Lung Cancer Screening: Implementing Public-Health Policies at the Individual Level

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hope A. Feldman ◽  
Mara B. Antonoff
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Lung Cancer Screening ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
Public Health Policies ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual

Paternalism, Autonomy, and the Common Good

2021 ◽  
pp. 89-109
Author(s):  
James Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Public Policy ◽  
Health Policy ◽  
Public Health Policy ◽  
Common Good ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
Public Health Policies ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Common Good ◽  
The Common

Public health policies are often accused of being paternalistic, or to show the ‘Nanny State’ in action. This chapter argues that complaints about paternalism in public health policy are, for a variety of reasons, much less convincing than is often thought. First, for conceptual reasons, it is difficult to specify what it would be for a policy to be paternalistic. Second, two of the elements that make paternalism problematic at an individual level—interference with liberty and lack of individual consent—are endemic to public policy contexts in general and so cannot be used to support the claim that paternalism in particular is wrong. The chapter concludes that instead of debating whether a given policy is paternalistic, it would be better to ask whether the infringements of liberty it contains are justifiable, without placing any weight on whether or not those infringements of liberty are paternalistic.

Preliminary experiences with low-dose computed tomography for lung cancer screening in Hungary

2014 ◽  
Vol 155 (10) ◽  
pp. 383-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariann Moizs ◽  
Gábor Bajzik ◽  
Zsuzsanna Lelovics ◽  
Marianna Rakvács ◽  
János Strausz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Chest Radiography ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Lung Cancer Screening ◽  
Public Health Screening ◽  
Digital Chest ◽  
Low Dose Computed Tomography

Introduction: Lung cancer has the highest mortality rate of all types of cancers both in developed countries and Hungary. Aim: To obtain experience and facilitate the application of low-dose computed tomography-based lung cancer screening as a targeted public health screening procedure. Method: Volunteers without thoracic complaints above the age of 40 years (n = 963) were screened for lung cancer using digital chest radiography and low-dose computed tomography. Results: Two lung cancers were found among the participants screened with digital chest radiography (0.2%). After informed consent, 173 individuals with normal chest radiography findings (n = 943) took the opportunity to voluntarily participate in low-dose computed tomography screening for lung cancer. After 3 or 12 months, 65 individuals had follow up control examinations based on the size and characteristics of the detected lesions. Among them, one participant was found to have lung cancer using low-dose computed tomography. Conclusions: These results indicate that low-dose computed tomography-based lung cancer screening as a public health screening procedure can enhance the success of screening with 50% (from 0.2% to 0.3%). The cost-benefit ratio can be raised if chest radiography is performed prior to the low-dose computed tomography examination. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(10), 383–388.

scholarly journals Agency and Health Policies

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Lopez Barreda
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Medical Ethics ◽  
Current Medical ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Public Health Policies ◽  
Collective Levels ◽  
The Individual

In the current medical ethics literature, the concept of agency is receiving growing attention. Nevertheless, many of those definitions are narrow in scope. This article intends to provide a deeper understanding of this concept, allowing for its use in clinical practice and public health policies. First, it revises the current concept of agency and some of its shortcomings. Then, the article presents two philosophical accounts of agency, identifying three relevant features, namely time-extended organised planfulness, endorsement of their own actions, and identification with the activity. Lastly, the article depicts how those features may help in the application of agency to the analysis of health issues by means of a number of examples at the individual and collective levels. When analysing health issues, the health status is a key component, but the process that brought about the outcome must be examined; agency informs about this procedural dimension.

scholarly journals The contributions of public health policies and healthcare quality to gender gap and country differences in life expectancy in the UK

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kasim Allel ◽  
Franceso Salustri ◽  
Hassan Haghparast-Bidgoli ◽  
Ali Kiadaliri
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Healthcare Quality ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
Public Health Policies ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
The Uk

Abstract Background In many high-income countries, life expectancy (LE) has increased, with women outliving men. This gender gap in LE (GGLE) has been explained with biological factors, healthy behaviours, health status, and sociodemographic characteristics, but little attention has been paid to the role of public health policies that include/affect these factors. This study aimed to assess the contributions of avoidable causes of death, as a measure of public health policies and healthcare quality impacts, to the GGLE and its temporal changes in the UK. We also estimated the contributions of avoidable causes of death into the gap in LE between countries in the UK. Methods We obtained annual data on underlying causes of death by age and sex from the World Health Organization mortality database for the periods 2001–2003 and 2014–2016. We calculated LE at birth using abridged life tables. We applied Arriaga’s decomposition method to compute the age- and cause-specific contributions into the GGLE in each period and its changes between two periods as well as the cross-country gap in LE in the 2014–2016 period. Results Avoidable causes had greater contributions than non-avoidable causes to the GGLE in both periods (62% in 2001–2003 and 54% in 2014–2016) in the UK. Among avoidable causes, ischaemic heart disease (IHD) followed by injuries had the greatest contributions to the GGLE in both periods. On average, the GGLE across the UK narrowed by about 1.0 year between 2001–2003 and 2014–2016 and three avoidable causes of IHD, lung cancer, and injuries accounted for about 0.8 years of this reduction. England & Wales had the greatest LE for both sexes in 2014–2016. Among avoidable causes, injuries in men and lung cancer in women had the largest contributions to the LE advantage in England & Wales compared to Northern Ireland, while drug-related deaths compared to Scotland in both sexes. Conclusion With avoidable causes, particularly preventable deaths, substantially contributing to the gender and cross-country gaps in LE, our results suggest the need for behavioural changes by implementing targeted public health programmes, particularly targeting younger men from Scotland and Northern Ireland.

Wir müssen abwägen – aber wie sollen wir abwägen?

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-66
Author(s):  
Lutz Wingert
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Civil Liberties ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
Public Health Policies ◽  
Individual Health ◽  
Health Measures ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Prospect Of Success ◽  
Moral Questions

Abstract The global Covid-19 crisis raises at least three moral questions, which my contribution answers as follows: (1) Which patient should get treatment according to triage criteria? The patient whose treatment has the best prospect of success. (2) How should we resolve the conflict between public health measures and economic needs? Public health should have priority, but reaches its limits where the individual right to stay afloat through one’s own work is violated. (3) How should we resolve the conflict between public health measures and civil liberties? Public health should have priority, but reaches its limits where the restriction of freedom violates the integrity of individual health and personal freedom. The answers and the arguments behind these are developed through the discussion of a wide range of current public health policies, concrete measures, and competing approaches to moral questions in the Covid-19 pandemic.

Lung Cancer Screening

2021 ◽  
pp. 78-86
Author(s):  
Lisa Carter-Harris ◽  
Jamie Ostroff
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Lung Cancer Screening ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Shared Decision ◽  
Psychosocial Influences ◽  
Key Topics ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Low Dose Computed Tomography

Lung cancer is the deadliest cancer worldwide. Screening with low-dose computed tomography of the chest is still new and many screening-eligible individuals are unaware of this screening option, contributing to the extremely low rates of screening uptake. This chapter discusses the psychosocial influences on lung cancer screening behavior from the perspective of the individual making the decision to screen, or not, for lung cancer. It also discusses key topics such as integrating smoking cessation into the lung cancer screening setting, shared decision-making in the context of lung cancer screening, and future research needed in this nascent area of cancer screening.

scholarly journals Data as promise: Reconfiguring Danish public health through personalized medicine

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 531-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Hoeyer
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Personalized Medicine ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
Public Health Policies ◽  
Roles And Responsibilities ◽  
Population Science ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Existing Data

‘Personalized medicine’ might sound like the very antithesis of population science and public health, with the individual taking the place of the population. However, in practice, personalized medicine generates heavy investments in the population sciences – particularly in data-sourcing initiatives. Intensified data sourcing implies new roles and responsibilities for patients and health professionals, who become responsible not only for data contributions, but also for responding to new uses of data in personalized prevention, drawing upon detailed mapping of risk distribution in the population. Although this population-based ‘personalization’ of prevention and treatment is said to be about making the health services ‘data-driven’, the policies and plans themselves use existing data and evidence in a very selective manner. It is as if data-driven decision-making is a promise for an unspecified future, not a demand on its planning in the present. I therefore suggest interrogating how ‘promissory data’ interact with ideas about accountability in public health policies, and also with the data initiatives that the promises bring about. Intensified data collection might not just be interesting for what it allows authorities to do and know, but also for how its promises of future evidence can be used to postpone action and sidestep uncomfortable knowledge in the present.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document