was used to determine the endogenous flows. The ultrafiltration step excludes unabsorbed dietary amino acids from the measure of endogenous loss. Chromium III oxide was the reference marker in all diets. Estimates of endogenous nitrogen and amino acid flows determined under protein-free alimentation and the comparable flows determined using the regression method were similar. However, endogenous flows of amino acids for the EHC-fed pigs were generally significantly higher (F < 0·01) than values found for pigs on the protein-free diet and were higher than values obtained after extrapolation for pigs given the MBM-based diets. Mean endogenous ileal nitrogen flow for the EHC-fed animals was 2526 (s.e. 33.9) compared with 1711 (s.e. 25.5) mg/kg dry-matter intake for pigs receiving the protein-free diet.

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Use of markers to determine the ileal digestibility of amino acids for swine

Ciência e Agrotecnologia ◽

10.1590/s1413-70542013000300009 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 37 (3) ◽

pp. 259-265 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Paulo Cesar Pozza ◽

Paulo Cezar Gomes ◽

Magali Soares Santos Pozza ◽

Ricardo Vianna Nunes ◽

Rony Antônio Ferreira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Analysis Of Variance ◽

Chromic Oxide ◽

Protein Diet ◽

Distal Ileum ◽

Meat And Bone Meal ◽

Bone Meal ◽

Ileal Digestibility ◽

Tukey Test ◽

Naturally Occurring

Many markers can be used in digestibility assays for swine, but needs to be evaluated before its use. An assay was carried out with the objective of measuring the coefficients of ileal apparent (CIAD) and standardized digestibility (CISD) of amino acids in meat and bone meal for swine using different markers. Eight crossbred barrows were equipped with T-cannulas in the distal ileum. Four animals received a free protein diet and another four received a diet containing meat and bone meal as the only protein source in the diet. The treatments consisted in evaluating the chromic oxide, acid-insoluble ash naturally occurring in the diet, cellulose and lignin as markers to determine the apparent and standardized digestibility of the amino acids contained in the meat and bone meal. All data were submitted to analysis of variance and means were compared using the Tukey test, with a significance of 5%. The CIAD, obtained using chromic oxide as external marker, were lower (P<0.05) than those obtained when acid insoluble ash, lignin and cellulose were used as markers, observing differences for all the amino acids evaluated. Similarly, the CISD from all the studied amino acids were lower (P<0.05) when the chromic oxide was used for determining the indigestibility factor. It is concluded that chromic oxide used as a external marker, to determine the coefficients of apparent and standardized ileal digestibility of the amino acids of the meat and bone meal, is most appropriate than the acid insoluble ash naturally occurring in diets, lignin and cellulose.

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Amino acid digestibility of meat and bone meals for broiler chickens

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar02055 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 53 (11) ◽

pp. 1257 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

V. Ravindran ◽

W. H. Hendriks ◽

B. J. Camden ◽

D. V. Thomas ◽

P. C. H. Morel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Ash Content ◽

Meat And Bone Meal ◽

Bone Meal ◽

Vitro Assay ◽

Ileal Digestibility ◽

Gross Energy

Variation in the apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids in 19 meat and bone meal samples, obtained from commercial rendering plants in New Zealand, was determined using 5-week-old broilers. Assay diets contained meat and bone meal as the only source of protein, and chromic oxide as an indigestible marker for the calculation of amino acid digestibility values. Correlations of chemical composition (crude protein, ash, crude fat, and gross energy) and in vitro assays (protein solubility in 0.2% potassium hydroxide and nitrogen digestibility by 0.2% pepsin hydrolysis) with ileal amino acid digestibility were also examined. Considerable variation was observed in the contents of crude protein (38.5–67.2 g/100 g), ash (13.0– 56.5 g/100 g), crude fat (4.3–15.3 g/ 100�g), and gross energy (9.4–22.3 MJ/kg) of meat and bone meal samples. The amino acid concentrations and ileal digestibility of amino acids also varied substantially. Cystine, the first limiting amino acid in meat and bone meal, had the lowest digestibility estimates. Correlation analyses showed that the ash content was the only chemical parameter that was consistently correlated with amino acid digestibility. Digestibility of amino acids, with the exception of aspartic acid, threonine, serine, tyrosine, histidine, and cystine, was negatively correlated with ash content, with samples with high ash levels having lower digestibility. Both in vitro assay measurements were found to be insensitive indicators of variations in amino acid digestibility.

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