The Role of the Brain–Gut–Microbiome in Mental Health and Mental Disorders

2017 ◽  
pp. 389-397
Author(s):  
G.J. Treisman
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Neuroscience and the future for mental health?

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Diagnostic Systems ◽  
Social Adversity ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Brain

Psychiatry is in one of its regular crises. It is a crisis of its diagnostic systems despite – perhaps because – of the recurrent claims about the extent of diagnosable ‘brain disorders’. It is a crisis of its explanatory systems despite – perhaps because – of its current wager on the brain as the ultimate locus for explanations of mental disorders. It is a crisis of its therapeutic capacities despite – perhaps because – more and more people are making use of its primary mode of intervention focussed on the brain – psychiatric drugs. In this editorial, I will suggest that this triple crisis of diagnosis, explanation and therapeutics arises from the dominant reductionist approaches to the role of neurobiology in psychiatry that priorities the analysis of brain mechanisms, at the expense of an understanding of the whole living organism in its milieu, and the processes which social experience shapes neurobiology from the moment of conception if not before. I shall suggest a different approach that starts from the experience of persons coping with adversity in their forms of life. This approach does not require giving up on our search for plausible explanations of mental health problems that engage neurobiological mechanisms, but it begins from a commitment to understanding, and hence intervening in, the ways in which social adversity shapes and blights the lives of so many of our fellow citizens.

scholarly journals ROLE OF BHRAMARI PRANAYAMA IN PREVENTION AND PROMOTION OF MENTAL HEALTH - A REVIEW

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 3913-3918
Author(s):  
Pranita K Shinde ◽  
Kalpana Jadhao ◽  
Pradnya Shinde ◽  
Milind M Godbole
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Balanced Development ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Anxiety Depression ◽  
Published Research ◽  
The Brain

Background -In today’s era lifestyle of people has become very mechanical. Everyone is running in a rat race for target achievement, which results in stress. This stress further effects on physical as well as mental health of an individual. Mental health is the balanced development of emotional attitudes and personality which live harmoniously with all society or community. Mental disorders are characterized by alternation in thinking, mood or behaviour associate with impaired functioning. Mental and behavioural disorders are found in all age groups, and the prevalence rate is about 10%. To overcome these problems, everyone should concentrate on prevention and promotion of health. For physical health healthy diet, daily regimen, seasonal regimen & exercise etc. are the preventive major, and for prevention of mental health Sadvrit-tapalan, application of Acharrasayana, yoga & meditation practises are essential. Yoga consists of eight processes, in this Pranayam is very important to achieve control on Indriyas that is sense organs. Bhramari Pranayam is one of significant type of Ashtakumbhaka & very easy to practice. Vibrations produced due to humming sound of Bhramari Pranayam affects directly on the hypothalamus of the brain, causing a resonance in mind which relieves stress and produces calmness and happiness in the whole body. This arti-cle deals with the role of Bhramari Pranayama in prevention and promotion of mental health to provide a better solution. Aim - To study the role of Bhramari Pranayama in prevention and promotion of mental health. Setting & Design – Literary study. Material & Methods - The present investigation is based on primary & secondary sources of data mainly collected from literature studies of various Ayurvedic Samhitas & texts as well as numerous published research articles. Results & Conclusions This study illustrates that Bhramari Pranayama plays an important role in prevention of mental health as well as curative effects on mental disorders like stress, anxiety depression. According to Ayurveda, regular practice of Bhramari Pranayama decreases the Raja and Tamadosha and increases Satvaguna, which further helps to build mental health. There is a considerable scope to study the effect of Bhramari Pranayam through clinical trials to develop the present study.

scholarly journals Effects of Happiness on Mental Health

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Gopal Chandra Mahakud ◽  
Ritika Yadav
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Psychological Problem ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Psychic Disorders ◽  
As Stress ◽  
The Individual

The concept of mental health comprised to the health conditions of people without suffering any mental or psychological problem such as stress, depression, anxiety and other form of psychic disorders. In this regard it can be said that no one is free from and psychological, psycho-physical and psycho-social disorders from which we can derive that no one mentally healthy. But the concept of mental health defined free from the disorders those are prolonged and panic in nature. As the concept of mental health is subjective in nature, it varies from person to person. Besides free from the disorders, a person should pose some of the other positive characteristics to deal with the society effectively. Marry (1958) stated that, a person can be considered mentally healthy with the following characteristics such as (a) Positive attitudes toward himself/herself; (b) Realization of own potentialities through action; (c); Unification of in personality; (d) Degree of independence of social influences; (e) observations of the world around; and (f) Positive adapts to everyday life. Briefly, it can be said that positive mental health of the person make able to an individual to stand on his own two feet without making undue demands or impositions of others. In this regard the role of happiness in day to day life can make the individual more skilled to fight with different mental disorders. The present article is intended to find out the effects of happiness in day to day life in a social situation to deal with different mental disorders to make the individual mentally healthy and prosperous in life.

scholarly journals Role of Immunity in Pathogenesis of Psychosis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wafa Abdelghaffar ◽  
Oussama Sidhom ◽  
Lilia Laadhar ◽  
Rym Rafrafi
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Antineuronal Antibodies ◽  
System Components ◽  
The Brain

The involvement of immunity in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and related psychoses was suspected a century ago but was shadowed by the dopaminergic hypothesis after the discovery of antipsychotics. We currently know that this latter theory has many limits and cannot account for the wide variety of psychotic conditions. The immune-inflammatory theory is now one of the most promising axes of research in terms of pathogenesis of several mental health conditions. Immunity and inflammation play a role at least in a subgroup of patients with psychosis. The immune system is complex with a variety of components and mediators that can all have effects on the brain and thus mediate psychiatric symptoms. In this chapter we will explore the scientific evidence of the role of immune system in pathophysiology of psychosis. The sections of this chapter will discuss the role of innate system components (cytokines, microglia, inflammation.), the role of adaptive system (lymphocytes and antibodies) with a section focusing on auto-immunity and particularly antineuronal antibodies. Finally we will discuss how this research can impact patients management and elaborate recommendations for future research.

Сellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Proinflammatory Monocytes Participation in the Pathogenesis of Mental Disorders. Part 3

Psychiatry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 125-134
Author(s):  
E. F. Vasilyeva ◽  
O. S. Brusov
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Microglial Cells ◽  
Inflammatory Reactions ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Background: at present, the important role of the monocyte-macrophage link of immunity in the pathogenesis of mental diseases has been determined. In the first and second parts of our review, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of activation of monocytes/macrophages, which secreting proinflammatory CD16 receptors, cytokines, chemokines and receptors to them, in the development of systemic immune inflammation in the pathogenesis of somatic diseases and mental disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder (BAD) and depression were analyzed. The association of high levels of proinflammatory activity of monocytes/macrophages in patients with mental disorders with somatic comorbidity, including immune system diseases, is shown. It is known that proinflammatory monocytes of peripheral blood, as a result of violation of the integrity of the hematoencephalic barrier can migrate to the central nervous system and activate the resident brain cells — microglia, causing its activation. Activation of microglia can lead to the development of neuroinammation and neurodegenerative processes in the brain and, as a result, to cognitive disorders. The aim of review: to analyze the results of the main scientific studies concerning the role of cellular and molecular mechanisms of peripheral blood monocytes interaction with microglial cells and platelets in the development of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of mental disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Material and methods: keywords “mental disorders, AD, proinflammatory monocytes, microglia, neuroinflammation, cytokines, chemokines, cell adhesion molecules, platelets, microvesicles” were used to search for articles of domestic and foreign authors published over the past 30 years in the databases PubMed, eLibrary, Science Direct and EMBASE. Conclusion: this review analyzes the results of studies which show that monocytes/macrophages and microglia have similar gene expression profiles in schizophrenia, BAD, depression, and AD and also perform similar functions: phagocytosis and inflammatory responses. Monocytes recruited to the central nervous system stimulate the increased production of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), chemokines, for example, MCP-1 (Monocyte chemotactic protein-1) by microglial cells. This promotes the recruitment of microglial cells to the sites of neuronal damage, and also enhances the formation of the brain protein beta-amyloid (Aβ). The results of modern studies are presented, indicating that platelets are involved in systemic inflammatory reactions, where they interact with monocytes to form monocyte-platelet aggregates (MTA), which induce the activation of monocytes with a pro inflammatory phenotype. In the last decade, it has been established that activated platelets and other cells of the immune system, including monocytes, detached microvesicles (MV) from the membrane. It has been shown that MV are involved as messengers in the transport of biologically active lipids, cytokines, complement, and other molecules that can cause exacerbation of systemic inflammatory reactions. The presented review allows us to expand our knowledge about the cellular and molecular aspects of the interaction of monocytes/macrophages with microglial cells and platelets in the development of neuroinflammation and cognitive decline in the pathogenesis of mental diseases and in AD, and also helps in the search for specific biomarkers of the clinical severity of mental disorder in patients and the prospects for their response to treatment.

Trauma- and Stress-Related Issues in the Workplace

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Flynn
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Social Workers ◽  
Positive Leadership ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
The Impact

This chapter explores the impact that trauma and stress have on the workplace, and, conversely, how the workplace impacts trauma and stress. It focuses mainly on the role of physicians but is also applicable to disciplines such as psychologists, social workers, and others. The chapter examines some of the major challenges and opportunities that workplaces—and physicians working in and with them—face with regard to mental disorders, including stress and trauma. These issues include the range of factors contributing to the reduction or exacerbation of mental disorders, providing creative and positive leadership in addressing these issues, and developing a variety of issues to enhancing mental health and preventing mental disorders.

1059 - Glutamate and Hedonic Eating: Role of the Brain-Gut-Microbiome Axis on Changes on Hedonic Eating after Bariatric Surgery

2018 ◽  
Vol 154 (6) ◽  
pp. S-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan P. Jacobs ◽  
Daniel Braas ◽  
Arpana Gupta ◽  
Venu Lagishetty ◽  
Jean Stains ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bariatric Surgery ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
The Brain

The development of the role in Ireland of the Authorised Officer (Section 9:1b Mental Health Act 2001) applicant for the involuntary admission to approved centres of persons suffering from mental disorders

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 353-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Browne
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Health Service ◽  
Involuntary Admission ◽  
Health Service Executive ◽  
Mental Health Act

This article outlines the development of the role of the Health Service Executive Authorised Officer in Ireland, the professional applicant for the involuntary admission of an adult to hospital beyond that which was envisioned in the Mental Health Act 2001.

scholarly journals The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Mental Health and Medication Response: Parsing Directionality and Causality

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 216-220
Author(s):  
Thomaz F S Bastiaanssen ◽  
John F Cryan
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Psychotropic Drugs ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Mental Health Disorders ◽  
Longitudinal Cohort ◽  
Health Disorders

Abstract There is increasing evidence for the role of the microbiome in various mental health disorders. Moreover, there has been a growing understanding of the importance of the microbiome in mediating both the efficacy and side effects of various medications, including psychotropics. In this issue, Tomizawa and colleagues report on the effect of psychotropic drugs on the gut microbiome of 40 patients with depression and/or anxiety disorders. In their longitudinal cohort, the authors find that antipsychotics, but not anxiolytics, decrease microbiome alpha diversity. They further find that antipsychotics dosage was negatively correlated with alpha diversity in these patients. The health consequences of these microbiome alterations remain to be fully understood. In this commentary, we will discuss such findings through the lens of several recent studies on the microbiota-gut-brain axis. We also use the paper as a backdrop to discuss directionality and, by extension, causality in relation to microbiota-gut-brain-brain signaling.

scholarly journals Targeting the Gut Microbiome in Prader-Willi Syndrome

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (22) ◽  
pp. 5328
Author(s):  
Marta Ramon-Krauel ◽  
Montse Amat-Bou ◽  
Mercedes Serrano ◽  
Antonio F. Martinez-Monseny ◽  
Carles Lerin
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Therapeutic Strategy ◽  
Prader Willi Syndrome ◽  
Mental Health Symptoms ◽  
Probiotic Supplementation ◽  
Health Symptoms ◽  
Overwhelming Evidence ◽  
Wide Range

Overwhelming evidence demonstrates an important role of the gut microbiome in the development of a wide range of diseases, including obesity, metabolic disorders, and mental health symptoms. Indeed, interventions targeting the gut microbiome are being actively investigated as a therapeutic strategy to tackle these diseases. Given that obesity and mental health symptoms are both hallmarks of Prader-Willi syndrome, targeting the gut microbiome may be a promising therapeutical strategy. Only a few studies have investigated the gut microbiome in the context of Prader-Willi syndrome and assessed the efficacy of probiotic supplementation as a therapeutic strategy for this disease. Here, we review the knowledge obtained to this date regarding the gut microbiome in individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome. The limited evidence available indicate that probiotic supplementation improves some metabolic and mental health aspects, however further studies are warranted to determine whether targeting the gut microbiome may constitute a safe and efficient strategy to treat individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome.

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