THE SELECTION OF NONHUMAN PRIMATES IN BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH

1970 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
S.L. Washburn ◽  
R.S.O. Harding
Keyword(s):  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
Selection Of

Does caloric restriction induce hormesis?

2000 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 320-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Turturro ◽  
B S Hass ◽  
R W Hart
Keyword(s):  
Caloric Restriction ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Proliferative Potential ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Aging Research ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Higher Doses ◽  
Hormetic Response ◽  
Selection Of

The question of whether caloric restriction (CR) is hormetic is addressed in terms of two common defini-tions of the term. In terms of the older definition, i.e., a growth-stimulatory effect when lower doses of a compound which resulted in growth inhibition at higher doses, CR is better characterized as a co-hormetic (i.e., a paradigm which at relatively “low doses,” in combina-tion with some stimulus, will evince increased growth (proliferation) and at higher “doses” will inhibit this increased proliferation) rather than a hormetic agent. Mechanisms such as cellular selection of cellular subpopulations, increases in receptor efficiency, and preservation of cellular proliferative potential can inter-act with agents and produce increased growth as long as the CR is not too severe. In terms of a broader definition, i.e., nonmonotonic dose-response behavior of a compound for any adverse response, CR appears to be hormetic, both as a result of body weight (BW) loss and other potential mechanisms. The impact of changes in BW, or frank CR, can be considered a component of every test for hormesis, and is thus capable for interaction with any other agent. The changes that BW loss (or CR) induce are so profound that any aspect of an agent's action-metabolism, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics-can modulate the response of an organism to an agent. Similarly, other effects of a chemical that induce BW loss, e.g., physical activity or temperature dysregulation, can also induce dose-response curves that appear hormetic. The interaction of the hormetic agents of BW loss and CR can influence agent tests. Controlling these factors may make it possible to dissect the key components of a hormetic response. In addition, the effects of CR or BW loss appear to extrapolate well across species [Colman R, Kemnitz JW. Aging experi-ments using nonhuman primates. In: Yu BP (Ed), Methods in Aging Research. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1999, pp. 249-267]. Thus there is some reason to believe that these hormetic factors may be important for humans, and may already be a factor for tests of potentially adverse agents already conducted in humans.

scholarly journals METHODS OF DECODING DATA USING BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN CULTURE PRACTICE

2021 ◽  
pp. 5-14
Author(s):  
Tetiana Sovhyra
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Digital Data ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
Interactive Art ◽  
Art Works ◽  
Algorithmic Analysis ◽  
Artistic Product ◽  
Selection Of

The article is a comprehensive analysis of projects aimed at studying AI technologies and culture interaction. The author examines the specifics and uniqueness of art works created through AI-technologies using examples of projects from “ThoughtWorks Arts Global Research”, “Innovation Laboratory of New Technologies”, “Isolation Foundation” and “IZONE Creative Association”. The article analyzes the principle of selection of materials, algorithmic analysis of data, the interdependence of digital data received from the user's brain impulses with audiovisual content, the possibility of instant data processing in the process of creating an artistic product. The author explores the principles of tracking brain function and decoding human genetic data, which are used to create art projects. The article assesses the potential that AI possesses and explains the conditions necessary for the implementation of AI-technology in culture. As a result of the study, the author revealed that through algorithmic analysis it is possible to transform digital data into a system of expressive signs of visual and sound arts, to broadcast the received audiovisual content. The author finds out that through these technologies it is possible to create interactive art forms (interactive film, installations, immersive presentations, etc.).

scholarly journals Perils and pitfalls of mixed-effects regression models in biology

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Silk ◽  
Xavier A. Harrison ◽  
David J. Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
Functional Relationships ◽  
Fixed And Random Effects ◽  
Statistical Relationships ◽  
Biological Literature ◽  
Selection Of

Biological systems, at all scales of organisation from nucleic acids to ecosystems, are inherently complex and variable. Biologists therefore use statistical analyses to detect signal among this systemic noise. Statistical models infer trends, find functional relationships and detect differences that exist among groups or are caused by experimental manipulations. They also use statistical relationships to help predict uncertain futures. All branches of the biological sciences now embrace the possibilities of mixed-effects modelling and its flexible toolkit for partitioning noise and signal. The mixed-effects model is not, however, a panacea for poor experimental design, and should be used with caution when inferring or deducing the importance of both fixed and random effects. Here we describe a selection of the perils and pitfalls that are widespread in the biological literature, but can be avoided by careful reflection, modelling and model-checking. We focus on situations where incautious modelling risks exposure to these pitfalls and the drawing of incorrect conclusions. Our stance is that statements of significance, information content or credibility all have their place in biological research, as long as these statements are cautious and well-informed by checks on the validity of assumptions. Our intention is to reveal potential perils and pitfalls in mixed model estimation so that researchers can use these powerful approaches with greater awareness and confidence. Our examples are ecological, but translate easily to all branches of biology.

scholarly journals Lactation and menstruation shift the vaginal microbiota in captive rhesus monkeys to be more similar to the male urethral microbiota

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
L. K. Hallmaier-Wacker ◽  
S. Lüert ◽  
C. Roos ◽  
S. Knauf
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Taxonomic Diversity ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Vaginal Microbiota ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Exogenous Factors ◽  
Breeding Groups ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractThe vaginal microbiota of nonhuman primates differs substantially from humans in terms of Lactobacillus abundance, overall taxonomic diversity, and vaginal pH. Given these differences, it remains unclear in what way the nonhuman primate genital microbiota protects against pathogens, in particular sexually transmitted infections. Considering the effect that microbiota variations can have on disease acquisition and outcome, we examined endogenous and exogenous factors that influence the urogenital microbiota of male and female captive rhesus monkeys. The male urethral (n = 37) and vaginal (n = 194) microbiota of 11 breeding groups were examined in a cross-sectional study. During lactation and menstruation, the vaginal microbiota becomes significantly more diverse and more similar to the microbes observed in the male urethra. Group association and cage-mate (sexual partners) relationships were additionally associated with significant differences in the urogenital microbiota. Our results demonstrate that microbiota considerations are necessary in order to make informed selection of nonhuman primates as translational animal models.

The functions of voice in scientific writing in Spanish

1995 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 33-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Jowan Curnow
Keyword(s):  
Science And Technology ◽  
Scientific Writing ◽  
Intermediate Level ◽  
Research Articles ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
Grammatical Form ◽  
Discourse Function ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
French And English ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract This paper on Spanish for Science and Technology (SST) analyzes the rhetorical functions carried out by the selection of voice — active, passive or se-passive — in five biological research articles in Spanish. It compares these rhetorical functions with those found in French and English scientific papers. Finally it suggests that there may be some universals which can be established on the basis of this comparison, but only through the introduction of an intermediate level of “discourse function” between the levels of rhetorical function and the level of grammatical form.

scholarly journals Efficient and stable MGMT-mediated selection of long-term repopulating stem cells in nonhuman primates

2010 ◽  
Vol 120 (7) ◽  
pp. 2345-2354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian C. Beard ◽  
Grant D. Trobridge ◽  
Christina Ironside ◽  
Jeannine S. McCune ◽  
Jennifer E. Adair ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Selection Of

scholarly journals colocr: an R package for conducting co-localization analysis on fluorescence microscopy images

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e7255
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Ahmed ◽  
Trang Huyen Lai ◽  
Deok Ryong Kim
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescence Microscopy ◽  
R Package ◽  
Regions Of Interest ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
Microscopy Image ◽  
Shiny App ◽  
Localization Analysis ◽  
Microscopy Image Analysis ◽  
Microscopy Images ◽  
Selection Of

Background The co-localization analysis of fluorescence microscopy images is a widely used technique in biological research. It is often used to determine the co-distribution of two proteins inside the cell, suggesting that these two proteins could be functionally or physically associated. The limiting step in conducting microscopy image analysis in a graphical interface tool is the selection of the regions of interest for the co-localization of two proteins. Implementation This package provides a simple straightforward workflow for loading fluorescence images, choosing regions of interest and calculating co-localization measurements. Included in the package is a shiny app that can be invoked locally to interactively select the regions of interest where two proteins are co-localized. Availability colocr is available on the comprehensive R archive network, and the source code is available on GitHub under the GPL-3 license as part of the ROpenSci collection, https://github.com/ropensci/colocr.

scholarly journals Associations between sounds and actions in early auditory cortex of nonhuman primates

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Huang ◽  
Peter Heil ◽  
Michael Brosch
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Cortex ◽  
Auditory System ◽  
Local Field ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Association Cortex ◽  
Field Potentials ◽  
Neuronal Responses ◽  
Motor Responses ◽  
Goal Directed Behavior ◽  
Selection Of

An individual may need to take different actions to the same stimulus in different situations to achieve a given goal. The selection of the appropriate action hinges on the previously learned associations between stimuli, actions, and outcomes in the situations. Here, using a go/no-go paradigm and a symmetrical reward, we show that early auditory cortex of nonhuman primates represents such associations, in both the spiking activity and the local field potentials. Sound-evoked neuronal responses changed with sensorimotor associations shortly after sound onset, and the neuronal responses were largest when the sound signaled that a no-go response was required in a trial to obtain a reward. Our findings suggest that association processes take place in the auditory system and do not necessarily rely on association cortex. Thus, auditory cortex may contribute to a rapid selection of the appropriate motor responses to sounds during goal-directed behavior.

scholarly journals colocr: An R package for conducting co-localization analysis on fluorescence microscopy images

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Ahmed ◽  
Trang Huyen Lai ◽  
Deok Ryong Kim
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Fluorescence Microscopy ◽  
R Package ◽  
Regions Of Interest ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
Microscopy Image ◽  
Shiny App ◽  
Localization Analysis ◽  
Microscopy Images ◽  
Selection Of

Background The co-localization analysis of fluorescence microscopy images is a widely used tech- nique in biological research. It is often used to determine the co-distribution of two proteins inside the cell, suggesting that these two proteins could be functionally or physically associated. The limiting step in conducting microscopy image analysis in a graphical interface tool is the selection of the regions of interest for the co-localization of two proteins. Implementation This package provides a simple straight forward workflow for loading fluorescence images, choosing regions of interest and calculating co-localization statistics. Included in the package is a shiny app that can be invoked locally to select the regions of interest where two proteins are interactively co-localized. Availability colocr is available on the comprehensive R archive network, and the source code is available on GitHub as part of the ROpenSci collection, https://github.com/ropensci/colocr. Keywords: R package, co-localization, image-analysis, fluorescence microscopy, statistics

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