Energy-efficient 5G cloud RAN with virtual BBU server consolidation and base station sleeping

Now days, wireless technology is one of the center of attention for users and researchers. Wireless network is a network having large number of sensor nodes and hence called as “Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)”. WSN monitors and senses the environment of targeted area. The sensor nodes in WSN transmit data to the base station depending on the application. These sensor nodes communicate with each other and routing is selected on the basis of routing protocols which are application specific. Based on network structure, routing protocols in WSN can be divided into two categories: flat routing, hierarchical or cluster based routing, location based routing. Out of these, hierarchical or cluster based routing is becoming an active branch of routing technology in WSN. To allow base station to receive unaltered or original data, routing protocol should be energy-efficient and secure. To fulfill this, Hierarchical or Cluster base routing protocol for WSN is the most energy-efficient among other routing protocols. Hence, in this paper, we present a survey on different hierarchical clustered routing techniques for WSN. We also present the key management schemes to provide security in WSN. Further we study and compare secure hierarchical routing protocols based on various criteria.

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A Split Network based Routing Approach in Wireless Sensor Network to Enhance Network Stability

International Journal of Sensors Wireless Communications and Control ◽

10.2174/2210327909666190208152955 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 480-487 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hardeep S. Saini ◽

Dinesh Arora

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Sensor Network ◽

Energy Efficient ◽

Cluster Head ◽

Base Station ◽

Operating Efficiency ◽

Network Stability ◽

Major Factors ◽

Ch Selection

Background & Objective: The operating efficiency of a sensor network totally relies upon the energy that is consumed by the nodes to perform various tasks like data transmission etc. Thus, it becomes mandatory to consume the energy in an intelligent way so that the network can run for a long period. This paper proposed an energy efficient Cluster Head (CH) selection mechanism by considering the distance to Base Station (BS), distance to node and energy as major factors. The concept of volunteer node is also introduced with an objective to reduce the energy consumption of the CH to transmit data from source to BS. The role of the volunteer node is to transmit the data successfully from source to destination or BS. Conclusion: The results are observed with respect to the Alive nodes, dead nodes and energy consumption of the network. The outcome of the proposed work proves that it outperforms the traditional mechanisms.

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Enhanced Adaptive Distributed Energy-Efficient Clustering (EADEEC) for Wireless Sensor Networks

Recent Advances in Computer Science and Communications ◽

10.2174/2213275912666190404162447 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 168-172

Author(s):

Ravi Kumar Poluru ◽

M. Praveen Kumar Reddy ◽

Syed Muzamil Basha ◽

Rizwan Patan ◽

Suresh Kallam

Keyword(s):

Network Lifetime ◽

Routing Protocols ◽

Energy Efficient ◽

High Energy ◽

Base Station ◽

Sensor Nodes ◽

Wireless Sensor ◽

Distributed Energy ◽

Stability Period ◽

Energy Efficient Clustering

Background:Recently Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a composed of a full number of arbitrarily dispensed energy-constrained sensor nodes. The sensor nodes help in sensing the data and then it will transmit it to sink. The Base station will produce a significant amount of energy while accessing the sensing data and transmitting data. High energy is required to move towards base station when sensing and transmitting data. WSN possesses significant challenges like saving energy and extending network lifetime. In WSN the most research goals in routing protocols such as robustness, energy efficiency, high reliability, network lifetime, fault tolerance, deployment of nodes and latency. Most of the routing protocols are based upon clustering has been proposed using heterogeneity. For optimizing energy consumption in WSN, a vital technique referred to as clustering.Methods:To improve the lifetime of network and stability we have proposed an Enhanced Adaptive Distributed Energy-Efficient Clustering (EADEEC).Results:In simulation results describes the protocol performs better regarding network lifetime and packet delivery capacity compared to EEDEC and DEEC algorithm. Stability period and network lifetime are improved in EADEEC compare to DEEC and EDEEC.Conclusion:The EADEEC is overall Lifetime of a cluster is improved to perform the network operation: Data transfer, Node Lifetime and stability period of the cluster. EADEEC protocol evidently tells that it improved the throughput, extended the lifetime of network, longevity, and stability compared with DEEC and EDEEC.

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Energy-Efficient Packet Forwarding Scheme Based on Fuzzy Decision-Making in Underwater Sensor Networks

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21134368 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (13) ◽

pp. 4368

Author(s):

Jitander Kumar Pabani ◽

Miguel-Ángel Luque-Nieto ◽

Waheeduddin Hyder ◽

Pablo Otero

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Sensor Networks ◽

Energy Efficient ◽

Real Life ◽

Base Station ◽

Fuzzy Decision Making ◽

Underwater Sensor Networks ◽

Packet Forwarding ◽

Node Number ◽

The Impact

Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) are subjected to a multitude of real-life challenges. Maintaining adequate power consumption is one of the critical ones, for obvious reasons. This includes proper energy consumption due to nodes close to and far from the sink node (gateway), which affect the overall energy efficiency of the system. These wireless sensors gather and route the data to the onshore base station through the gateway at the sea surface. However, finding an optimum and efficient path from the source node to the gateway is a challenging task. The common reasons for the loss of energy in existing routing protocols for underwater are (1) a node shut down due to battery drainage, (2) packet loss or packet collision which causes re-transmission and hence affects the performance of the system, and (3) inappropriate selection of sensor node for forwarding data. To address these issues, an energy efficient packet forwarding scheme using fuzzy logic is proposed in this work. The proposed protocol uses three metrics: number of hops to reach the gateway node, number of neighbors (in the transmission range of a node) and the distance (or its equivalent received signal strength indicator, RSSI) in a 3D UWSN architecture. In addition, the performance of the system is also tested with adaptive and non-adaptive transmission ranges and scalable number of nodes to see the impact on energy consumption and number of hops. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol performs better than other existing techniques or in terms of parameters used in this scheme.

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Green Virtual Base Station in optical-access-enabled Cloud-RAN

2015 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC) ◽

10.1109/icc.2015.7249116 ◽

2015 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Xinbo Wang ◽

Saigopal Thota ◽

Massimo Tornatore ◽

Sang-Soo Lee ◽

Han-Hyub Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Base Station ◽

Optical Access ◽

Virtual Base Station ◽

Cloud Ran

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An Efficient IR-HARQ Power Allocation for Relay-Aided Cellular Networks

Journal of Circuits System and Computers ◽

10.1142/s0218126618501955 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 27 (12) ◽

pp. 1850195

Author(s):

P. Mangayarkarasi ◽

J. Raja

Keyword(s):

Power Allocation ◽

Cellular Networks ◽

Channel Capacity ◽

Energy Efficient ◽

Base Station ◽

Relay Station ◽

Decode And Forward ◽

Relay Placement ◽

Cell Coverage ◽

The Impact

Energy-efficient and reliable data transmission is a challenging task in wireless relay networks (WRNs). Energy efficiency in cellular networks has received significant attention because of the present need for reduced energy consumption, thereby maintaining the profitability of networks, which in turn makes these networks “greener”. The urban cell topography needs more energy to cover the total area of the cell. The base station does not cover the entire area in a given topography and adding more number of base stations is a cost prohibitive one. Energy-efficient relay placement model which calculates the maximum cell coverage is proposed in this work that covers all sectors and also an energy-efficient incremental redundancy-hybrid automatic repeat request (IR-HARQ) power allocation scheme to improve the reliability of the network by improving the overall network throughput is proposed. An IR-HARQ power allocation method maximizes the average incremental mutual information at each round, and its throughput quickly converges to the ergodic channel capacity as the number of retransmissions increases. Simulation results show that the proposed IR-HARQ power allocation achieves full channel capacity with average transmission delay and maintains good throughput under less power consumption. Also the impact of relaying performance on node distances between relay station and base station as well as between user and relay station and relay height for line of sight conditions are analyzed using full decode and forward (FDF) and partial decode and forward (PDF) relaying schemes. Compared to FDF scheme, PDF scheme provides better performance and allows more freedom in the relay placement for an increase in cell coverage.

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Grid based Energy-Efficient Cross-Layer Optimization Model in WSN Using Dual Mobile Sinks

10.21203/rs.3.rs-306247/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Vimala D ◽

Manikandan K

Keyword(s):

Network Lifetime ◽

Optimization Model ◽

Energy Efficient ◽

Simulation Analysis ◽

Optimal Path ◽

Maximum Energy ◽

Base Station ◽

Cross Layer ◽

Cross Layer Optimization ◽

Grid Based

Abstract In recent days, wireless sensor network (WSN) gained more attention among researchers as well as industries. It is composed with massive number of sensors which are independently organized cooperate with one another for collecting, processing and transmitting data to the base station (BS) or sink. Since sensors undergo random deployment in harsh environment, it is difficult or not even possible to replace the batteries. So, energy efficient clustering and routing techniques are preferable to reduce the dissipation of energy and improve the network lifetime. This paper introduces a new Grid based Energy-Efficient Cross-Layer Optimization Model in WSN Using Dual Mobile Sink (GEECLO). The proposed method involves three main processes namely grid partitioning, clustering and routing. Initially, the entire network is partitioned into different zones and then sub zones. Then, type II FL process gets executed to select the CHs and construct the clusters. Finally, dolphin swarm optimization algorithm (DSOA) based routing process takes place to select the optimal path for inter-cluster communication. A detailed simulation analysis takes place to ensure the betterment of the GEECLO algorithm. The obtained experimentation outcome depicted that the GEECLO model offers maximum energy efficiency and network lifetime.

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Optimization of Energy Efficient Advance Leach Protocol

International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ◽

10.17762/ijritcc.v9i5.5472 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 07-16

Author(s):

Sandeep Kaur ◽

Dr. Rajeev Bedi ◽

Mohit Marwaha

Keyword(s):

Wireless Sensor Networks ◽

Energy Conservation ◽

Network Lifetime ◽

Energy Efficient ◽

Sensor Node ◽

Cluster Head ◽

Base Station ◽

Wireless Sensor ◽

Cluster Head Selection ◽

Leach Protocol

In WSNs, the only source to save life for the node is the battery consumption. During communication with other area nodes or sensing activities consumes a lot of power energy in processing the data and transmitting the collected/selected data to the sink. In wireless sensor networks, energy conservation is directly to the network lifetime and energy plays an important role in the cluster head selection. A new threshold has been formulated for cluster head selection, which is based on remaining energy of the sensor node and the distance from the base station. Proposed approach selects the cluster head nearer to base station having maximum remaining energy than any other sensor node in multi-hop communication. The multi hop approach minimizing the inter cluster communication without effecting the data reliability.

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