scholarly journals CH4 and CO2 observations from a melting high mountain glacier, Laohugou Glacier No. 12

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Du Zhi-Heng ◽  
Wang Lei ◽  
Wei Zhi-Qiang ◽  
Liu Jing-Feng ◽  
Lin Peng-Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Mountain ◽  
Mountain Glacier

scholarly journals Map of the Mount Gongga Glacier: A Combination of Terrestrial and Aerial Photogrammetry

1986 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 34-36
Author(s):  
Chen Jianming
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Survey Area ◽  
Mountain Glacier ◽  
Practical Result ◽  
Topographic Features ◽  
Aerial Photogrammetry ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Surveying And Mapping

For use in glaciological research, between 1982 and 1984, we succeeded in surveying and mapping the Mount Gongga Glacier, on a scale of 1:25 000, by means of a combination of terrestrial and aerial photogrammetry. This paper describes the method in detail. In the survey area, we set up an independent, triangulation network, with microwave distance measurement, and two, independent, straight-line traverses, for basic control. Control points were observed by intersection. The terrestrial, photogrammetric baselines were projected and corrected into distances on the. plane of the map. Terrestrial photography accounted for the majority of the photographs of the survey area. Surveying and mapping of planimetrie and topographic features were completed on a stereo-autograph, using plates mainly from terrestrial photogrammetry. Where these data were insufficient, they were supplemented by aerial photography, plotted on a photographic plotting instrument. Orientation points of the aerial photographs were established by terrestrial, photogrammetric analysis and located on the map by an optical, mechanical method. The practical result showed that a combination of terrestrial and aerial photogrammetry, in mapping a high, mountain, glacier area, on a large scale, is more feasible and flexible than other methods and more economical as well.

scholarly journals LO STATO ATTUALE DEI GHIACCIAI ITALIANI E LA LORO RECENTE EVOLUZIONE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Smiraglia ◽  
Guglielmina Adele Diolaiuti
Keyword(s):  
High Mountain ◽  
Glacier Area ◽  
Glacier Surface ◽  
Mountain Glacier ◽  
Glacier Inventory ◽  
Mountain Glaciers ◽  
Proglacial Lakes ◽  
The World ◽  
Mountain Landscapes ◽  
Recent Project

Mountain glaciers represent an important hydrological and touristic resource, and their recent evolution provides a dramatic evidence of climate change for the general public. Glacier inventories, quantifying glacier characteristics and evolution, are an important tool to describe and manage high mountain glacier environments and Italy has developed a long tradition in this sector. Our country was the first to provide itself with a glacier inventory, compiled by Comitato Glaciologico Italiano and CNR, showing a glacier surface of 530 km2. A recent project, coordinated by Università Statale di Milano with the support of private bodies and the cooperation of Comitato EvK2CNR and Comitato Glaciologico Italiano, led to the development of the new Italian Glacier Inventory, a national atlas produced from the analysis of color orthophotos at high resolution acquired between 2005 and 2011. The New Italian Glacier Inventory lists 903 glaciers, covering an area of 370 km2. The largest part of glacier area is located in Val d’Aosta (36.15% of the total), followed by Lombardia and South Tyrol. 84% of glaciers (considering the number of glaciers) have an area lower than 0.5 km2 and jointly account for 21% of the total glacier surface. Glaciers larger than 1 Km2 make up 9.4% of the total number, but cover 67.8% of the total glacier area. The comparison between data from the New Italian Glacier Inventory and the CGI-CNR inventory (1959-1962) shows a 30% reduction in glacier area in Italy; considering instead the World Glacier Inventory or WGI, published at the end of the ‘80s, which reported 1381 glaciers and an area of 609 km2, glacier loss sums up to 478 glaciers and an area of 239 km2 (-39%). This shrinkage has led to rapid and significant changes to high mountain landscapes, notably glacier fragmentation, an increase in deglaciated areas, the formation of proglacial lakes and the development of pioneer vegetation.

scholarly journals The South Inylchek Glacier Activity Analysis over a Ten-year Interval in Surface Velocity with Multi-source Spaceborne Imagery

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qimin zhang ◽  
Lu Zhang ◽  
Mingyang Lv ◽  
Yidan Sun ◽  
Shiyong Yan
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Surface Velocity ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
The South ◽  
Mountain Glacier ◽  
Climate Change Effects ◽  
Glacier Velocity ◽  
Sar Imagery ◽  
Single Data

Abstract Ice movement is one of the most important characteristics in describing mountain glacier activity, which is a sensitive natural indicator of climate change. However, the short-term ice movement with a single data source could not precisely and sufficiently demonstrate the response of glaciers to climate change. In order to extract the reliable signal corresponding to climate change, the long-term monitoring of glacier movement should be widely exploited. This paper presents the ice motion distribution of the South Inylchek Glacier by improving pixel tracking algorithm with both synthetic aperture radar and optical imagery in 2007-2008 and 2017-2018. The analysis in spatiotemporal characteristics of the glacier velocity indicates that the South Inylchek Glacier remained almost stable in a ten-year interval with the average velocity of 32cm/d, which are computed with quasi-synchronization multi-source imagery. And the consistency of the velocity results was also verified with both optical and SAR imagery during the same period. Therefore, it would be valuable in expanding the research temporal cycle of glacier movement by uniting multi-source data. We also suggest that long-term ice motion should be collected for further analysis in mass balance prediction and assessing the climate change effects in the High Mountain Asia.

Global differences in the energy balance and melt rates of debris-covered glacier surfaces

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan Miles ◽  
Jakob Steiner ◽  
Pascal Buri ◽  
Walter Immerzeel ◽  
Francesca Pellicciotti
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Surface Energy ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Energy Absorption ◽  
Random Sets ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Glacier Surface ◽  
Mountain Glacier

<p>Supraglacial debris covers 4% of mountain glacier area globally and generally reduces glacier surface melt. Studies have identified enhanced energy absorption at ice cliffs and supraglacial ponds scattered across the debris surface. Although these features generally cover a small portion of glacier surface area (5-10%) they contribute disproportionately to mass loss at the local glacier scales (20-40%). While past studies have identified their melt-enhancing role in High Mountain Asia, Alaska, and the Alps, it is not clear to what degree they enhance mass loss in other areas of the globe.</p><p>We model the surface energy balance for debris-covered ice, ice cliffs, and supraglacial ponds using meteorological records (4 radiative fluxes, wind speed, air temperature, humidity) from a set of on-glacier automated weather stations representing the global prevalence of debris covered glaciers. We generate 5000 random sets of values for physical parameters using probability distributions derived from literature. We also model the hypothetical energy balance of a debris-free glacier surface at each site, which we use to investigate the melt rates of distinct surface types relative to that of a clean ice glacier. This approach allows us to isolate the melt responses of debris, cliffs and ponds to the site specific meteorological forcing.</p><p>For each site we determine an Østrem curve for sub-debris melt as a function of debris thickness and a probabilistic understanding of surface energy absorption for ice cliffs, supraglacial ponds, and debris-covered ice. While debris leads to strong reductions in melt at all sites, we find an order-of-magnitude spread in sub-debris melt rates due solely to climatic differences between sites. The melt enhancement of ice cliffs relative to debris-covered ice is starkly apparent at all sites, and ice cliffs melt rates are generally 1.5-2.5 times the ablation rate for a clean ice surface. The supraglacial pond energy balance varies regionally, and is sensitive to wind speed and relative humidity, leading to energy absorption 0.4-1.2 times that of clean ice, but 5-10 times higher than debris-covered ice. Our results support the few past assessments of melt rates for cliffs and ponds, and indicate sub-regional coherence in the energy balance response of these features to climate.</p>

PoLIM: an open source 2D higher-order thermomechanically coupled mountain glacier flow model

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuzhe Wang ◽  
Tong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Flow Model ◽  
Order Approximation ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
Computational Cost ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Thermomechanical Coupling ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Mountain Glacier ◽  
Ice Flow

<p>The worldwide glacier is retreating and is expected to continue shrinking in a warming climate. Understanding the dynamics of glaciers is essential for the knowledge of sea-level rise, water resources in high mountain and arid regions, and the potential glacier hazards. Over the past decades, various 3D higher-order and full-Stokes ice flow models including thermomechanical coupling have been developed, and some have opened their source codes. However, such 3D modeling requires detailed datasets about surface and bedrock topography, variable climatic conditions, and high computational cost. Due to difficulties in measuring glacier thickness, only a small minority of glaciers around the globe have ice thickness observations. It is also a challenge to downscale the climate data (e.g., air temperature, precipitation) to the glacier surface, particularly, in rugged high-mountain terrains. In contrast to 3D models, flowline models only require inputs along the longitudinal profile and are thus computationally efficient. They continue to be useful tools for simulating the evolution of glaciers and studying the particular phenomena related to glacier dynamics. In this study, we present a two-dimensional thermomechanically coupled ice flow model named PoLIM (Polythermal Land Ice Model). The velocity solver of PoLIM is developed based on the higher-order approximation (Blatter-Pattyn type). It includes three critical features for simulating the dynamics of mountain glaciers: 1) an enthalpy-based thermal model to describe the heat transfer, which is particularly convenient to simulate the polythermal structures; 2) a drainage model to simulate the water transport in the temperate ice layer driven by gravity; 3) a subglacial hydrology model to simulate the subglacial water pressure for the coupling with the basal sliding law. We verify PoLIM with several standard benchmark experiments (e.g., ISMIP-HOM, enthalpy, SHMIP) in the glacier modeling community. PoLIM shows a good performance and agrees well with these benchmark results, indicating its reliable and robust capability of simulating the thermomechanical behaviors of glaciers.</p>

scholarly journals INVERSING GLACIER ALBEDO IN HIGH MOUNTAIN ASIA BASED ON SENTINEL-3 SATELLITE DATA

2021 ◽  
Vol XLIII-B3-2021 ◽  
pp. 509-514
Author(s):  
Y. Tian ◽  
Z. Liu
Keyword(s):  
Global Climate ◽  
Material Balance ◽  
Surface Energy Budget ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Mountain Glacier ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Surface Mass ◽  
Snow Properties ◽  
Climate Parameter

Abstract. Surface albedo, defined as the ratio of the upward to downward solar irradiance, is an important climate parameter in the surface energy budget. Among them, glacier albedo is the link between glaciers and the hydration process of climate and cold zones, and it is also an important factor restricting the development of distributed glacier energy-material balance model. Changes in the albedo of ice and snow can alter the energy balance of the entire geo-gas system and can also cause local and even global climate change. Glaciers in High Mountain Asia have experienced heterogeneous rates of loss since the 1970s. The positive feedback effect of ice and snow makes its albedo an important indicator of ice and snow surface mass balance. This study used partly Sentinel-3 level-1b data of High Mountain Asia in 2017, RGI (Randolph Glacier Inventory) 6.0 and SPP (Snow Properties Processor) developed by the ESA’s team to extract the region's mountain glacier albedo in SNAP (Sentinel Application Platform) environment. At present, the products of the whole year of 2017 have been produced, with a time resolution of one month and a spatial resolution of 300 m.

On the morphological characteristics of overdeepenings in high-mountain glacier beds

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (13) ◽  
pp. 1980-1990 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilfried Haeberli ◽  
Andreas Linsbauer ◽  
Alejo Cochachin ◽  
Cesar Salazar ◽  
Urs H. Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Mountain Glacier

scholarly journals Map of the Mount Gongga Glacier: A Combination of Terrestrial and Aerial Photogrammetry

1986 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 34-36
Author(s):  
Chen Jianming
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Survey Area ◽  
Mountain Glacier ◽  
Practical Result ◽  
Topographic Features ◽  
Aerial Photogrammetry ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Surveying And Mapping

For use in glaciological research, between 1982 and 1984, we succeeded in surveying and mapping the Mount Gongga Glacier, on a scale of 1:25 000, by means of a combination of terrestrial and aerial photogrammetry. This paper describes the method in detail.In the survey area, we set up an independent, triangulation network, with microwave distance measurement, and two, independent, straight-line traverses, for basic control. Control points were observed by intersection. The terrestrial, photogrammetric baselines were projected and corrected into distances on the. plane of the map.Terrestrial photography accounted for the majority of the photographs of the survey area. Surveying and mapping of planimetrie and topographic features were completed on a stereo-autograph, using plates mainly from terrestrial photogrammetry. Where these data were insufficient, they were supplemented by aerial photography, plotted on a photographic plotting instrument. Orientation points of the aerial photographs were established by terrestrial, photogrammetric analysis and located on the map by an optical, mechanical method.The practical result showed that a combination of terrestrial and aerial photogrammetry, in mapping a high, mountain, glacier area, on a large scale, is more feasible and flexible than other methods and more economical as well.

scholarly journals Conditions of estuarine rivers of the Abkhazia Republic and their impact on the Black Sea coast

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 30-39
Author(s):  
N. M. Mingazova ◽  
R. S. Dbar ◽  
V. M. Ivanova ◽  
D. Yu. Mingazova ◽  
A. A. Galiullina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Mountain Glacier ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Sea Coast

Estuaries play an important role in formation of coastal water quality and the conservation of biological diversity. In 2013–2014 the study of estuarine rivers in Abkhazia Black Sea region and their possible impacts was supported by RFBR grant. A number of large (Bzyb, Kodor, Gumista Kelasur, Galizga) and medium (Aapsta, Hypsta, Basle and others.) Abkhazia rivers have a significant impact on the ecological state of the Black Sea coast because of the runoff of sediments. We have studied a total of 35 rivers flowing into the Black Sea on the coast of Abkhazia and identified hydrological characteristics of these. The maximum flow rate was observed for the Kodor River. Even in the low-flow period the water flow in estuarine areas ranged from 0.323 to 161.3 m3/s. Turbidity in the river at low water was 0,003–0,010 g/m3, for Kelasur river – 0.28 g/m3. Hydrocarbonate-calcium type of water is typical for the rivers of Abkhazia, salinity of most rivers is average. Well water quality characterizes by Galizga, Reprua, Gvandra and Hashipsa rivers. In the phytoplankton of investigated river estuaries were have identified 84 taxa below the rank of genus, in zooplankton – 19 species, in zoobenthos – 105 species and 23 species of fish fauna. In relation to phytoplankton most of the rivers appear to be oligotrophic. When using zoobenthic organisms as bioindicators the rivers were marked as having unfavorable conditions (Suhumka, Aapsta, Maanikvara et al.). The local impact on water quality of the Black Sea has a river experiencing pollution from receipt of sewage, waste and experiencing the impact of grazing. Rivers Bzyb, Kodor, Kelasur and Galizga bring large volumes of high mountain glacier water, which contributes to improving of the state of the Black Sea coast.

scholarly journals Impact of fine-dust air burden on the mass balance of a high mountain glacier: a case study of the Chongce ice cap, west Kunlun Shan, China

2006 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 23-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiankang Han ◽  
Masayoshi Nakawo ◽  
Kumiko Goto-Azuma ◽  
Chao Lu
Keyword(s):  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Snow Accumulation ◽  
Taklimakan Desert ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Dust Deposition ◽  
Mountain Glacier ◽  
Dust Transport ◽  
Desert Region ◽  
Ice Cap ◽  
West Kunlun

AbstractThe coherent variations of annual snow accumulation rate and dust deposition over 60 years are recorded in an ice core drilled at 6530 ma.s.l. on the Chongce ice cap, located in the west Kunlun Shan, south of the Taklimakan desert in China. These records were investigated in the context both of the dust transport pathways from the source region and of climatic changes in this arid environment. The factors relating the dust transport from the source to sink area were taken into account to ascertain the integration of these factors on the precipitation-forming process at high elevations. Results indicate that: (1) dust is predominant among aerosols in precipitation at high altitude; (2) the dust aerosol population may be more instrumental than the vapor supply in the formation of precipitation at such altitudes; (3) compared to low-elevation glaciers, snow accumulation on high mountain glaciers seems to be more sensitive to changes in the concentration of air-burden dust particulates, which are closely related to the climatic variations around the desert region; and (4) under the current climate conditions surrounding the desert region, the decreasing trend in snow accumulation, in concert with the decrease in dust deposition that has occurred over the past several decades, might continue. This effect on snow accumulation at high altitudes may explain one of the elements potentially responsible for the longer-term glacial variation, i.e. the glacial retreat that has lasted for decades in central Asia.

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