Causal effects of HIV on employment status in low-income settings

ObjectiveTo estimate with a rigorous statistical methodology and independent from the tobacco industry the prevalence and consumption of illicit cigarettes in Metropolitan Santiago de Chile, in addition to identifying the variables statistically associated with choosing to smoke illicit cigarettes.MethodsSurveys of 851 smokers who reside in the Metropolitan Santiago were collected using a sampling design that combined a randomisation of high-traffic points and a quota sampling to approximate the smoking population. Photographs of packs along with questions on where they were bought were used to define whether cigarettes were licit or illicit. After this identification, the statistical association between the decision to smoke illicit cigarettes and sociodemographic variables and smoking habits was estimated using probit models.ResultsThe proportion of smokers smoking illicit cigarettes in Metropolitan Santiago was 10.9%. Adjusted by smoking intensity, 16.3% of cigarettes smoked in a month were illicit. Models show that the probability of smoking illicit cigarettes is inversely associated with employment status (ie, employed/inactive/unemployed), and smokers with lower levels of education are more likely to smoke illicit cigarettes. Though smokers’ incomes are not directly measured, both employment status and educational levels are indicative that illicit cigarette consumption is more prevalent among low-income groups.ConclusionsThe proportion of smokers consuming illicit cigarettes estimated in this research is less than half of the widely publicised claims of the tobacco industry. Furthermore, past and present pricing strategies by the tobacco industry indicate that, contrary to public statements, the tobacco industry is not concerned by illicit trade.

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Health Inequalities in the Diverse World of Self-Employment: A Swedish National Cohort Study

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph182312301 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (23) ◽

pp. 12301

Author(s):

Karl Gauffin ◽

Andrea Dunlavy

Keyword(s):

Health Outcomes ◽

Health Inequalities ◽

Low Income ◽

Employment Status ◽

The Self ◽

Poor Health ◽

Self Employment ◽

Regular Employment ◽

National Cohort ◽

The Relationship

With labor being a central social determinant of health, there is an increasing need to investigate health inequalities within the heterogenous and growing population in self-employment. This study aimed to longitudinally investigate the relationship between income level, self-employment status and multiple work-related health indicators in a Swedish national cohort (n = 3,530,309). The study investigated the relationship between self-employment status and health outcomes later in life. All poor health outcomes, with the exception of alcohol-related disorders, were more common in the self-employed population, compared to the group in regular employment. The income gradient, however, was more pronounced in the group with regular employment than the groups in self-employment. The study found clear connections between low income and poor health in all employment groups, but the gradient was more pronounced in the group in regular employment. This suggests that income has a weaker connection to other types of health promoting resources in the self-employed population. Potentially, lacking social and public support could make it difficult for unhealthy individuals to maintain low-income self-employment over a longer time period.

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Take Two! SAT Retaking and College Enrollment Gaps

American Economic Journal Economic Policy ◽

10.1257/pol.20170503 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 115-158 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Joshua Goodman ◽

Oded Gurantz ◽

Jonathan Smith

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Low Income ◽

College Enrollment ◽

High School Graduates ◽

Causal Effects ◽

Underrepresented Minority ◽

Low Income Students ◽

Sat Scores ◽

Enrollment Rates ◽

Enrollment Gaps

Only half of SAT-takers retake the exam, with even lower retake rates among low-income students and underrepresented minority (URM) students. We exploit discontinuous jumps in retake probabilities at multiples of 100, driven by left-digit bias, to estimate retaking’s causal effects. Retaking substantially improves SAT scores and increases four-year college enrollment rates, particularly for low-income and URM students. Eliminating disparities in retake rates could close up to 10 percent of the income-based gap and up to 7 percent of the race-based gap in four-year college enrollment rates of high school graduates. (JEL I21, I23, I24, J15)

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11. Identification and Estimation of Causal Effects with Time-Varying Treatments and Time-Varying Outcomes

Sociological Methodology ◽

10.1111/j.1467-9531.2007.00185.x ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 37 (1) ◽

pp. 393-434 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Jennie E. Brand ◽

Yu Xie

Keyword(s):

Employment Status ◽

Causal Effect ◽

Causal Effects ◽

Potential Outcomes ◽

Time Varying ◽

Potential Outcome ◽

Units Of Analysis ◽

Wisconsin Longitudinal Study ◽

Time Periods ◽

Causal Variable

We develop an approach to identifying and estimating causal effects in longitudinal settings with time-varying treatments and time-varying outcomes. The classic potential outcome approach to causal inference generally involves two time periods: units of analysis are exposed to one of two possible values of the causal variable, treatment or control, at a given point in time, and values for an outcome are assessed some time subsequent to exposure. In this paper, we develop a potential outcome approach for longitudinal situations in which both exposure to treatment and the effects of treatment are time-varying. In this longitudinal setting, the research interest centers not on only two potential outcomes, but on a whole matrix of potential outcomes, requiring a complicated conceptualization of many potential counterfactuals. Motivated by sociological applications, we develop a simplification scheme—a weighted composite causal effect that allows identification and estimation of effects with a number of possible solutions. Our approach is illustrated via an analysis of the effects of disability on subsequent employment status using panel data from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study.

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Examining the Impact of Employment Status on Sleep Quality During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Two Low-Income Neighborhoods in Pittsburgh, PA

SLEEP ◽

10.1093/sleep/zsab303 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Matthew D Baird ◽

Tamara Dubowitz ◽

Jonathan Cantor ◽

Wendy M Troxel

Keyword(s):

African American ◽

Sleep Quality ◽

Low Income ◽

Employment Status ◽

Financial Strain ◽

Poor Sleep ◽

Poor Sleep Quality ◽

African American Adults ◽

American Adult ◽

The Impact

Abstract Study Objectives African Americans have faced disproportionate socioeconomic and health consequences associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. The current study examines employment and its association with sleep quality during the initial months of the pandemic in a low-income, predominantly African American adult sample. Methods In the early months of COVID-19 (March to May 2020), we administered a survey to an ongoing, longitudinal cohort of older adults to assess the impact of COVID-related changes in employment on self-reported sleep quality (N=460; 93.9% African American). Participants had prior sleep quality assessed in 2018 and a subset also had sleep quality assessed in 2013 and 2016. Primary analyses focused on the prevalence of poor sleep quality and changes in sleep quality between 2018 and 2020, according to employment status. Financial strain and prior income were assessed as moderators of the association between employment status and sleep quality. We plotted trend lines showing sleep quality from 2013 to 2020 in a subset (n=339) with all four waves of sleep data available. Results All participants experienced increases in poor sleep quality between 2018 and 2020, with no statistical differences between the employment groups. However, we found some evidence of moderation by financial strain and income. The trend analysis demonstrated increases in poor sleep quality primarily between 2018 and 2020. Conclusions Sleep quality worsened during the pandemic among low-income African American adults. Policies to support the financially vulnerable and marginalized populations could benefit sleep quality.

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Effects of increased body mass index on employment status: a Mendelian randomisation study

International Journal of Obesity ◽

10.1038/s41366-021-00846-x ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Desmond D. Campbell ◽

Michael Green ◽

Neil Davies ◽

Evangelia Demou ◽

Joey Ward ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Educational Attainment ◽

Household Income ◽

Employment Status ◽

Early Retirement ◽

Causal Effect ◽

Causal Effects ◽

Mendelian Randomisation ◽

Social Discrimination ◽

Obesity Epidemic

Abstract Background The obesity epidemic may have substantial implications for the global workforce, including causal effects on employment, but clear evidence is lacking. Obesity may prevent people from being in paid work through poor health or through social discrimination. We studied genetic variants robustly associated with body mass index (BMI) to investigate its causal effects on employment. Dataset/methods White UK ethnicity participants of working age (men 40–64 years, women 40–59 years), with suitable genetic data were selected in the UK Biobank study (N = 230,791). Employment status was categorised in two ways: first, contrasting being in paid employment with any other status; and second, contrasting being in paid employment with sickness/disability, unemployment, early retirement and caring for home/family. Socioeconomic indicators also investigated were hours worked, household income, educational attainment and Townsend deprivation index (TDI). We conducted observational and two-sample Mendelian randomisation (MR) analyses to investigate the effect of increased BMI on employment-related outcomes. Results Regressions showed BMI associated with all the employment-related outcomes investigated. MR analyses provided evidence for higher BMI causing increased risk of sickness/disability (OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.04, 1.11, per 1 Kg/m2 BMI increase) and decreased caring for home/family (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.93, 0.99), higher TDI (Beta 0.038, 95% CI 0.018, 0.059), and lower household income (OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.96, 0.99). In contrast, MR provided evidence for no causal effect of BMI on unemployment, early retirement, non-employment, hours worked or educational attainment. There was little evidence for causal effects differing by sex or age. Robustness tests yielded consistent results. Discussion BMI appears to exert a causal effect on employment status, largely by affecting an individual’s health rather than through increased unemployment arising from social discrimination. The obesity epidemic may be contributing to increased worklessness and therefore could impose a substantial societal burden.

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RESPON PETANI TERHADAP PROGRAM DESA ORGANIK (Suatu Kasus pada Kelompok Tani Sugihtani, di Desa Ciheulang, Kecamatan Ciparay, Kabupaten Bandung, Provinsi Jawa Barat)

Jurnal Social Economic of Agriculture ◽

10.26418/j.sea.v8i1.34133 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Author(s):

RIZKI PANOSA, ANNE CHARINA

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Employment Status ◽

Formal Education ◽

Green Revolution ◽

Farming Systems ◽

Response Characteristic ◽

Land Ownership ◽

Environmental Damage ◽

Organic Farming Systems ◽

The Government

The green revolution of 'Orde Baru' government led to land degradation and environmental damage. One of the solution to resolve those problems is to convert conventional farming systems into organic farming systems. To handle these problems, in 2016 the government issued a program called "Organic Village" program. One of the places of implementation of this Organic Village program is in the Sugihtani farmer group. The result shows that farmer’s characteristic dominized with productive age, main employment status, status of land ownership is rent land, formal education is elementary school, small land corps area, low farming experience dan low income. According to the analysis, the results showed that the response of farmers to the Organic Village program classified positive with a score of 2141. According to the Rank Spearman analysis, found that land corps area and income have significant relation to the farmers response. Meanwhile, the age, employment status, status of land ownership, education level and farming experience have no relation with farmers response.Keywords : Response, Characteristic, Organic Village Program

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The Impact of Socio-Economical Status on the Quality of Life of Children with Asthma

Emergency Medicine Trauma & Surgical Care ◽

10.24966/ets-8798/100054 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

Paraschiva Chereches-Panta

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Low Income ◽

Educational Level ◽

Employment Status ◽

High Income ◽

Study Group ◽

High Income Group ◽

Children With Asthma ◽

The Impact

Low socioeconomic level may contribute to the severity of asthma, frequency of exacerbation, and hospitalization and affects the quality of life. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of socioeconomic status (SES) on general score of quality of life (GSQL). Methods: The study group included children aged between 8-16 years with persistent asthma, and we followed them up 12 months. We analyzed the location and the size of the household, educational level, and employment status of parents and family income. The GSQL was obtained based on the questionnaire of quality of life in children with asthma. According to the SES, we divided the study group into high income and low-income groups. Results: Half of the patients belonged to families with low income. There were no significant differences in GSQL regarding the living area, educational level, and parents' employment status. The general score of quality of life was higher in patients from the high-income group than those with lower income at the beginning of the study (5.04±1.09 versus 4.43±0.97; p=0.0101). Alter 12 months GSQL increased significantly in both groups (6.57±0.57 versus 6.49±0.56; p=0.3167). The quality of life was not affected by atopic status. Conclusions: The low income has a negative impact on children GSQL. The educational level and employment status of parents, rural area, and the association of other allergic diseases do not affect the quality of life.

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Employment status among low-income Caucasian and Latina breast cancer survivors

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.6612 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 27 (15_suppl) ◽

pp. 6612-6612

Author(s):

V. S. Blinder ◽

S. Patil ◽

A. Diamant ◽

A. Thind ◽

R. Maly

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Cancer Survivors ◽

Low Income ◽

Care Provider ◽

Employment Status ◽

Breast Cancer Survivors ◽

Personal Care ◽

Job Type ◽

Prospective Longitudinal ◽

The Impact

6612 Background: Return to work (RTW) after breast cancer is associated with treatment recovery and quality of life. Prior research has found an 80% RTW rate in primarily Caucasian breast cancer survivors; however, little is known about the trajectory of RTW among Latinas. Qualitative research suggests that RTW is a major concern for Latinas. This study compares the rate of RTW between Latinas and Caucasians and investigates the role of job type in RTW. Methods: This is a prospective, longitudinal study of low-income, underserved breast cancer survivors who spoke English or Spanish, did not have metastatic disease, and were enrolled in the Medi-Cal Breast and Cervical Cancer Treatment Program. We interviewed survivors at 6 mos., 18 mos., and 3 yrs. after diagnosis to assess changes in employment status. The impact of independent variables including ethnicity, employment at diagnosis, job type, age, health status, and education was assessed using chi-square tests. Results: 666 survivors completed surveys at both 6 mos. and 3 yrs; 65% were Latina. The median age was 49 and 54 yrs. for Latinas and Caucasians, respectively (p < 0.001). 45% of Latinas had less than a high-school education compared to 3% of Caucasians (p < 0.001). The majority of Latinas worked in 3 job types: personal care-provider (23%), housekeeper (22%), and manufacturing (13%). Caucasians had greater job diversity, including clerical (15%), personal care-provider (13%), food preparer/server (12%), and sales (10%). At diagnosis, 51% of Latinas and 59% of Caucasians were employed (p = 0.07), and among these, Latinas were less likely to be working at 6 and 18 mos. than Caucasians (27% vs. 47% at 6 mos., p = 0.002 and 45% vs. 59% at 18 mos., p = 0.026). This difference dissipated by yr. 3 (53% of Latinas vs. 58% of Caucasians, p = 0.41). Job type at diagnosis was associated with RTW. Conclusions: Employed low-income Latinas and Caucasians appear to follow different RTW trajectories after breast cancer, with fewer Latinas working at 6 and 18 mos. Differences exist in job type between these populations; Caucasians have greater variation in job type and a trend toward greater likelihood of changing job type after breast cancer. This may reflect limitations in career choice among low-income Latinas and may be related to their protracted RTW trajectory. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

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Impacts of social welfare system on the employment status of low-income groups in urban China

Public Administration and Policy ◽

10.1108/pap-09-2019-0020 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 125-137 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Shen-cheng Wang ◽

Kin-sun Chan ◽

Ke-qing Han

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Employment Status ◽

Poverty Reduction ◽

Binary Logistic Regression ◽

Urban China ◽

Content Type ◽

Income Groups ◽

Low Income Groups ◽

Poverty Reduction Strategy ◽

To Receive

Purpose Aiding employment is an important poverty reduction strategy in many countries’ social welfare systems, as this strategy can help empower the recipients with a better living standard, development and social inclusion. The purpose of this paper is to identify the most significant individual and systematic variables for the employment status of low-income groups in urban China. Design/methodology/approach The data of this study are drawn from “Social Policy Support System for Poverty-stricken Families in Urban and Rural China 2015” report. The Ministry of Civil Affairs of the People’s Republic of China appointed and funded the Institute of Social Science Survey (ISSS) at Peking University to deliver the related project and organize a research team to write the report. Multiple binary logistic regression analysis is adopted to identify both individual and systematic factors that affect the employment status among low-income groups in urban China. Findings According to the results of the binary logistic regression model, individual factors, including: gender; householder status; education; and self-rated health status, play a significant role in determining the employment status of low-income groups in urban China. Clearly, the impacts of individual factors are more influential to marginal families than to families entitled to receive Basic Living Allowance. In contrast, compared with marginal families, systematic factors are more influential to families entitled to receive Basic Living Allowance. Originality/value This study highlights the importance of precise poverty reduction strategy and the issue of “welfare dependence” among low-income groups in urban China. Policy recommendations derived from the findings are hence given, including: the promotion of family-friendly policies; the introduction of a smart healthcare system; the establishment of a Basic Living Allowance adjustment mechanism; and the provision of related social services.

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