The state of emergency care in the Republic of the Sudan

The COVID-19 pandemic became widespread across the world throughout 2020 and 2021 in an emergency that gravely impacted the health and lives of people around the world. States have taken exceptional measures to combat the pandemic, including controversial decisions to introduce emergency regimes, which have been questioned in regards to their compliance with constitutional regulations. The fight against the COVID-19 pandemic requires special measures, however they must remain within the constitutional framework. Consequently, the pandemic and its effect upon the legality of regimes in a state of emergency has captured the attention of legal scholars. The aim of this study is to analyse the constitutional regulation of the state of emergency in the Republic of Poland which was introduced in the country during the COVID-19 pandemic. In Poland, an emergency regime was introduced following an order by the Minister of Health. However the state of emergency (here, natural disaster) as stated by the Constitution was not introduced, although, according to analysts, some state bodies and officials had confirmed that all the necessary conditions for this were met. On 2 March 2020, the so-called Special Law on Coronavirus was adopted, followed by other regulations to fight the pandemic. These analysts stated that the measures introduced by the new acts corresponded to a legal regime containing the constitutional characteristics of a state of emergency, but lacked the appropriate constitutional procedure for their introduction. Presidential elections were held at this time, however legally they cannot be held during a state of emergency, as it indicates the presence of political interests in the choice of the regime. The unconstitutional procedure of the introduction of emergency measures alongside their characteristics of the state of emergency make it possible to consider the epidemic regime introduced in Poland a “hybrid” state of emergency, which is not detailed by the Constitution or legislation. On this basis, the study concludes that reasons behind the unconstitutional response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland can be found in both the Constitution, and in the manifestations of the crisis of the constitutional and legal system, which began with the reform of Poland’s Constitutional Tribunal by the ruling Law and Justice party in 2015.

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Amendment of the Contravention Code or Defiance of the Constitution by the Exceptional Situations Commission?

National Law Journal ◽

10.52388/1811-0770.2021.1(243).05 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 56-65

Author(s):

Iulian Rusanovschi ◽

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

The State ◽

Constitutional Court ◽

State Of Emergency ◽

Constitutional Review ◽

Republic Of Moldova ◽

The Republic ◽

The Right ◽

Epidemiological Situation

On 17.03.2020, the Parliament declared a state of emergency on the entire territory of the Republic of Moldova for the period March 17 - May 15, 2020. By the same Decision, the Parliament delegated the Commission for Exceptional Situations with the right to implement a series of measures to overcome the epidemiological situation in the country. However, in the conditions of a functioning Parliament and despite the clear and exhaustive texts of the Constitution, the Commission for Exceptional Situations amended during the state of emergency the Contravention Code, which is an organic law. The amendments specifically concerned the procedure and terms for examining infringement cases brought in connection with non-compliance with the measures adopted by the Commission for Exceptional Situations and the Extraordinary Commission for Public Health. In the conditions in which an organic law can be modified only by the Parliament, it is obvious the unconstitutionality, at least partial, of the Disposition no. 4 of 24.03.2020 of the Commission for Exceptional Situations, but unfortunately, the Constitutional Court is not mandated with the right to submit to constitutional review the normative acts adopted by the Commission for Exceptional Situations. Under these conditions, the state is obliged to identify solutions in order not to allow an authority to adopt unconstitutional normative acts that cannot be subject to constitutional review.

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IMPLEMENTATION OF STATE OF EMERGENCY WITHIN THE CONSTITUSIONAL LAW SYSTEM IN INDONESIA

Diponegoro Law Review ◽

10.14710/dilrev.4.1.2019.405-418 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 405

Author(s):

Muhammad Rinaldy Bima

Keyword(s):

The State ◽

State Function ◽

State Of Emergency ◽

Law System ◽

State Administration ◽

Legal Document ◽

State Governance ◽

Governance Practice ◽

The Common ◽

The Republic

This research aims at analyzing the state governance practice which frequently and extraordinarily takes place when governing the state administration, in which the common legal system is unable to accommodate the people's interests. Self-governance is highly necessary that the state function may effectively run independently as the state organ by ensuring respect and compliance of right guaranteed by the state 1945 constitution of the Republic of Indonesia (UUD NRI 1945) as the highest legal document in governing the state. The legal equipment should be able to anticipate various possibilities of emergency conditions to ensure the sustainability of state life

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Public Security in the Polish Law on State of Emergency

Internal Security ◽

10.5604/20805268.1231520 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 91-100

Author(s):

Bernard Wiśniewski

Keyword(s):

The State ◽

Public Security ◽

State Of Emergency ◽

Constitutional Order ◽

Security Environment ◽

States Of Emergency ◽

The Republic ◽

Polish Law ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship

This article presents the essential issues in the provisions of the law relating to public security in force in the Republic of Poland which are used in conditions of extraordinary internal threats that cannot be dealt with using ordinary legal tools. The considerations are based on an analysis of the legally regulated obligations of the state as a political organisation to society for securing the conditions for its survival in a changing security environment. This serves to present the basic issues of public security and the rules for the use of the State instruments for states of emergency. The rest of this article presents the relationship between issues of public security and a state of emergency. In this part of the article it is essential to discuss the circumstances that must exist to be able to employ specific legal measures in the conditions of threats to the constitutional order of the State and threats affecting the security of the citizens or of public order (including those caused by terrorist activities). Consequently, it discusses the impact of the rigours of a state of emergency in relation to the potential for limiting the escalation of these threats. The final part of the article also presents other instruments, apart from the state of emergency which, in the Polish legal system, can be used in the fight against threats which endanger public security and that are related to prohibited activities in cyberspace.

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Derogation of Human Rights and Freedoms in RNM during the State of Emergency Caused by COVID-19

SEEU Review ◽

10.2478/seeur-2020-0002 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 24-42

Author(s):

Abdulla Azizi

Keyword(s):

Human Rights ◽

Survey Methods ◽

The State ◽

International Standards ◽

European Convention ◽

State Of Emergency ◽

The Republic ◽

The Government ◽

Territory Government ◽

Restrictive Measures

AbstractConsidering that in times of state of emergency or civil emergency (such as the pandemic caused by COVID 19), governments in many countries around the world have restricted human rights and freedoms through legally binding government decrees. These restrictive measures increasingly raise dilemmas about their effect and possible violations by the government of international norms guaranteeing human rights. The paper aims to analyze whether these restrictive measures set out in the decisions of the Government of the Republic of Northern Macedonia (RNM) are in compliance with the derogations allowed under the European Convention on Human Rights and Freedoms (ECHR) and the positive laws in power. In the framework of this paper is analyzed whether these measures have the sole purpose of protecting the health of citizens or not.The work is limited in terms of time (as long as the state of emergency lasted three months) and territory (government decrees with the force of law).Descriptive, historical, analytical, comparative and citizen survey methods are used in this paper.Government decrees have been analyzed in order to assess whether they were prudent, in accordance with international standards and consequences that they have caused to citizens.The conclusions provide data on whether the management of the situation has been appropriate or not and to what extent it has been effective, as well as how much it has been within the international framework and how they have affected the quality of life of citizens.

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Facebook users’ reaction to the declaration of the state of emergency in the Republic of Srpska

Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke ◽

10.2298/zmsdn2178289p ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 289-300

Author(s):

Petar Pusonja

Keyword(s):

Hate Speech ◽

The State ◽

Media Content ◽

Sources Of Information ◽

Media Content Analysis ◽

State Of Emergency ◽

User Comments ◽

Negative Comments ◽

The Media ◽

The Republic

The paper presents the research findings on the behavior of users of the social network Facebook, in the circumstances of a crisis situation and the declaration of the state of emergency. By combining the media content analysis, modified netnographic approach and pseudo-survey techniques, the author seeks to determine the extent and the manner in which the declaration of the state of emergency in the Republic of Srpska has affected its citizens. The results show that the state of emergency has led to a reduction in the number of events reported, creating uniformity in media content and increasing the degree to which the media rely on official sources of information. On the other hand, the audience shows saturation with such content, completely ignoring it or expressing dissatisfaction with the overall situation, most often sarcastically. The analysis of user comments shows that, although value-neutral, the content focused on government activities provoked mostly negative comments, with hate speech and explicit vulgarism, as well as comments ad hominem, although to a lesser extent.

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Human and Civil Rights and Freedoms in a State of Natural Disaster and Epidemic Emergency

Internal Security ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0015.2904 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 133-142

Author(s):

Robert Socha ◽

António Tavares

Keyword(s):

Civil Rights ◽

Natural Disaster ◽

Civil Liberties ◽

World Health Organisation ◽

The State ◽

World Health ◽

State Of Emergency ◽

States Of Emergency ◽

The Social ◽

The Republic

On 11th March 2020, the World Health Organisation (WHO) declared a state of pandemic. In turn, on 21 March 2020, the Minister of Health, by way of a regulation, declared a state of epidemic in the territory of the Republic of Poland. At the same time, the decision resulted in the introduction of many restrictions concerning, inter alia, freedom of movement, assembly and trade. At the same time, discussions started on the constitutionality of the introduced restrictions on civil liberties. Having the above in mind, the aim of this article is to present the correlation in the sphere of limiting or suspending civil liberties in a state of emergency, such as a state of natural disaster, and in “non-emergency” states, such as a state of epidemic threat and a state of pandemic. Although the word “state” appears in the three mentioned legal situations, the state of natural disaster, as one of the three constitutional states of emergency, creates a different legal and socio-political situation than the state of epidemic threat or the state of pandemic. A common feature of the above-mentioned events, however, is that they became a fundamental disruption of the social context of individual and group functioning in connection with the occurrence of a human infectious disease.

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Parlamentārās kontroles īstenošanas īpatnības un problēmjautājumi Covid-19 pandēmijas laikā

Tiesības un tiesiskā vide mainīgos apstākļos ◽

10.22364/juzk.79.53 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 467-473

Author(s):

Aleksandrs Kuzņecovs ◽

Keyword(s):

Human Rights ◽

Legal System ◽

Legal Liability ◽

The State ◽

Legal Basis ◽

State Of Emergency ◽

Rapid Spread ◽

The Republic ◽

The Government

Due to rapid spread of Covid-19 worldwide, Latvian government declared the state of emergency. This decision was adopted by the parliament in order to contain the virus and undertake all the necessary measures to prevent its further spread. At the same time, it is clear that government’s actions undertaken within the state of emergency mostly remain unchecked. The absence of any legal basis for the parliament to extend their oversight during the state of emergency makes role of the parliament in these circumstances unclear. The current position of the parliament precludes political and legal liability over the executive and their officers. Lack of the delegated legislative and human rights restriction clause applicable specifically during the state of emergency raises questions regarding powers of the government and parliamentary control during the state of emergency. The article explores the possible solutions to rectify such flaws in the legal system of the Republic Latvia

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Cooperation and collaboration between the Polish Police and Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland in terms of ensuring security and public order

Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego. Seria Prawnicza. Prawo ◽

10.15584/znurprawo.2020.31.16 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 31 ◽

pp. 200-210

Author(s):

Dominika Rozborska ◽

Keyword(s):

Armed Forces ◽

The State ◽

Public Order ◽

Main Task ◽

Public Authorities ◽

State Of Emergency ◽

State And Society ◽

General Obligation ◽

The Republic ◽

Vast Area

Ensuring security and public order is one of the most important, constitutional objectives of the State and at the same time the task of many public authorities. The Police is leading, uniformed and armed formation in a system of public safety authorities whose overriding operating objective, determined by the legislator is to serve the society by protecting people’s safety and maintaining security and public order. However, in carrying out tasks related to such vast area of activity, the Police does not have to be unassisted. Natural partner for the Police is the army, despite the fact that the main task of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland is to protect the State and society from external military threat. This study aims to characterize formal foundations and scope of cooperation between Polish Police and Armed Forces in terms of ensuring security and public order. For this purpose, legal basis for providing support for the Police by the Polish Armed Forces under the laws on: state of emergency, natural disaster, crisis management, the Police, counter-terrorism actions and general obligation to defend the Republic of Poland and issued regulations based on them were examined. This article also refers to the issue of cooperation of the Police with the Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland on the basis of concluded agreements.

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