Core concepts: the colloidal point of view on stoichiometry and chemical thermodynamics

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Gerardo Palazzo ◽  
Debora Berti
Author(s):  
Adriana Petre

Abstract In a world where social needs surpass the effective resources meant to meet them, in a world where social change might be triggered by false expectations, scientists have joined forces with the private and public actors in order to exploit the full potentiality encountered at the regional levels. If we make a comparison between the social levels and the regional levels we might find astonishing similarities between a reference network and a cluster because they are both networks. The similarity is relevant from the behavioural point of view because any change in the society, be it at the social, economic, cultural, political, natural level is ignited by the human factor. Territorial capital, the innovative notion that reunites the productive assets found at the level of a territory, has been placed in the light of the current research given its potential in indicating economic growth and competitive advantage at the level of a territory. Being essentially a conceptual paper, this article extends the literature by offering a theoretical perspective on the terminology needed to understand territorial capital, to discover the possibilities of creating shared value process at different regional levels and, eventually, to analyse the capitalization concept, considering it an efficiency and social change generating tool in the regional economy. This paper is intended to bring a different, original, perspective at the theoretical level through the way in which the three core concepts are analysed in a common frame. Using the qualitative research methodology and the investigation of literature as a core research method, the conclusion reached was that the above mentioned concepts are interlinked conceptually. As far as the applicability of their relationship is concerned, this paper sets just the beginning of an in-depth research of these relevant fields of study.


2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-47

Moving heritage has never been a problem of engineering. From technical point of view, when heritage became a doctrinal issue, everything was technically achievable already. Present understanding of built heritage is more and more connected to the place where such heritage was constructed and still, less and less related to its materiality. In the early sixties, Salvaging Abu Simbel in the early sixties overexposed this issue of deep link between a monument and its place. It was of such magnitude that even contributed directly to the World Heritage Convention. After more than half a century, due to new technologies and due to many changes in the way heritage is perceived, it appears that concepts of “place” and “reconstruction” tend to become less and less restrictive, to the point that the core concepts of World Heritage - “authenticity” and “integrity” - may become very difficult to assess at a certain moment. At least one position on Romania’s heritage in the World Heritage List is affected by the possibility of “dismantling, transfer and reinstatement at a suitable location” stated by the Granada Convention for the protection of architectural heritage of Europe. The wooden churches are movable by tradition, and this aspect is better reflected in the revised principles of Venice Charter reflected in ICOMOS Australia’s Burra Charter and, more recently, in Nara Document on Authenticity. However, having already so many precedents already, where else could we anymore trace a border line between acceptable and non-acceptable of such transfers and reconstructions in respect of authenticity and integrity? If such a line can be traced, does this mean then that a principle may be negotiable? Can it be properly set in a clear regulation or methodology?


2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Chuan Li ◽  
Wenqian Li ◽  
Lifeng Sun ◽  
Haoyu Xing ◽  
Chao Fang

The chemical forms of important fission products (FPs) in the primary circuit are essential to the source term analysis of high-temperature gas-cooled reactors because the volatility, transfer, and diffusion of these radionuclides are significantly influenced by their chemical forms. Through chemical reactions with gaseous impurities in the primary circuit, these FPs exist in diverse chemical forms, which vary under different operational conditions. In this paper, the chemical forms of cesium (Cs), strontium (Sr), silver (Ag), iodine (I), and tritium in the primary circuit of the Chinese pebble-bed modular high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTR-PM) under normal conditions and accident conditions (overpressure and water ingress accident) are studied with chemical thermodynamics. The results under normal conditions show that Cs exists mainly in the form of Cs2CO3 at 250°C and gaseous form at 750°C, and for I and Ag, Ag3I3 and Ag convert to gaseous CsI and AgO, respectively, with increasing temperature, while SrCO3 is the only main kind of compound for Sr. It is also observed that new compounds are generated under accidents: I exists in HI form when a water ingress accident occurs. Regarding tritium, the chemical forms of FPs change little, but compounds need higher temperature to convert. Furthermore, hazard of some FPs in different chemical forms is also discussed comprehensively in this paper. This study is significant for understanding the chemical reaction mechanisms of FPs in an HTR-PM, and furthermore it may provide a new point of view to analyze the interaction between FPs and structural materials in reactor as well as their hazards.


2021 ◽  
pp. 344-364
Author(s):  
Christopher O. Oriakhi

Chemical Thermodynamics discusses the fundamental laws of thermodynamics along with their relationships to heat, work, enthalpy, entropy, and temperature. Predicting the direction of a spontaneous change and calculating the change in entropy of a reaction are core concepts. The relationship between entropy, free energy and work is covered. The Gibbs free energy is used quantitatively to predict if reactions or processes are going to be exothermic and spontaneous or endothermic under the stated conditions. Also explored are the enthalpy and entropy changes during a phase change. Finally the Gibbs free energy of a chemical reaction is related to its equilibrium constant and the temperature.


Author(s):  
Rocío Jiménez Cortés

La investigación feminista genera otras formas de hacer ciencia. En el ámbito de las ciencias sociales, aún sigue resultando desconocida y controvertida desde el punto de vista metodológico. Las epistemologías feministas, sus principios y valores marcan las directrices metodológicas de este tipo de investigación. Hay escasos trabajos que se centren en aportar pautas aplicadas y sintéticas de lo que implica una buena práctica de investigación desde este enfoque. Por ello, nos proponemos generar, desde la evidencia, una guía con pasos metodológicos que permitan planear y diseñar la investigación feminista. También, perseguimos identificar en la literatura científica los principales desafíos metodológicos a los que se enfrenta en la actualidad este tipo de investigación. Así, realizamos una revisión de literatura reciente y referente en la materia, seleccionando tanto estudios empíricos y que recogen casos ilustrativos de investigaciones feministas como reflexiones metodológicas y revisiones publicadas en revistas de una diversidad de áreas de ciencias sociales y que cuentan con revisión por pares. El análisis de las contribuciones se realiza desde un enfoque temático y de teoría fundamentada, siguiendo procesos de codificación abierta y abductiva, donde se tienen en cuenta conceptos nucleares para las epistemologías feministas. Los procesos de análisis buscan la proyección aplicada de principios y valores de las epistemologías feministas en una estructura interpretativa que guíe y oriente la investigación. El aporte final supone disponer de una guía fundamentada y ejemplificada que permite articular futuros diseños de investigación, alertando sobre aspectos metodológicos clave para tener en cuenta. Así como también, se identifican cuatro desafíos metodológicos principales que mantienen el debate abierto en la academia en torno a la investigación feminista actual. En última instancia, el estudio invita a la reflexión sobre la tensión entre el ideal de investigación feminista, la práctica actual de esta investigación y las posibilidades metodológicas que implica su puesta en marcha.Feminist research generates other ways of doing science. In the field of social sciences, it is still unknown and controversial from a methodological point of view. Feminist epistemologies, their principles and values set the methodological guidelines for this type of research. There are few works that focus on providing applied and synthetic guidelines of what a good research practice implies from this approach. Therefore, we propose to generate, from the evidence, a guide with methodological steps that allow planning and designing feminist research. Also, we seek to identify in the scientific literature the main methodological challenges that this type of research currently faces. Thus, we conducted a review of recent and benchmark literature on the subject, selecting both empirical studies that collect illustrative cases of feminist research as well as methodological reflections and reviews published in journals from a variety of areas of social sciences and that have peer review. The analysis of the contributions is carried out from a thematic and grounded theory approach, following open and abductive coding processes, where core concepts for feminist epistemologies are taken into account. The analysis processes seek the applied projection of principles and values of feminist epistemologies in an interpretive structure that guides and orients the investigation. The final contribution involves having a well-founded and exemplified guide that allows the articulation of future research designs, warning about key methodological aspects to take into account. As well as, four main methodological challenges are identified that keep the debate open in academia around current feminist research. Ultimately, the study invites reflection on the tension between the ideal of feminist research, the current practice of this research and the methodological possibilities that its implementation implies.


Author(s):  
Antti Oulasvirta ◽  
Andreas Karrenbauer

Combinatorial optimization offers a rigorous but powerful approach to user interface design problems, defining problems mathematically such that they can be algorithmically solved. Design is defined as algorithmic combination of design decisions to obtain an optimal solution defined by an objective function. There are strong rationale for this method. First, core concepts such as ’design task’, ’design objective’, and ’optimal design’ become explicit and actionable. Second, solutions work well in practice, even for some problems traditionally out of reach of manual solutions. The method can assist in the generation, refinement, and adaptation of design. However, mathematical expression of HCI problems has been challenging and curbed applications. This chapter introduces combinatorial optimisation from user interface design point of view, and addresses two core challenges: 1) mathematical definition of design problems and 2) expression of evaluative knowledge such as design heuristics and predictive models of interaction.


2016 ◽  
Vol 39 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Anatolyevich Nikolaychuk

AbstractThe chemical and electrochemical equilibria involving mercurous and mercuric chlorides in the conditions, corresponding to the human stomach environment, were studied from the point of view of chemical thermodynamics. The Gibbs free energies of formation of various mercury and chlorine compounds, the equilibrium constants, and the electrode potentials of reactions involving these compounds at 37°C were calculated. The potential-pH diagrams of


2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesper Haglund ◽  
Staffan Andersson ◽  
Maja Elmgren

Entropy is a central concept in thermodynamics, but has been found to be challenging to students due to its abstract nature and the fact that it is not part of students' everyday language. Interviews with three pairs of engineering students (N= 6) were conducted and video recorded regarding their interpretation and use of the entropy concept, one year after a course on chemical thermodynamics. From a syntax perspective, students were asked to assess whether different sentences involving temperature, internal energy, and entropy make sense. With a focus on semantics, they were asked to rank a set of notions with regards to how closely they are related to entropy, how scientific they are, and how useful they are for explaining what entropy is. From a pragmatics point of view, students were asked to solve two qualitative problems, which involve entropy. The results show that these chemistry students regard internal energy, but not entropy, as a substance-like entity. The students' ranking of how closely related to entropy notions are and how useful they are for explaining entropy was found to be strongly negatively correlated to how scientific the notions were seen to be. For example, disorder was seen as highly unscientific, but very useful for explaining entropy. In the problem-solving tasks, Chemical Engineering students were comfortable relating entropy to enthalpy and Gibbs free energy, the three notions being seen to form a “trinity” in thermodynamics. However, the students had challenges grasping the unchanged entropy in reversible, adiabatic expansion of an ideal gas, in which they did not consider how entropy relates to the second law of thermodynamics. In final reflections on their learning processes, the students saw weak connections between their problem-solving skills and their conceptual understanding of entropy, although acknowledging that both aspects of learning are important.


1962 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 169-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Green

The term geo-sciences has been used here to include the disciplines geology, geophysics and geochemistry. However, in order to apply geophysics and geochemistry effectively one must begin with a geological model. Therefore, the science of geology should be used as the basis for lunar exploration. From an astronomical point of view, a lunar terrain heavily impacted with meteors appears the more reasonable; although from a geological standpoint, volcanism seems the more probable mechanism. A surface liberally marked with volcanic features has been advocated by such geologists as Bülow, Dana, Suess, von Wolff, Shaler, Spurr, and Kuno. In this paper, both the impact and volcanic hypotheses are considered in the application of the geo-sciences to manned lunar exploration. However, more emphasis is placed on the volcanic, or more correctly the defluidization, hypothesis to account for lunar surface features.


1984 ◽  
Vol 75 ◽  
pp. 331-337
Author(s):  
Richard Greenberg

ABSTRACTThe mechanism by which a shepherd satellite exerts a confining torque on a ring is considered from the point of view of a single ring particle. It is still not clear how one might most meaningfully include damping effects and other collisional processes into this type of approach to the problem.


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