Introduction. The end of 20th and beginning of 21st century is marked by the
discovery of new, supercontagious and fast spreading viral diseases. Since
1967, more than 40 new agents have been identified, including human
immunodeficiency virus, Ebola, Marburg fever, severe acute respiratory
syndrome, hepatitis C, hepatitis E viruses and Zika virus. Modern lifestyle,
availability and speed of air traffic, migrations, as well as climate
changes, enable faster spreading of infectious diseases from the regions that
were hardly reachable. We selected a few diseases that raised the greatest
attention among experts and public in general. Ebola. Ebola virus raises
anxiety due to high mortality and fast spreading by using inter-human
contact. Zika virus. Zika virus, that most often causes mild symptoms, is
potentially responsible for microcephaly in neonates. Dengue. Dengue virus is
an ?old story?, but in last decades incidence has multiplied by 30. West Nile
virus. Although discovered in 1937, West Nile virus has been found
exclusively in rural parts of Africa, while nowadays it represents one of the
most important etiological factors of viral meningo-encephalitis all over the
world. Hepatitis E. Today it is well-known that hepatitis E virus can cause
not only acute viral hepatitis but also potentially blood-transmitted chronic
hepatitis in immunocompromised, as well as some neurological disorders.
Conclusion. One of the scientific challenges in the future will certainly be
the discovery of available and cost-effective diagnostic tests, as well as
efficient and safe vaccines for these diseases. Up to now, efficient
prophylaxis is available only for Denga virus.