Influence of random and designed porosities on 3D printed tricalcium phosphate-bioactive glass scaffolds

3D printed biomaterials have been extensively investigated and developed in the field of bone regeneration related to clinical issues. However, specific applications of 3D printed biomaterials in different dental areas have seldom been reported. In this study, we aimed to and successfully fabricated 3D poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)/β-tricalcium phosphate (3D-PLGA/TCP) and 3D β-tricalcium phosphate (3D-TCP) scaffolds using two relatively distinct 3D printing (3DP) technologies. Conjunctively, we compared and investigated mechanical and biological responses on human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). Physicochemical properties of the scaffolds, including pore structure, chemical elements, and compression modulus, were characterized. hDPSCs were cultured on scaffolds for subsequent investigations of biocompatibility and osteoconductivity. Our findings indicate that 3D printed PLGA/TCP and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) scaffolds possessed a highly interconnected and porous structure. 3D-TCP scaffolds exhibited better compressive strength than 3D-PLGA/TCP scaffolds, while the 3D-PLGA/TCP scaffolds revealed a flexible mechanical performance. The introduction of 3D structure and β-TCP components increased the adhesion and proliferation of hDPSCs and promoted osteogenic differentiation. In conclusion, 3D-PLGA/TCP and 3D-TCP scaffolds, with the incorporation of hDPSCs as a personalized restoration approach, has a prospective potential to repair minor and critical bone defects in oral and maxillofacial surgery, respectively.

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Supplementation with 45S5 Bioactive Glass Reduces In Vivo Resorption of the β-Tricalcium-Phosphate-Based Bone Substitute Material Vitoss

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms20174253 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (17) ◽

pp. 4253 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Fabian Westhauser ◽

Christopher Essers ◽

Maria Karadjian ◽

Bruno Reible ◽

Gerhard Schmidmaier ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bioactive Glass ◽

Tricalcium Phosphate ◽

Bone Substitute ◽

Degradation Kinetics ◽

Bone Substitutes ◽

Micro Computed Tomography ◽

Immunodeficient Mice ◽

Bone Substitute Materials ◽

Osseous Regeneration

Compared to other materials such as 45S5 bioactive glass (BG), β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP)-based bone substitutes such as Vitoss show limited material-driven stimulation of osteogenesis and/or angiogenesis. The unfavorable degradation kinetics of β-TCP-based bone substitutes may result in an imbalance between resorption and osseous regeneration. Composite materials like Vitoss BA (Vitoss supplemented with 20 wt % 45S5-BG particles) might help to overcome these limitations. However, the influence of BG particles in Vitoss BA compared to unsupplemented Vitoss on osteogenesis, resorption behavior, and angiogenesis is not yet described. In this study, Vitoss and Vitoss BA scaffolds were seeded with human mesenchymal stromal cells before subcutaneous implantation in immunodeficient mice for 10 weeks. Scaffold resorption was monitored by micro-computed tomography, while osteoid formation and vascularization were assessed by histomorphometry and gene expression analysis. Whilst slightly more osteoid and improved angiogenesis were found in Vitoss BA, maturation of the osteoid was more advanced in Vitoss scaffolds. The volume of Vitoss implants decreased significantly, combined with a significantly increased presence of resorbing cells, whilst the volume remained stable in Vitoss BA scaffolds. Future studies should evaluate the interaction of 45S5-BG with resorbing cells and bone precursor cells in greater detail to improve the understanding and application of β-TCP/45S5-BG composite bone substitute materials.

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Physical characterization and in vitro evaluation of 3D printed hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate, zirconia, alumina, and SiAlON structures made by lithographic ceramic manufacturing

MRS Advances ◽

10.1557/adv.2020.229 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (46-47) ◽

pp. 2419-2428

Author(s):

Alexander K. Nguyen ◽

Peter L. Goering ◽

Shelby A. Skoog ◽

Roger J. Narayan

Keyword(s):

Tricalcium Phosphate ◽

Force Microscopy ◽

Atomic Force ◽

3D Printed ◽

Ceramic Manufacturing ◽

Surface Morphologies ◽

Combination Of Material ◽

Amorphous Character ◽

Cells Cultured

AbstractIn this study, lithographic ceramic manufacturing was used to create solid chips out of hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate, zirconia, alumina, and SiAlON ceramic. X-ray powder diffraction of each material confirmed that the chips were crystalline, with little amorphous character that could result from remaining polymeric binder, and were composed entirely out of the ceramic feedstock. Surface morphologies and roughnesses were characterized using atomic force microscopy. Human bone marrow stem cells cultured with osteogenic supplements on each material type expressed alkaline phosphatase levels, an early marker of osteogenic differentiation, on par with cells cultured on a glass control. However, cells cultured on the tricalcium phosphate-containing material expressed lower levels of ALP suggesting that osteoinduction was impaired on this material. Further analyses should be conducted with these materials to identify underlying issues of the combination of material and analysis method.

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Enhanced In Vivo Bone and Blood Vessel Formation by Iron Oxide and Silica Doped 3D Printed Tricalcium Phosphate Scaffolds

Annals of Biomedical Engineering ◽

10.1007/s10439-018-2040-8 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 46 (9) ◽

pp. 1241-1253 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Susmita Bose ◽

Dishary Banerjee ◽

Samuel Robertson ◽

Sahar Vahabzadeh

Keyword(s):

Iron Oxide ◽

Blood Vessel ◽

Tricalcium Phosphate ◽

Blood Vessel Formation ◽

Vessel Formation ◽

3D Printed

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A Comparative Study of Granular Agglomeration between 3D Printed Hydroxyapatite and Commercial Bone Graft Granules

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.798.83 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 798 ◽

pp. 83-87

Author(s):

Faungchat Thammarakcharoen ◽

Ariya Yampakdee ◽

Bovornwut Buranawat ◽

Jintamai Suwanprateeb

Keyword(s):

Phase Composition ◽

Comparative Study ◽

Bone Graft ◽

Water Absorption ◽

Tricalcium Phosphate ◽

Water Film ◽

Xrd Analysis ◽

High Porosity ◽

Capillary Action ◽

3D Printed

Granule characteristics and the agglomeration ability of 3D printed hydroxyapatite granules (3DP HA) when contacting water were compared to those of commercial bone graft granules based on hydroxyapatite/β-tricalcium phosphate/collagen mixture (Sunmax). Microstructure, phase composition, water absorption and granular agglomeration of the granules were characterized. SEM showed that the granule sizes of Sunmax were in the range of 0.8-1.5 mm whereas that of 3DP HA was relatively more uniform at about 1 mm. 3DP HA granules comprised the weaving of numerous minute crystals containing large pores and having high porosity while Sunmax granules were crushed granules and having low porosity. XRD analysis confirmed that Sunmax granules were biphasic hydroxyapatite and β-tricalcium phosphate while 3DP HA granules were monophasic hydroxyapatite. Sunmax granules exhibited greater agglomeration volume than that of 3DP HA granules. However, the water absorption of 3DP HA granules was greater than that of Sunmax granules. The greater agglomeration ability of Sunmax granules was likely due to the collagen constituent of the granules which could act as adhesive to bind granules together in addition to water capillary action. In contrast, 3DP HA granules formed the agglomeration by the water film due to the capillary action only so the efficiency was lower although the water absorption was greater.

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Surface Functionalization of Three Dimensional-Printed Polycaprolactone-Bioactive Glass Scaffolds by Grafting GelMA Under UV Irradiation

Frontiers in Materials ◽

10.3389/fmats.2020.528590 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

Author(s):

Farnaz Ghorbani ◽

Melika Sahranavard ◽

Zohre Mousavi Nejad ◽

Dejian Li ◽

Ali Zamanian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Surface Roughness ◽

Surface Modification ◽

Bioactive Glass ◽

Uv Irradiation ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Homogeneous Distribution ◽

X Ray ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

3D Printed

In this study, bioactive glass nanoparticles (BGNPs) with an average diameter of less than 10 nm were synthesized using a sol-gel method and then characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), differential scanning calorimetric (DSC), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and x-ray spectroscopy (XRD). Afterward, three dimensional (3D)-printed polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds along with fused deposition modeling (FDM) were incorporated with BGNPs, and the surface of the composite constructs was then functionalized by coating with the gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) under UV irradiation. Field emission scanning electron microscopy micrographs demonstrated the interconnected porous microstructure with an average pore diameter of 260 µm and homogeneous distribution of BGNPs. Therefore, no noticeable shrinkage was observed in 3D-printed scaffolds compared with the computer-designed file. Besides, the surface was uniformly covered by GelMA, and no effect of surface modification was observed on the microstructure while surface roughness increased. The addition of the BGNPs the to PCL scaffolds showed a slight change in pore size and porosity; however, it increased surface roughness. According to mechanical analysis, the compression strength of the scaffolds was increased by the BGNPs addition and surface modification. Also, a reduction was observed in the absorption capacity and biodegradation of scaffolds in phosphate-buffered saline media after the incorporation of BGNPs, while the presence of the GelMA layer increased the swelling potential and stability of the composite matrixes. Moreover, the capability of inducing bio-mineralization of hydroxyapatite-like layers, as a function of BGNPs content, was proven by FE-SEM micrographs, EDX spectra, and x-ray diffraction spectra (XRD) after soaking the obtained samples in concentrated simulated body fluid. A higher potential of the modified constructs to interact with the aqueous media led to better precipitation of minerals. According to in-vitro assays, the modified scaffolds can provide a suitable surface for the attachment and spreading of the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Furthermore, the number of the proliferated cells confirms the biocompatibility of the scaffolds, especially after a modification process. Cell differentiation was verified by alkaline phosphatase activity as well as the expression of osteogenic genes such as osteocalcin and osteopontin. Accordingly, the scaffolds showed an initial potential for reconstruction of the injured bone.

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Treating mouse skull defects with 3D‐printed fatty acid and tricalcium phosphate implants

Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine ◽

10.1002/term.3146 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (12) ◽

pp. 1858-1868

Author(s):

Martin Bonde Jensen ◽

Casper Slots ◽

Nicholas Ditzel ◽

Stefanie Kolstrup ◽

Moustapha Kassem ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Tricalcium Phosphate ◽

Skull Defects ◽

3D Printed

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The Regenerative Applicability of Bioactive Glass and Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate in Bone Tissue Engineering: A Transformation Perspective

Journal of Functional Biomaterials ◽

10.3390/jfb10010016 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 16 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Baboucarr Lowe ◽

Mark P. Ottensmeyer ◽

Chun Xu ◽

Yan He ◽

Qingsong Ye ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Bioactive Glass ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Tricalcium Phosphate ◽

Beta Tricalcium Phosphate ◽

Engineering Strategy

The conventional applicability of biomaterials in the field of bone tissue engineering takes into consideration several key parameters to achieve desired results for prospective translational use. Hence, several engineering strategies have been developed to model in the regenerative parameters of different forms of biomaterials, including bioactive glass and β-tricalcium phosphate. This review examines the different ways these two materials are transformed and assembled with other regenerative factors to improve their application for bone tissue engineering. We discuss the role of the engineering strategy used and the regenerative responses and mechanisms associated with them.

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