Optimization of extraction of high-ester pectin from passion fruit peel (Passiflora edulis flavicarpa) with citric acid by using response surface methodology

The pollution of hydric sources by pharmaceuticals is an issue in many countries, particularly in Brazil. The presence of these substances causes deleterious effects on the environment and human health. One of the main sources of this contamination is domestic sewage, due to the expressive amount of medicines released in their unaltered form. Unfortunately, traditional wastewater treatment is not effective for the removal of pharmaceuticals and, for this reason, membrane technology is an attractive alternative to overcome this issue. In this regard, hydrophilic polymers, such as poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), are the most suitable. However, their high affinity with water causes intense swelling, leading to severe modifications in the membrane properties. In view of all these facts, the present work evaluated the swelling of PVA-based membranes, with the aim of finding the membrane preparation method that has the lowest swelling, thereby providing the most suitable characteristics for pharmaceutical removal from wastewater. The membranes were prepared by the casting of a polymeric solution, with PVA as a basis polymer, citric acid as a crosslink agent and glycerol and silver nanoparticles as performance additives. The process optimization was performed using a design of experiments with posterior analysis by the response surface methodology (RSM). The RSM assessed the effect on the membrane swelling of the factors, including citric acid concentration and the time and temperature of crosslinking. The membrane characterization was performed by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy coupled with a field emission gun (SEM-FEG) and water contact angle (WCA) measurements. Overall, the condition that showed the lowest swelling was obtained with 10% of citric acid and crosslinking for 4 h at 130 °C. Under these conditions, the membrane had a mass swelling of 42% and a dimensional swelling of 24%. Additionally, our statistical analysis revealed that the factors with the dominant effects were the citric acid concentration and the temperature of crosslinking. The FT-IR analysis suggested that the crosslinking occurred by an esterification reaction, as showed by the stretching frequencies of C=O at 1710 cm-1 and ester C-O at 1230 cm-1. Moreover, the SEM-FEG images revealed a smooth and flat surface and a dense cross section with a thickness of ~113 μm. Concerning the WCA, the angle was at ~80°, which is characteristic of hydrophilic materials. Finally, the data suggested that it is possible to optimize the membrane preparation process with adequate properties so that it can be subsequently applied to the removal of pharmaceuticals from hospital wastewater.

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Mass loss, physicochemical characteristics of passion fruit peel (Passiflora edulis Sims) submitted to drying process

African Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.5897/ajar2015.9682 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 10 (45) ◽

pp. 4142-4149 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

M A P Silva ◽

Cagnin C ◽

M Caliari ◽

B S Carvalho ◽

G R Placido ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mass Loss ◽

Physicochemical Characteristics ◽

Passion Fruit ◽

Drying Process ◽

Fruit Peel ◽

Passiflora Edulis ◽

Passiflora Edulis Sims

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Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Total Acetogenins from the Soursop Fruit by Response Surface Methodology

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25051139 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (5) ◽

pp. 1139 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Gabriela Aguilar-Hernández ◽

María de los Ángeles Vivar-Vera ◽

María de Lourdes García-Magaña ◽

Napoleón González-Silva ◽

Alejandro Pérez-Larios ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Response Surface Methodology ◽

Response Surface ◽

Large Scale ◽

Raw Material ◽

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽

Fruit Peel ◽

Optimal Method ◽

Assisted Extraction ◽

Ultrasound Assisted ◽

By Products

The soursop fruit or Annona muricata (A. muricata) fruit is recognized by its bioactive compounds and acetogenins (ACG) are among the most important. The effect of ACGs, with greater importance in health, is that they present anti-tumor activity; however, the methods of extraction of ACGs are very slow and with a high expenditure of solvents. To our knowledge, there is no report of an optimal method for the extraction of acetogenins from the Annonaceae family by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE); therefore, the aim was to find the best UEA conditions of acetogenins from A. muricata fruit (peel, pulp, seed, and columella) by using response surface methodology. The effect of amplitude (40%, 70%, and 100%), time (5, 10, and 15 min), and pulse-cycle (0.4, 0.7, and 1 s) of ultrasound at 24 kHz was evaluated on the total acetogenin content (TAC). Optimal extraction conditions of acetogenins (ACGs) with UEA were compared with the extraction of ACGs by maceration. The optimal UEA conditions in the A. muricata pulp and by-products were dependent on each raw material. The highest TAC was found in the seed (13.01 mg/g dry weight (DW)), followed by the peel (1.69 mg/g DW), the pulp (1.67 mg/g DW), and columella (1.52 mg/g DW). The experimental TAC correlated well with the model (Adjusted R2 with values between 0.88 and 0.97). The highest effectiveness in ACG extraction was obtained in seeds and peels using UEA compared to extraction by maceration (993% and 650%, respectively). The results showed that A. muricata by-products are an important source of ACGs and that UAE could be a viable alternative, with high potential for large-scale extraction.

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Application of Response Surface Methodology for preparation of low-cost adsorbent from citrus fruit peel and for removal of Methylene Blue

Desalination ◽

10.1016/j.desal.2011.02.057 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 275 (1-3) ◽

pp. 26-36 ◽

Cited By ~ 101

Author(s):

Susmita Dutta ◽

Aparupa Bhattacharyya ◽

Arnab Ganguly ◽

Samya Gupta ◽

Srabanti Basu

Keyword(s):

Methylene Blue ◽

Response Surface Methodology ◽

Response Surface ◽

Low Cost ◽

Citrus Fruit ◽

Fruit Peel

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Flavonoids Accumulation in Fruit Peel and Expression Profiling of Related Genes in Purple (Passiflora edulis f. edulis) and Yellow (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) Passion Fruits

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10112240 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 2240

Author(s):

Meng Shi ◽

Muhammad Moaaz Ali ◽

Yinying He ◽

Songfeng Ma ◽

Hafiz Muhammad Rizwan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Expression Profiling ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Antioxidant Defense System ◽

Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽

Passion Fruit ◽

Total Flavonoids ◽

Fruit Peel ◽

Passiflora Edulis ◽

Flavonoid Metabolism ◽

Fruit Samples

Flavonoids play a key role as a secondary antioxidant defense system against different biotic and abiotic stresses, and also act as coloring compounds in various fruiting plants. In this study, fruit samples of purple (Passiflora edulis f. edulis) and yellow (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) passion fruit were collected at five developmental stages (i.e., fruitlet, green, veraison, maturation, and ripening stage) from an orchard located at Nanping, Fujian, China. The contents of flavonoid, anthocyanin, proanthocyanin, and their metabolites were determined using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), activities of key enzymes involved in flavonoid metabolism were measured, and expression profiling of related genes was done using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The results revealed that total flavonoids, anthocyanins, and procyanidins were found to be increased in the fruit peel of both cultivars with fruit maturity. Total flavonoids, anthocyanins, procyanidins, flavonoid metabolites (i.e., rutin, luteolin, and quercetin), and anthocyanin metabolites (i.e., cyanidin-3-O-glucoside chloride, peonidin-3-O-glucoside, and pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside) were found abundant in the peel of purple passion fruit, as compared to yellow passion fruit. Principle component analysis showed that the enzymes, i.e., C4H, 4CL, UFGT, and GST were maybe involved in the regulation of flavonoids metabolism in the peel of passion fruit cultivars. Meanwhile, PePAL4, Pe4CL2,3, PeCHS2, and PeGST7 may play an important role in flavonoid metabolism in fruit peel of the passion fruit. This study provides new insights for future elucidation of key mechanisms regulating flavonoids biosynthesis in passion fruit.

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Media optimization for C-phycocyanin production in Plectonema sp. using response surface methodology and central composite design

International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2575 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 3897-3904

Author(s):

Arbab Husain ◽

Fahad Khan ◽

Khwaja Osama ◽

Sadaf Mahfooz ◽

Adeeba Shamim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Response Surface Methodology ◽

Citric Acid ◽

Central Composite Design ◽

Response Surface ◽

Nostoc Muscorum ◽

Therapeutic Implications ◽

Medium Components ◽

Anabaena Sp ◽

Different Strains ◽

Central Composite

Cyanobacteria represent the richest sources of phycobiliproteins with especial reference to C-phycocyanin (C-PC), which in turn holds exhaustive therapeutic implications. Screening of several cyanobacterial strains namely Anabaena sp., Nostoc muscorum, Cylindrospermum sp., Plectonema sp., Scytonema sp., Spirulina sp., Synechococcous sp. and Tolypothrix sp. was carried out for their C-PC producing capacity, however the produced quantity of C-PC varies greatly among different strains. Owing to the crucial role of different media constituents on productivity of C-PC the current study was designed to optimize most appropriate media composition for augmented CPC production by selected superior producer. 36 factorial central composite design (CCD) dependent response surface methodology (RSM) was utilized to estimate the important medium components attributed with influencing C-PC productivity. RSM analysis of five independent coded factors including Na2CO3, K2HPO4, NaNO3, citric acid and EDTA were analyzed preceded by recognition of efficient variables for algal components production by Plectonema sp. Investigation of results revealed that the eminent medium components were NaCO3 (0.4 g/L); NaNO3 (0.5 g/L); K2HPO4 (2.8 g/L); citric acid (0.08 g/L) and EDTA (0.01 g/L) respectively. The optimized combination yielded 0.5536 mg/ml of C-PC. The increment of C-PC yield is R-Sq = 88.2%. Thus, our study led to the recognition of critical nutritional component that can be used further for enhanced productivity of C-PC.

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