Estimation of abdominal subcutaneous fat volume of obese adults from single-slice MRI data – Regression coefficients and agreement

The relationship between metabolic disorders and the distribution of fat in different body regions is not clearly understood in humans. The aim of this study was to develop a suitable method for assessing the regional distribution of fat deposits and their metabolic effects in dogs. Twenty-five dogs were subjected to computed tomographic (CT) imaging and blood sampling in order to characterise their metabolic status. The different fat areas were measured on a cross-sectional scan, and the animals’ metabolic status was evaluated by measuring fasting glucose, insulin and leptin levels. The volume of visceral adipose tissue is the main determinant of leptin levels. The correlation of visceral fat volume and leptin concentration was found to be independent of insulin levels or the degree of insulin resistance. There was a positive correlation between the visceral to subcutaneous fat volume ratio and serum insulin concentration, and a similar trend was observed in the relationship of fat ratio and insulin resistance. The distribution of body fat essentially influences the metabolic parameters in dogs, but the effects of adiposity differ between humans and dogs. The findings can facilitate a possible extrapolation of results from animal studies to humans with regard to the metabolic consequences of different obesity types.

Download Full-text

Subcutaneous fat mass is associated with genetic risk scores related to proinflammatory cytokine signaling and interact with physical activity in middle-aged obese adults

Nutrition & Metabolism ◽

10.1186/s12986-019-0405-0 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

James W. Daily ◽

Hye Jeong Yang ◽

Meiling Liu ◽

Min Jung Kim ◽

Sunmin Park

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Visceral Fat ◽

Genetic Variants ◽

Genetic Risk ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Subcutaneous Fat ◽

Risk Scores ◽

Obese Adults ◽

High Physical Activity

Abstract Background and aims Subcutaneous fat mass is negatively correlated with atherogenic risk factors, but its putative benefits remain controversial. We hypothesized that genetic variants that influence subcutaneous fat mass would modulate lipid and glucose metabolism and have interactions with lifestyles in Korean middle-aged adults with high visceral fat. Materials and methods Subcutaneous fat mass was categorized by dividing the average of subscapular skin-fold thickness by BMI and its cutoff point was 1.2. Waist circumferences were used for representing visceral fat mass with Asian cutoff points. GWAS of subjects aged 40–65 years with high visceral fat (n = 3303) were conducted and the best gene-gene interactions from the genetic variants related to subcutaneous fat were selected and explored using the generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction. Genetic risk scores (GRS) were calculated by weighted GRS that was divided into low, medium and high groups. Results Subjects with high subcutaneous fat did not have dyslipidemia compared with those with low subcutaneous fat, although both subject groups had similar amounts of total fat. The best model to influence subcutaneous fat included IL17A_rs4711998, ADCY2_rs326149, ESRRG_rs4846514, CYFIP2_rs733730, TCF7L2_rs7917983, ZNF766_rs41497444 and TGFBR3_rs7526590. The odds ratio (OR) for increasing subcutaneous fat was higher by 2.232 folds in the high-GRS group, after adjusting for covariates. However, total and LDL cholesterol, triglyceride and C-reactive protein concentrations in the circulation were not associated with GRS. Subjects with high-GRS had higher serum HDL cholesterol levels than those with low-GRS. Physical activity and GRS had an interaction with subcutaneous fat. In subjects with low physical activity, the odds ratio for high subcutaneous fat increased by 2.232, but subcutaneous fat deposition was not affected in the high-GRS group with high physical activity. Conclusion Obese adults with high-GRS had more subcutaneous fat, but they did not show more dyslipidemia and inflammation compared to low-GRS. High physical activity prevented subcutaneous fat deposition in subjects with high GRS for subcutaneous fat.

Download Full-text

Visceral fat as a predictive marker of response to bevacizumab-based treatment in metastatic colorectal cancer.

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.e14665 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 31 (15_suppl) ◽

pp. e14665-e14665

Author(s):

Yuji Miyamoto ◽

Yasuo Sakamoto ◽

Masayuki Watanabe ◽

Hideo Baba

Keyword(s):

Colorectal Cancer ◽

Visceral Fat ◽

Subcutaneous Fat ◽

Predictive Marker ◽

Line Treatment ◽

First Line ◽

Chemotherapy Group ◽

Fat Volume ◽

First Line Treatment

e14665 Background: A large amount of visceral adipose tissue might be correlated with high VEGF levels and with resistance to bevacizumab-based regimens in metastasic colorectal cancer (mCRC). The aim is to evaluate that abdominal obesity can be a predictive marker of response to bevacizumab-based therapy in mCRC. Methods: From January 2005 to December 2010, we performed a retrospective analysis of 74 consecutive patients with mCRC received bevacizumab-based first line treatment. Pretreatment CT was used to measure visceral fat volume (VFV), subcutaneous fat volume (SFV) an waist circumference (WC) in 74 patients with mCRC who received bevacizumab-based first-line treatment (bevacizumab group, n=37) or chemotherapy alone (chemotherapy group, n=37). Associations linkingVFV, SFV and WC to tumor response, progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were evaluated. For all analyses, VFV, SFV and WC were dichotomized using the median as the cut-off point. Results: In the bevacizumab group, median follow-up lasted for 25 months (7-47). VFV, SFV and WC values were not associated with response or OS. PFS was shorter in patients with high VFV (12.8 vs 7.7 months; p=0.04). By multivariate analysis, high VFA was independently associated with PFS (HR=4.32, p=0.045). In the chemotherapy group, median follow-up lasted for 26 months (2-68). VFV, SFV and WC were not associated with response, PFS or OS. Conclusions: Visceral fat volume plays a role of predictive marker of PFS to bevacizumab-based therapy for Japanese patients with mCRC.

Download Full-text

Visceral adiposity as a predictor of survival in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer receiving platinum and taxane-based chemotherapy.

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2019.37.15_suppl.e17031 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 37 (15_suppl) ◽

pp. e17031-e17031

Author(s):

Stuart-Allison Moffat Staley ◽

Katherine Tucker ◽

Jorge Oldan ◽

Dominic T. Moore ◽

Meredith Newton ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ovarian Cancer ◽

Epithelial Ovarian Cancer ◽

Visceral Fat ◽

Cox Regression ◽

Subcutaneous Fat ◽

Progression Free Survival ◽

Visceral Adiposity ◽

Oncologic Outcomes ◽

The Impact ◽

Fat Volume

e17031 Background: Obesity has been linked to worse outcomes in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), due to underlying metabolic dysfunction. Visceral fat (i.e. central obesity) compared to subcutaneous fat is more metabolically active and has been linked to higher rates of obesity-related comorbidities such as hypertension and diabetes, but less is known of the impact of increased visceral adiposity on EOC outcomes. Thus, our goal was to evaluate if visceral adiposity, as determined by computed tomography (CT) morphometric measurements, was associated with worse outcomes in EOC patients undergoing platinum and taxane-based chemotherapy. Methods: EOC patients diagnosed between 12/2004 and 5/2016 who received neoadjuvant or adjuvant treatment with platinum and taxane-based chemotherapy were included. Data on age, stage, grade, histology, BMI, comorbidities, treatment approaches and outcomes were collected. CT images closest to the time of diagnosis were retrospectively evaluated for mid-waist visceral fat volume (VFV), mid-waist subcutaneous fat volume (SFV) and the ratio of mid-waist VFV/SFV. Visceral adiposity is commonly defined as a VFV/SFV ≥ 0.4. Cox regression models were used to analyze time-to-event outcomes. Results: Two hundred fifty-eight EOC patients were evaluated. Seventy-five percent of patients were diagnosed with Stage III or IV disease, with high grade serous as the most common histology (72%). Median age at diagnosis was 62.4 years. Approximately 65% were obese; the median BMI was 26.8 (IQR 23.1 – 32.6). The median VFV/SFV ratio was 0.46 (IQR 0.32 – 0.70). Patients were categorized into those with a VFV/SFV ratio greater than 0.4 or a ratio less than 0.4. When comparing these two groups, there was no difference in progression free survival (PFS) for women with a VFV/SFV ratio greater or less than 0.4 (p = 0.22). However, a VFV/SFV ratio of greater than 0.4 was associated with worse overall survival (OS) (p = 0.01). Conclusions: We found that visceral adiposity, defined as a VFV/SFV ratio greater than 0.4, appeared to be associated with decreased OS, but not PFS. These findings suggest that body fat distribution may be an important prognostic factor for EOC and should be further explored as we expect the obesity epidemic to continue and influence EOC oncologic outcomes.

Download Full-text

FATTENING PATTERNS IN CATTLE. 1. FAT PARTITION AMONG THE DEPOTS

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas80-099 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 60 (4) ◽

pp. 843-850 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

S. D. M. JONES ◽

M. A. PRICE ◽

R. T. BERG

Keyword(s):

Subcutaneous Fat ◽

Allometric Equation ◽

Body Cavity ◽

Regression Coefficients ◽

Fat Accumulation ◽

Adjusted Means ◽

Intermuscular Fat ◽

Total Fat

A trial is reported comparing half-carcass fat partitioning in 12 bulls and 12 heifers each of two breed-types: Hereford (HE) and Dairy Synthetic (DY). These animals were serially slaughtered from weaning (163 ± 15.1 (SE) days) to approximately 16 mo of age. After slaughter, one side of each carcass was broken into eight wholesale cuts, which were separated into fat (subcutaneous fat (SF), intermuscular fat (IF) and body cavity fat (BCF)), muscle and bone. The partition of fat was investigated by examining the development of each depot relative to two independent variates (fat percent and fat weight in the side), using the allometric equation. Relative to fat percent in the side, the regression coefficients for depot fat accumulation were all homogeneous for sex, and only one coefficient (SF in the forequarter) was significantly different (P < 0.05) for breed. Relative to fat weight in a side, the regression coefficients for both breed and sex showed several significant differences. Adjusted means at constant total fat weight showed HE animals to have more SF, and less IF than DY animals. There were no significant differences in the adjusted means for sex.

Download Full-text

Comparison of Friesian, Canadian Hereford × Friesian and Simmental × Friesian steers for growth and carcass composition

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0003356100021061 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 55 (3) ◽

pp. 377-387 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

M. G. Keane ◽

G. J. More O'Ferrall

Keyword(s):

Subcutaneous Fat ◽

Carcass Composition ◽

Regression Coefficients ◽

Grass Silage ◽

Intermuscular Fat ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Concentrate Level ◽

Total Muscle

AbstractOne hundred and twenty spring-born steers comprised of 40 Friesians (FR), 40 Canadian Hereford × Friesians (HF) and 40 Simmental × Friesians (SM) were reared together from shortly after birth to slaughter after a mean period of 740 days. During the finishing winter there was a 3 (breed types) × 2 (3 and 6 kg supplementary concentrates per head daily with grass silage ad libitum) × 2 (222- and 225-day finishing periods) factorial arrangement of treatments. One side from each of 96 carcasses (eight per treatment) was completely separated into bone, muscle, intermuscular fat and subcutaneous fat and a 10th rib sample of m. longissimus was chemically analysed.Carcass weights per day of age and carcass weights were 404, 433 and 449 (s.e. 4·6) g and 301, 320 and 330 (s.e. 3·4) kg for FR, HF and SM, respectively. Corresponding proportions of carcass muscle were 602, 577 and 628 (s.e. 4·8) g/kg. FR and HF had similar proportions of their total muscle in the hindquarter, whereas SM had more of their muscle in the hindquarter. M. longissimus lipid concentrations for FR, HF and SM were 36, 39 and 26 (s.e. 1·96) g/kg. Increasing supplementary concentrate level from 3 to 6 kg/day increased side weight by 7 kg, of which proportionately 0·48 was fat. Extending the finishing period from 121 to 225 days increased side weight by 22 kg of which proportionately 0·45 was fat. Both the higher concentrate level and the longer finishing period reduced carcass muscle and bone proportions, and increased carcass fat proportion. Allometric regression coefficients for side muscle, bone and fat weights on side weight were 0·75, 0·51 and 2·13, respectively. It was calculated that FR, HF and SM would have similar carcass fat proportions at approximate carcass weights of 320, 290 and 380 kg, respectively.

Download Full-text

Relationship of visceral adipose tissue and glucose disposal is independent of sex in black NIDDM subjects

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.1997.273.2.e425 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 273 (2) ◽

pp. E425-E432 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

M. A. Banerji ◽

J. Lebowitz ◽

R. L. Chaiken ◽

D. Gordon ◽

J. G. Kral ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Black Women ◽

Visceral Fat ◽

Subcutaneous Fat ◽

Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Glucose Disposal ◽

Dependent Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Axial Tomography ◽

Men And Women ◽

Regional Adiposity ◽

Fat Volume

To determine the interrelationship among insulin action, total or regional adiposity, and sex, we measured insulin-mediated glucose disposal by the euglycemic insulin clamp and adipose distribution using computed axial tomography (22 scans) in 32 black men and 20 black women with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (age 48 +/- 9 and 54 +/- 9 yr, body mass index 26.3 +/- 2.3 and 27.2 +/- 2.6 kg/m2, respectively). Women had approximately 80% more total and subcutaneous fat volume than men (31.8 +/- 8.3 vs. 18.6 +/- 6.1 and 28.5 +/- 7.3 vs. 14.7 +/- 4.6 liters) and less muscle volume (22.9 +/- 3.7 vs. 35.1 +/- 3.8 liters). Visceral fat volume did not differ between men and women (3.49 +/- 1.65 vs. 2.96 +/- 1.22 liters). Despite these body composition differences, an inverse nonlinear relationship existed between glucose disposal and visceral fat independent of sex (r = -0.58, P < 0.0001; men r = -0.60 and women r = -0.59; the slope and intercept were not different in men and women). Visceral fat explained a significant portion (34%) of variance in insulin-mediated glucose disposal, whereas total or subcutaneous fat and sex did not. Visceral fat appears to affect glucose disposal over a restricted range (up to approximately 2.5 l/m2 body surface area.

Download Full-text

Productivity and carcass composition of Friesian, Meuse-Rhine-Issel (MRI) × Friesian and Belgian Blue × Friesian steers

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0003356100007686 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 59 (2) ◽

pp. 197-208 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

M. G. Keane

Keyword(s):

Subcutaneous Fat ◽

Lower Proportion ◽

Carcass Composition ◽

Regression Coefficients ◽

Grass Silage ◽

Intermuscular Fat ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Carcass Conformation ◽

Fat Score ◽

Total Muscle

AbstractOne hundred and twenty spring-born steers, comprising 40 Friesians (FR), 40 Meuse-Rhine-lssel (MRI) × Friesians (MR), and 40 Belgian Blue × Friesians (BB) were reared together from 3 weeks of age to the start of their second winter. During the second winter there was a 3 (FR, MR and BB breed types) × 2 (3 kg and 6 kg supplementary concentrates per head daily with grass silage ad libitum) × 2 (96- and 220-day finishing periods) factorial arrangement of treatments (10 animals per subgroup). Carcass weights and grades were recorded after slaughter at the end of the second winter, and one side from each of 96 carcasses (eight per subgroup) was dissected into bone, muscle, intermuscular fat and subcutaneous fat. A sample of m. longissimus from the 10th rib was chemically analysed. Slaughter weights and carcass weights per day from arrival to slaughter were 796, 813 and 828 (s.e.d. 11·7) g and 419, 440 and 457 (s.e.d. 7·1) g for FR, MR and BB, respectively. Corresponding carcass weights were 314, 329 and 342 (s.e.d. 4·5) kg. BB had better conformation than both FR and MR. BB also had a lower carcass fat score, lower proportions of bone, intermuscular fat and subcutaneous fat, a higher proportion of muscle and muscle with higher proportion of moisture and a lower proportion of lipid than FR and MR. The higher level of concentrates increased side iveight by 8 kg, but the overall effects on carcass composition were small. The longer finishing period increased side weight by 25 kg and was associated with significantly reduced proportions of bone and muscle and an increased proportion of fat. Allometric regression coefficients for carcass weight on slaughter weight, and for bone, muscle and fat weights on side weight were 1·19, 0·39, 0·80 and 2·16, respectively. It is concluded that despite the better carcass conformation of MR, there was little difference in carcass and muscle composition between FR and MR. BB, in addition to having a higher growth rate and better carcass conformation than FR, also had more muscle in the carcass, more of the total muscle in the higher value joints and a lower proportion of lipid in the muscle. It was calculated that FR, MR and BB would have similar proportions of separable fat in the carcass at approximate carcass weights of 300, 320 and 400 kg, respectively.

Download Full-text

PPARα L162V underlies variation in serum triglycerides and subcutaneous fat volume in young males

BMC Medical Genetics ◽

10.1186/1471-2350-8-55 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Julieta Uthurralt ◽

Heather Gordish-Dressman ◽

Meg Bradbury ◽

Carolina Tesi-Rocha ◽

Joseph Devaney ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Subcutaneous Fat ◽

Serum Triglycerides ◽

Young Males ◽

Fat Volume

Download Full-text

Metabolic and cardiovascular adaptations to an 8-week lifestyle weight loss intervention in younger and older obese men

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.00109.2021 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Julie Vion ◽

Veronika Sramkova ◽

Emilie Montastier ◽

Marie-Adeline Marques ◽

Sylvie Caspar-Bauguil ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Insulin Sensitivity ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Lifestyle Intervention ◽

Calorie Restriction ◽

Subcutaneous Fat ◽

Age Groups ◽

Repeated Measure ◽

Vastus Lateralis Muscle ◽

Obese Adults

The number of older obese adults is increasing worldwide. Whether obese adults show similar health benefits in response to lifestyle interventions at different ages is unknown. The study enrolled 25 obese men (BMI 31-39 kg/m2) in two arms according to age (30-40 and 60-70 years old). Participants underwent an 8-week intervention with moderate calorie restriction (~20% below individual energy requirements) and supervised endurance training resulting in ~5% weight loss. Body composition was measured using dual energy X-Ray absorptiometry. Insulin sensitivity was assessed during a hypersinsulinemic euglycemic clamp. Cardiometabolic profile was derived from blood parameters. Subcutaneous fat and vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were used for ex vivo analyses. Two-way repeated-measure ANOVA and linear mixed models were used to evaluate the response to lifestyle intervention and comparison between the two groups. Fat mass was decreased and bone mass was preserved in the two groups after intervention. Muscle mass decreased significantly in older obese men. Cardiovascular risk (Framingham risk score, plasma triglyceride and cholesterol) and insulin sensitivity were greatly improved to a similar extent in the two age groups after intervention. Changes in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle transcriptomes were marginal. Analysis of the differential response to the lifestyle intervention showed tenuous differences between age groups. These data suggest that lifestyle intervention combining calorie restriction and exercise shows similar beneficial effects on cardiometabolic risk and insulin sensitivity in younger and older obese men. However, attention must be paid to potential loss of muscle mass in response to weight loss in older obese men.

Download Full-text