The coordination of defensive and offensive molecular mechanisms in the innate and adaptive host–pathogen interaction networks

2021 ◽  
pp. 297-315
Author(s):  
Bor-Sen Chen
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Interaction Networks ◽  
Host Pathogen Interaction ◽  
Host Pathogen

scholarly journals The Impact of Hypoxia on the Host-Pathogen Interaction between Neutrophils and Staphylococcus aureus

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (22) ◽  
pp. 5561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia H Hajdamowicz ◽  
Rebecca C Hull ◽  
Simon J Foster ◽  
Alison M Condliffe
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Neutrophil Function ◽  
Tissue Destruction ◽  
Host Pathogen Interaction ◽  
Host Pathogen ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Bactericidal Function

Neutrophils are key to host defence, and impaired neutrophil function predisposes to infection with an array of pathogens, with Staphylococcus aureus a common and sometimes life-threatening problem in this setting. Both infiltrating immune cells and replicating bacteria consume oxygen, contributing to the profound tissue hypoxia that characterises sites of infection. Hypoxia in turn has a dramatic effect on both neutrophil bactericidal function and the properties of S. aureus, including the production of virulence factors. Hypoxia thereby shapes the host–pathogen interaction and the progression of infection, for example promoting intracellular bacterial persistence, enabling local tissue destruction with the formation of an encaging abscess capsule, and facilitating the establishment and propagation of bacterial biofilms which block the access of host immune cells. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying host–pathogen interactions in the setting of hypoxia will enable better understanding of persistent and recalcitrant infections due to S. aureus and may uncover novel therapeutic targets and strategies.

scholarly journals Specialization for resistance in wild host-pathogen interaction networks

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke G. Barrett ◽  
Francisco Encinas-Viso ◽  
Jeremy J. Burdon ◽  
Peter H. Thrall
Keyword(s):  
Interaction Networks ◽  
Host Pathogen Interaction ◽  
Wild Host ◽  
Host Pathogen

scholarly journals Technologies for Proteome-Wide Discovery of Extracellular Host-Pathogen Interactions

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia Martinez-Martin
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Extracellular Protein ◽  
Interaction Networks ◽  
Productive Infection ◽  
Surface Barrier ◽  
Host Pathogen Interaction ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Host Pathogen ◽  
Extracellular Molecules

Pathogens have evolved unique mechanisms to breach the cell surface barrier and manipulate the host immune response to establish a productive infection. Proteins exposed to the extracellular environment, both cell surface-expressed receptors and secreted proteins, are essential targets for initial invasion and play key roles in pathogen recognition and subsequent immunoregulatory processes. The identification of the host and pathogen extracellular molecules and their interaction networks is fundamental to understanding tissue tropism and pathogenesis and to inform the development of therapeutic strategies. Nevertheless, the characterization of the proteins that function in the host-pathogen interface has been challenging, largely due to the technical challenges associated with detection of extracellular protein interactions. This review discusses available technologies for the high throughput study of extracellular protein interactions between pathogens and their hosts, with a focus on mammalian viruses and bacteria. Emerging work illustrates a rich landscape for extracellular host-pathogen interaction and points towards the evolution of multifunctional pathogen-encoded proteins. Further development and application of technologies for genome-wide identification of extracellular protein interactions will be important in deciphering functional host-pathogen interaction networks, laying the foundation for development of novel therapeutics.

scholarly journals Insights into the Host-Pathogen Interaction Pathways through RNA-Seq Analysis of Lens culinaris Medik. in Response to Rhizoctonia bataticola Infection

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 90
Author(s):  
Gyan P. Mishra ◽  
Muraleedhar S. Aski ◽  
Tejas Bosamia ◽  
Shiksha Chaurasia ◽  
Dwijesh Chandra Mishra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lens Culinaris ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Cell Wall Modification ◽  
Rhizoctonia Bataticola ◽  
Host Pathogen Interaction ◽  
Host Pathogen ◽  
Molecular Aspects ◽  
Related Proteins

Dry root rot (Rhizoctonia bataticola) is an important disease of lentils (Lens culinaris Medik.).To gain an insight into the molecular aspects of host-pathogen interactions, the RNA-seq approach was used in lentils following inoculation with R.bataticola. The RNA-Seq has generated >450 million high-quality reads (HQRs) and nearly 96.97% were properly aligned to the reference genome. Very high similarity in FPKM (fragments per kilobase of exon per million mapped fragments) values (R > 0.9) among biological replicates showed the consistency of the RNA-Seq results. The study revealed various DEGs (differentially expressed genes) that were associated with changes in phenolic compounds, transcription factors (TFs), antioxidants, receptor kinases, hormone signals which corresponded to the cell wall modification enzymes, defense-related metabolites, and jasmonic acid (JA)/ethylene (ET) pathways. Gene ontology (GO) categorization also showed similar kinds of significantly enriched similar GO terms. Interestingly, of the total unigenes (42,606), 12,648 got assembled and showed significant hit with Rhizoctonia species. String analysis also revealed the role of various disease responsive proteins viz., LRR family proteins, LRR-RLKs, protein kinases, etc. in the host-pathogen interaction. Insilico validation analysis was performed using Genevestigator® and DEGs belonging to six major defense-response groups viz., defense-related enzymes, disease responsive genes, hormones, kinases, PR (pathogenesis related) proteins, and TFs were validated. For the first time some key miRNA targets viz. miR156, miR159, miR167, miR169, and miR482 were identified from the studied transcriptome, which may have some vital role in Rhizoctonia-based responses in lentils. The study has revealed the molecular mechanisms of the lentil/R.bataticola interactions and also provided a theoretical approach for the development of lentil genotypes resistant to R.bataticola.

scholarly journals The Role of Macrophages in the Host’s Defense against Sporothrix schenckii

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 905
Author(s):  
Estela Ruiz-Baca ◽  
Armando Pérez-Torres ◽  
Yolanda Romo-Lozano ◽  
Daniel Cervantes-García ◽  
Carlos A. Alba-Fierro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Macrophage Polarization ◽  
Sporothrix Schenckii ◽  
Macrophage Cell ◽  
Cell Recruitment ◽  
Host Pathogen Interaction ◽  
Interaction Processes ◽  
Host Pathogen ◽  
Molecular Patterns

The role of immune cells associated with sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix schenckii is not yet fully clarified. Macrophages through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) can recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of Sporothrix, engulf it, activate respiratory burst, and secrete pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory biological mediators to control infection. It is important to consider that the characteristics associated with S. schenckii and/or the host may influence macrophage polarization (M1/M2), cell recruitment, and the type of immune response (1, 2, and 17). Currently, with the use of new monocyte-macrophage cell lines, it is possible to evaluate different host–pathogen interaction processes, which allows for the proposal of new mechanisms in human sporotrichosis. Therefore, in order to contribute to the understanding of these host–pathogen interactions, the aim of this review is to summarize and discuss the immune responses induced by macrophage-S. schenckii interactions, as well as the PRRs and PAMPs involved during the recognition of S. schenckii that favor the immune evasion by the fungus.

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