Differing mandates and party loyalty in mixed-member systems: Taiwan as a baseline case

Vertebral compression fractures rank among the most frequent injuries to the musculoskeletal system, with more than 1 million fractures per annum worldwide. The past decade has seen a considerable increase in the utilisation of surgical procedures such as balloon kyphoplasty to treat these injuries. While many kyphoplasty studies have examined the risk of damage to adjacent vertebra after treatment, recent case reports have also emerged to indicate the potential for the treated vertebra itself to re-collapse after surgery. The following study presents a combined experimental and computational study of balloon kyphoplasty which aims to establish a methodology capable of evaluating these cases of vertebral re-collapse. Results from both the experimental tests and computational models showed significant increases in strength and stiffness after treatment, by factors ranging from 1.44 to 1.93, respectively. Fatigue tests on treated specimens showed a 37% drop in the rate of stiffness loss compared to the untreated baseline case. Further analysis of the computational models concluded that inhibited PMMA interdigitation at the interface during kyphoplasty could reverse improvements in strength and stiffness that could otherwise be gained by the treatment.

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Competing for Loyalists? How Party Positioning Affects Populist Radical Right Voting

Comparative Political Studies ◽

10.1177/0010414021997166 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 001041402199716

Author(s):

Winston Chou ◽

Rafaela Dancygier ◽

Naoki Egami ◽

Amaney A. Jamal

Keyword(s):

Experimental Evidence ◽

Status Quo ◽

Radical Right ◽

Immigration Policies ◽

Populist Radical Right ◽

Alternative Für Deutschland ◽

Party Loyalty ◽

The Status ◽

Radical Right Parties ◽

Voter Groups

As populist radical right parties muster increasing support in many democracies, an important question is how mainstream parties can recapture their voters. Focusing on Germany, we present original panel evidence that voters supporting the Alternative für Deutschland (AfD)—the country’s largest populist radical right party—resemble partisan loyalists with entrenched anti-establishment views, seemingly beyond recapture by mainstream parties. Yet this loyalty does not only reflect anti-establishment voting, but also gridlocked party-issue positioning. Despite descriptive evidence of strong party loyalty, experimental evidence reveals that many AfD voters change allegiances when mainstream parties accommodate their preferences. However, for most parties this repositioning is extremely costly. While mainstream parties can attract populist radical right voters via restrictive immigration policies, they alienate their own voters in doing so. Examining position shifts across issue dimensions, parties, and voter groups, our research demonstrates that, absent significant changes in issue preferences or salience, the status quo is an equilibrium.

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Automotive Drag Reduction through Distributed Base Roughness Elements

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.553.267 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 553 ◽

pp. 267-272

Author(s):

Iain Robertson ◽

Adrien Becot ◽

Adrian Gaylard ◽

Ben Thornber

Keyword(s):

Drag Reduction ◽

Reference Model ◽

Detailed Examination ◽

Rear Face ◽

Cfd Simulations ◽

Near Wake ◽

Wake Structure ◽

Pressure Drag ◽

Roughness Elements ◽

Baseline Case

This paper focuses on the effect of base roughness added to the rear of an automotive reference model, the Windsor model. This roughness addition was found to reduce both the drag and the lift of the model. RANS CFD simulations presented here replicate the experimentally observed drag reduction and enable a detailed examination of the mechanisms behind this effect. Investigations into the wake structure of the configurations with base roughness and the baseline case without base roughness showed the main changes to the wake to include a reduction in the overall size of the wake with base roughness present. Furthermore a reduction in the near wall velocities at the rear of the model caused stretching of the upper and lower vortices, a more turbulent near wake and pressure recovery over much of the rear face. This leads to reduce levels of pressure drag on the model.

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The Effects of Adverse Pressure Gradients on Momentum and Thermal Structures in Transitional Boundary Layers: Part 2—Fluctuation Quantities

Journal of Turbomachinery ◽

10.1115/1.2840928 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 118 (4) ◽

pp. 728-736 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

S. P. Mislevy ◽

T. Wang

Keyword(s):

Boundary Layer ◽

Shear Stress ◽

Transition Region ◽

Boundary Layers ◽

Reynolds Shear Stress ◽

Turbulent Shear ◽

Wall Region ◽

Pressure Gradients ◽

Baseline Case ◽

Near Wall

The effects of adverse pressure gradients on the thermal and momentum characteristics of a heated transitional boundary layer were investigated with free-stream turbulence ranging from 0.3 to 0.6 percent. Boundary layer measurements were conducted for two constant-K cases, K1 = −0.51 × 10−6 and K2 = −1.05 × 10−6. The fluctuation quantities, u′, ν′, t′, the Reynolds shear stress (uν), and the Reynolds heat fluxes (νt and ut) were measured. In general, u′/U∞, ν′/U∞, and νt have higher values across the boundary layer for the adverse pressure-gradient cases than they do for the baseline case (K = 0). The development of ν′ for the adverse pressure gradients was more actively involved than that of the baseline. In the early transition region, the Reynolds shear stress distribution for the K2 case showed a near-wall region of high-turbulent shear generated at Y+ = 7. At stations farther downstream, this near-wall shear reduced in magnitude, while a second region of high-turbulent shear developed at Y+ = 70. For the baseline case, however, the maximum turbulent shear in the transition region was generated at Y+ = 70, and no near-wall high-shear region was seen. Stronger adverse pressure gradients appear to produce more uniform and higher t′ in the near-wall region (Y+ < 20) in both transitional and turbulent boundary layers. The instantaneous velocity signals did not show any clear turbulent/nonturbulent demarcations in the transition region. Increasingly stronger adverse pressure gradients seemed to produce large non turbulent unsteadiness (or instability waves) at a similar magnitude as the turbulent fluctuations such that the production of turbulent spots was obscured. The turbulent spots could not be identified visually or through conventional conditional-sampling schemes. In addition, the streamwise evolution of eddy viscosity, turbulent thermal diffusivity, and Prt, are also presented.

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A Numerical Simulation of Gas Jet Diffusion Flames Enveloped by a Cascade of Venturis

Volume 2: 19th Computers and Information in Engineering Conference ◽

10.1115/detc99/cie-9046 ◽

1999 ◽

Author(s):

Ala R. Qubbaj ◽

S. R. Gollahalli

Keyword(s):

Diffusion Flames ◽

Co2 Concentration ◽

Reaction Model ◽

Numerical Results ◽

Pollutant Emissions ◽

Gas Jet ◽

University Of Oklahoma ◽

Burner Exit ◽

Baseline Case ◽

O2 Concentration

Abstract “Venturi-cascading” technique has been developed in the Combustion Laboratory at the University of Oklahoma. The goal was to control the pollutant emissions of diffusion flames by modifying the air infusion rate into the flame. The modification was achieved by installing a cascade of venturis around the burning gas jet. The basic idea behind this technique is controlling the stoichiometry of the flame through changing the flow dynamics and rates of mixing in the combustion zone with a set of venturis surrounding the flame. A propane jet diffusion flame at burner-exit Reynolds number of 5100 was examined with a set of venturis of specific sizes and spacing arrangement. The thermal and composition fields of the baseline and venturi-cascaded flames were numerically simulated using CFD-ACE+, an advanced computational environment software package. The instantaneous chemistry model was used as the reaction model. The concentration of NO was determined through CFD-POST, a post processing utility program for CFD-ACE+. The numerical results showed that, in the near-burner, mid-flame and far-burner regions, the venturi-cascaded flame had lower temperature by an average of 13%, 19% and 17%, respectively, and lower CO2 concentration by 35%, 37%. and 32%, respectively, than the baseline flame. An opposite trend was noticed for O2 concentration; the cascaded flame has higher O2 concentration by 7%, 26% and 44%, in average values, in the near-burner, mid-flame and far-burner regions, respectively, than in the baseline case. The results also showed that, in the near-burner, mid-flame, and far-burner regions, the venturi-cascaded flame has lower NO concentrations by 89%, 70% and 70%, in average values, respectively, compared to the baseline case. The simulated results were compared with the experimental data. Good agreement was found in the near-burner region. However, the agreement was poor in the downstream regions. The numerical results substantiate the conclusion, which was drawn in the experimental part of this study, that venturi-cascading is a feasible method for controlling the pollutant emissions of a burning gas jet. In addition, the numerical results were useful to interpret the experimental measurements and understand the thermo-chemical processes involved. The results showed that the prompt-NO mechanism plays an important role besides the conventional thermal-NO mechanism.

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Use of Viremia to Evaluate the Baseline Case Fatality Ratio of Ebola Virus Disease and Inform Treatment Studies: A Retrospective Cohort Study

PLoS Medicine ◽

10.1371/journal.pmed.1001908 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

pp. e1001908 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

Oumar Faye ◽

Alessio Andronico ◽

Ousmane Faye ◽

Henrik Salje ◽

Pierre-Yves Boëlle ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Retrospective Cohort Study ◽

Retrospective Cohort ◽

Ebola Virus ◽

Virus Disease ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Ebola Virus Disease ◽

Case Fatality Ratio ◽

Baseline Case

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Computational Aerodynamics of a Winston-Cup-Series Race Car

Volume 2: Symposia and General Papers, Parts A and B ◽

10.1115/fedsm2002-31371 ◽

2002 ◽

Author(s):

Oktay Baysal ◽

Terry L. Meek

Keyword(s):

Present Model ◽

Pressure Coefficient ◽

The Body ◽

Race Car ◽

Drag Forces ◽

Surface Pressure Distribution ◽

Computational Aerodynamics ◽

Baseline Case ◽

Quantitative Results ◽

Lift And Drag

Since the goal of racing is to win and since drag is a force that the vehicle must overcome, a thorough understanding of the drag generating airflow around and through a race car is greatly desired. The external airflow contributes to most of the drag that a car experiences and most of the downforce the vehicle produces. Therefore, an estimate of the vehicle’s performance may be evaluated using a computational fluid dynamics model. First, a computer model of the race car was created from the measurements of the car obtained by using a laser triangulation system. After a computer-aided drafting model of the actual car was developed, the model was simplified by removing the tires, roof strakes, and modification of the spoiler. A mesh refinement study was performed by exploring five cases with different mesh densities. By monitoring the convergence of the computed drag coefficient, the case with 2 million elements was selected as being the baseline case. Results included flow visualization of the pressure and velocity fields and the wake in the form of streamlines and vector plots. Quantitative results included lift and drag, and the body surface pressure distribution to determine the centerline pressure coefficient. When compared with the experimental results, the computed drag forces were comparable but expectedly lower than the experimental data mainly attributable to the differences between the present model and the actual car.

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On Numerical Simulation of Fuel Mixed With Steam or Air to Investigate Soot and Other Emissions

Volume 8A: Heat Transfer and Thermal Engineering ◽

10.1115/imece2015-53401 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Ajit Patki ◽

Xianchang Li ◽

Daniel Chen ◽

Helen Lou ◽

Vijaya Damodara

Keyword(s):

Combustion Efficiency ◽

Combustion Mechanism ◽

Fuel Type ◽

Ansys Fluent ◽

Pm 2.5 ◽

Combustion Gases ◽

Numerical Studies ◽

Baseline Case ◽

Substantial Risk ◽

Pdf Model

Soot emissions (PM 2.5) as well as CO and NOx from industrial flares and other industrial processes or sources pose a substantial risk to human being health and the environment, and now are subject to new and tougher EPA regulations. Flaring is used widely used in many industries to dispose unwanted combustion gases by burning them as a flame. However, flaring produces significant amount of particulate matter in the form of soot, along with other harmful gas emissions. Although many experimental and numerical studies have previously been done on flames burning in a controlled condition, relatively few studies have been conducted with fuel-steam mixture. In practice, air and steam are commonly used to assist the flaring processes — control the smoke and the combustion efficiency. This study aims to investigate soot, CO and NOx emissions of turbulent diffusion methane and propane flame mixed with air or superheated steam. To study such effect numerically, the computational fluid dynamics software ANSYS Fluent 14.5 is used with non-premixed probability density function (PDF) model. The laminar flamelet is generated with automated grid refinement. For the soot generation, the Moss-Brookes soot model with Lee sub-model is considered. The combustion mechanism is developed by the authors’ research group from the combined GRI and USC mechanisms. Two types of fuel, methane and propane, are used. The amount of super-heated steam varied from four percent to twenty percent (4%, 8 %, 12%, 16%, and 20%), and the behavior of the flame is analyzed. For the baseline case, the jet has a diameter of 50.8 mm or 2 inches, and the jet velocity is kept to 1.0 m/s. A co-flow air is supplied at a velocity of 0.2 m/s. The temperature distribution of methane and propane are compared with different contents of steam or air assists. The NOx, Soot and CO yields (kg/kg) varying with steam or air percentages are also presented. The results indicate that the soot yield is dependent on fuel type strongly and the percentage of steam or air affects the soot yield differently as the fuel type varies.

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Explorando el "apartidismo" en México: ¿apartidistas o apolíticos?

AMÉRICA LATINA HOY ◽

10.14201/alh.1344 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 50 ◽

Author(s):

Benjamín Temkin ◽

Sandra Solano ◽

José del Tronco

Keyword(s):

Conceptual Framework ◽

Political Action ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Educational Levels ◽

Party Loyalty ◽

Palabras Clave ◽

Higher Educational ◽

Development Levels ◽

Electoral Competitiveness

RESUMEN: En las últimas décadas, distintos estudios han identificado, especialmente en las democracias avanzadas, un proceso de debilitamiento de la lealtad partidista. Russell Dalton ha explicado este fenómeno a través del incremento de los niveles educativos y de la mayor capacidad de los ciudadanos para obtener información y participar en asuntos públicos de forma independiente a los partidos. Este trabajo analiza la pertinencia del modelo de Dalton para el caso mexicano, donde el proceso de modernización económica y apertura política es mucho más reciente. Los resultados muestran la utilidad del modelo, pero sugieren la necesidad de tomar en cuenta diversos factores políticos, insuficientemente considerados en su marco conceptual. Palabras clave: identificación partidista, comportamiento electoral, México, independientes, movilidad cognitiva. ABSTRACT: In the last two decades, numerous researchers have identified, in highly developed countries, a process that involves the weakening of party loyalty. Russell Dalton proposes that decrease in party adhesion is associated with higher educational levels and the increasing ability of citizens to obtain information and engage in political action independently. This paper analyzes the relevance of Dalton’s model for Mexico, a country with lower development levels and recent electoral competitiveness. Our findings show the relevance of Dalton’s analysis but reveal also the need to take into account political and mobilization factors not sufficiently considered in his conceptual framework.

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