The impact of terrorist attacks in cities on the relationship between tourists' risk perception, destination image and behavioural intentions

Purpose This paper aims to study the influence of gender on the theoretical and empirical relationships between tourists’ risk perceptions and both destination image and behavioural intentions. Design/methodology/approach An empirical study was carried out with potential tourists at home in Germany and the UK considering travelling to Spain, Egypt, Morocco, Brazil, Colombia and Indonesia. Data were analysed using structural equation modelling with multi-group analysis. Findings Results show that gender moderates the theoretical relationships between risk perception and both destination image and behavioural intentions. Risk perception is higher for women than for men and depends on the type of risks and the characteristics of the destination. Women are more likely than men to reduce their visit to a destination whenever there is an increase in their risk perceptions. However, the influence of risk perception on destination image is higher for men than for women. Thus, results prove there are significant gender differences in the theoretical relationships between risk perceptions and destination image and visiting intentions. Originality/value This paper provides new evidence on the gender differences in risk perceptions in tourism and their impact on destination image and visiting intentions, showing that whenever there are higher risks at a tourist destination women do change more than men their behavioural intentions. The results are useful for designing risk management and promotion policies at destinations that avoid the masculinisation bias, thereby considering the impact of gender differences on travel behaviour and consumption decisions.

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The Impact of Risk Perception on the Destination Image and Visit Intention: COVID-19 Pandemic and Wuhan Tourism

Modern Economics & Management Forum ◽

10.32629/memf.v2i5.498 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Lu Chen

Keyword(s):

Risk Perception ◽

Perceived Risk ◽

Risk Perceptions ◽

Destination Image ◽

And Performance ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship ◽

Affective Dimensions

This study aims to explore the relationship between risk perceptions and destination image and visit intentions with Chinese domestic tourists. This article divides the destination image into cognitive and affective dimensions. The current study also examines how three risk perceptions, including physical, financial and performance risks, inﬂuence the intention to visit a destination. Evidence from 336 Chinese domestic tourists who visited Wuhan after COVID-19 pandemic suggest that perceived risk negatively and signiﬁcantly inﬂuences cognitive and affective images. At the same time, cognitive and affective images positively influence the intention to visit.

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Terrorist campaigns and the growth of the Muslim population: a reply

Japanese Journal of Political Science ◽

10.1017/s1468109921000165 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Clara Egger ◽

Raul Magni-Berton

Keyword(s):

Political Violence ◽

Religious Conversion ◽

Empirical Support ◽

Terrorist Attacks ◽

Muslim Population ◽

Terror Attacks ◽

Terrorist Groups ◽

The One ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship

Abstract A recently published paper in this journal (Choi, 2021) establishes a statistical link between, on the one hand, Islamist terrorist campaigns – including terrorist attacks and online propaganda – and, on the other the growth of the Muslim population. The author explains this result by stating that successful campaigns lead some individuals to convert to Islam. In this commentary, we intend to reply to this article by focusing on the impact of terrorist attacks on religious conversion. We first show that Choi's results suffer from theoretical flaws – a failure to comprehensively unpack the link between violence and conversion – and methodological shortcomings – a focus on all terrorist groups over a period where Islamist attacks were rare. This leads us to replicate Choi's analysis by distinguishing Islamist and non-Islamist terror attacks on a more adequate timeframe. By doing so, we no longer find empirical support for the relationship between terror attacks and the growth of the Muslim population. However, our analyses suggest that such a hypothesis may hold but only in contexts where the level and intensity of political violence are high.

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Assessing the Impact of Terrorism on African Tourism Demand

Tourism Analysis ◽

10.3727/108354221x16288738624441 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sheereen Fauzel ◽

Boopen Seetanah

Keyword(s):

Panel Data Analysis ◽

Dynamic Panel Data ◽

Terrorist Attacks ◽

Tourism Demand ◽

African Countries ◽

Correction Model ◽

Vector Error Correction ◽

Vector Error ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship

Many African states are relying on or have identified tourism to accelerate their growth and the continent has become the world’s second fastest growing tourist industry. However, African states have also not been spared by increasing terrorism attacks during the past decades, probably hindering the growth of this sector to certain extent. This study examines the relationship between terrorism and tourism for a sample of selected African countries over the period 1995 to 2017. Given the dynamic nature of tourism demand and the possibility of endogenous relationships in the terrorism-tourism nexus, dynamic panel data analysis, namely a Panel vector error correction model (PVECM) is employed. The results confirm that terrorism negatively affects tourism demand in Africa and this can be explained by the reactive psychology of tourists to the various aggravated terrorist attacks in the countries. Moreover, the findings show that an increase in tourism may have resulted in an increase in terrorist attacks, hence confirming a bi directional causality between tourism and terrorism.

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Taxing impact of terrorism on global economic openness of developed and developing countries

Acta Oeconomica ◽

10.1556/032.2018.68.3.1 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 68 (3) ◽

pp. 311-335

Author(s):

Abubakr Saeed ◽

Yuhua Ding ◽

Shawkat Hammoudeh ◽

Ishtiaq Ahmad

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Terrorist Attacks ◽

Economic Openness ◽

Significant Negative Impact ◽

Military Expenditures ◽

The Developed Countries ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship

This study examines the relationship between terrorism and economic openness that takes into account both the number and intensity of terrorist incidents and the impact of government military expenditures on trade-GDP and foreign direct investment-GDP ratios for both developed and developing countries. It uses the dynamic GMM method to account for endogeneity in the variables. Deaths caused by terrorism have a significant negative impact on FDI flows, and the number of terrorist attacks is also found to be significant in hampering the countries’ ability to trade with other nations. The study also demonstrates that the developing countries exhibit almost similar results to our main analysis. The developed countries exhibit a negative impact of terrorism, but the regression results are not significant.

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Help Me TripAdvisor! Examining the Relationship between TripAdvisor e-WOM Attributes, Trusts towards Online Reviews and Travellers Behavioural Intentions

Journal of information and organizational sciences ◽

10.31341/jios.44.1.4 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 44 (1) ◽

pp. 83-112

Author(s):

Nur Zarifah Dhabitah Mahat ◽

Mohd Hafiz Hanafiah

Keyword(s):

Online Reviews ◽

Tourism Industry ◽

Partial Least Square ◽

Least Square ◽

Behavioural Intention ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Behavioural Intentions ◽

Information Credibility ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship

This paper aims to examine the impact of TripAdvisor reviews on behavioural intentions, basing on travellers' trust towards the e-WOM reviews. Four factors are proposed for building travellers’ trust and behavioural intentions: information quality, credibility, adoption and usefulness. Trust is expected to mediate the relationship between eWOM attributes and travellers’ behavioural intention. Data from 410 travellers were analysed using Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), and the findings show that TripAdvisor e-WOM attributes (information credibility, adoption and usefulness) significantly influence the traveller's trust. Besides, traveller behavioural intention was influenced considerably by TripAdvisor eWOM information credibility and usefulness. Lastly, trust in e-WOM significantly mediates travellers' behavioural intention. This paper confirms the importance of eWOM in the context of the tourism industry and travellers' trust and behaviour towards online review, which altered how consumers behave before deciding to travel.

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The The Effect of Destination Image and Risk Perception toward Decision to Visit Kampung Coklat Tourism During New Normal Covid-19

Journal of Business Management Review ◽

10.47153/jbmr26.1722021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (6) ◽

pp. 439-453

Author(s):

Nailin Nurmazidah

Keyword(s):

Data Analysis ◽

Risk Perception ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Destination Image ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

Tourism Sector ◽

Analysis Technique ◽

Huge Impact ◽

Tourism Destinations ◽

The Relationship

The covid-19 pandemic has had such a huge impact on various sectors, especially the tourism sector, restrictions imposed in various regions have made tourism continue to decline. This research aimed tto study the relationship between destination image, risk perception, and tourists' decision to visit. The research is focused on tourists who have visited Kampung Coklat Tourism Destinations assample using nonprobability sampling technique. Questionnaires were distributed to 200 respondents directly to tourists. The data analysis technique used Multiple Linear Regression with validity and reliability tests.classical assumptions, and hypothesis testing (t-test). The results showed that the destination image was positively affectedby the decision to visit, and also the perception of risk was positively affected by the decision of tourists to visit.The implications in this research can be used as input for the Management of Kampung Coklat Tourism in developing destination images to increase tourists' decisions to visit.

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Impact of Risk Perception on Trust in Government and Self-Efficiency During COVID-19 pandemic: Does Social Media Content Help Users Adopt Preventative Measures?

10.21203/rs.3.rs-43836/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mohammed Salah Hassan ◽

Hussam Al Halbusi ◽

Ali Najem ◽

Asbah Razali ◽

Kent A. Williams ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Media ◽

Risk Perception ◽

Self Efficacy ◽

Media Content ◽

Trust In Government ◽

Media Usage ◽

Preventative Measures ◽

Use Of Social Media ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship

Abstract The public’s actions will likely have a significant effect on the course of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Human behavior is conditioned and shaped by information and perceptions of people. This study investigated the impact of risk perception on trust in government and self-efficacy. It examined whether the use of social media helps people adopt preventative actions during the pandemic. To test this hypothesis, data were gathered from 512 individuals (students and academicians) who were based in Malaysia during COVID-19. Our results suggested that risk perception had a significant effect on trust in government and self-efficacy. Moreover, these correlations were stronger when social media was used as a source for gathering information on COVID-19, and in some cases it even helped the user avoid being exposed to the virus. This study assessed the relationship between risk perception and the awareness gained from using social media during the pandemic and also highlighted how social media usage influences trust in government and self-efficacy.

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Impact of risk perception on customer purchase behavior: a meta-analysis

Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing ◽

10.1108/jbim-12-2018-0381 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

pp. 76-96

Author(s):

Zhihong Li ◽

Yongzhong Sha ◽

Xuping Song ◽

Kehu Yang ◽

Kun ZHao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Perception ◽

Perceived Risk ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Negative Relationship ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Purchase Behavior ◽

Effect Estimate ◽

Content Type ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship

Purpose Risk perception is an essential factor affecting how individuals evaluate risk, make decisions and behave. The impact of risk perception on customer purchase behavior has been widely studied; however, the association has been debated. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between risk perception and customer purchase behavior and to examine factors that could moderate it. Design/methodology/approach This study conducted a meta-analysis of this relationship and examined factors that could moderate it. Six databases were comprehensively searched. Two reviewers independently selected the studies for inclusion, extracted data and assessed quality. Pearson's r was used as the effect estimate. A total of 33 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Findings The results revealed a negative relationship between risk perception and customer purchase behavior. The geographical region, purchase channel and country development level affected the relationship. The correlation between perceived risk and purchase behavior in European consumers was the highest, followed by the correlation in American consumers; the weakest correlation was found in Asian consumers. For consumers in developed countries, perceived risk had a stronger negative influence on customer purchase behavior than that for consumers in developing countries. The perceived risk of online purchase channels had a stronger negative impact on customer purchase behavior than that of offline purchase channels. Research limitations/implications Risk perception is a useful context in which to explain barriers to customer purchase behavior. In addition, reducing consumers’ risk perception and perfecting the market transaction process with respect to buying behavior should be further studied. Originality/value The findings of this review indicate a direct negative relationship between risk perception and customer purchase behavior. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this review is the first to meta-analytically summarize the impact of risk perception on customer purchase behavior in social sciences research, and it also illuminates new perspectives for future studies.

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Testing threat-to-efficacy ratios in health communications about cardiovascular disease among an older population

Health Promotion International ◽

10.1093/heapro/daz019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 35 (2) ◽

pp. 255-266

Author(s):

Sinéad Moylett ◽

David Hevey

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Health Behaviours ◽

Emotional Reactions ◽

Health Communications ◽

Older Individuals ◽

Behavioural Intentions ◽

Control Processes ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship

Abstract To test threat-to-efficacy ratios within health communications about cardiovascular disease (CVD) for older individuals. Participants were randomly assigned to one of six messages: (i) ‘standard’ message with 1/1 threat-to-efficacy ratio, (ii) ‘low efficacy’ message with 1/0 threat-to-efficacy ratio, (iii) ‘low threat’ message with 0/1 threat-to-efficacy ratio, (iv) ‘high efficacy’ message with 1/2 threat-to-efficacy ratio; (v) ‘high threat’ message with 2/1 threat-to-efficacy ratio and (vi) ‘overload’ message with 2/2 threat-to-efficacy ratio. Participants had to be of 60 years of age or older (N = 242, Male = 92, Age: M = 68.29, SD = 6.71). Advanced univariate analyses and multiple regression modelling were conducted to examine associations between the message groups, and danger- and fear-control processes, as well as the impact of threat and efficacy appraisals on the relationship between the message groups and behavioural intentions. No differences were found between the message groups for danger-control processes. Those who received the ‘overload’ message did report higher levels of fear, nervousness and anxiety in comparison to the ‘standard’ message group. For physical activity, it was found that efficacy impacted the relationship between the message groups and behavioural intentions, as participants’ levels of efficacy increased and if these individuals received high levels of efficacy information, their behavioural intentions for physical activity increased. Results from this study were dissimilar to those of previous research. However, they highlighted the impact of efficacy and negative emotional reactions when communicating to older individuals about CVD and the associated health behaviours.

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