Effect of salinity and PEG-induced water stress on water status, gas exchange, solute accumulation, and leaf growth in Ipomoea pes-caprae

ABSTRACT The low availability of water in the soil is one of the limiting factors for the growth and survival of plants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the responses of physiological processes in early growth of guanandi (Calophyllum brasilense Cambess), African mahogany (Khayai vorensis A. Chev) and oiti (Licaniato mentosa Benth Fritsch) over a period of water stress and other of rehydration in the soil with and without addition of organic matter. The study was conducted in a greenhouse and the experimental design was completely randomised into a 3 x 2 x 2 factorial scheme, comprising three species (guanandi, African mahogany, and oiti), two water regimes (with and without water restriction) and two levels of organic fertilisation (with and without the addition of organic matter). Irrigation was suspended for 15 days in half of the plants, while the other half (control) continued to receive daily irrigation, the soil being maintained near field capacity for these plants. At the end of the stress period, the plants were again irrigated for 15 days to determine their recovery. Water restriction reduced leaf water potential and gas exchange in the three species under study, more severely in soil with no addition of organic matter. The addition of this input increased soil water retention and availability to the plants during the suspension of irrigation, reducing the detrimental effects of the stress. During the period of rehydration, there was strong recovery of water status and leaf gas exchange. However recovery was not complete, suggesting that some of the effects caused by stress irreversibly affected cell structures and functions. However, of the species being studied, African mahogany displayed a greater sensitivity to stress, with poorer recovery.

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THE EFFECTS OF WATER STRESS ON PLANT WATER STATUS AND GROWTH OF SELECTED SWEETPOTATO GENOTYPES

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.26.5.490f ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 26 (5) ◽

pp. 490f-490

Author(s):

Thammasak Thongket ◽

James O. Garner

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Leaf Growth ◽

Water Status ◽

Leaf Size ◽

Stress Sensitivity ◽

Leaf Water ◽

Genotypic Differences ◽

Storage Roots ◽

Diffusive Resistance ◽

Total Growth

Responses of four sweetpotato genotypes (`Centennial', `Travis', `Vardaman' and `MS 21-2') to water stress were studied. Two irrigation regimes (irrigation vs non-irrigation) were imposed on five-week old cuttings grown in a greenhouse environment. Transpiration and leaf diffusive resistance (LDR) were measured with a steady state porometer and mid-day total leaf water potentials were determined with a thermocouple psychrometer. Leaf growth was inhibited earlier than root growth. Water stress caused a reduction of leaf size in Centennial and in leaf number in the other three. Storage root number of Vardaman was not inhibited by limited soil moisture but development of storage roots was retarded by water stress. Total growth under non-irrigation of MS 21-2 was inhibited more than Vardaman. Mid-day leaf water potential did not show promise as a good indicator of water status. Genotypic differences in the water stress sensitivity as measured by LDR, were observed.

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The influence of water stress on plant hydraulics, gas exchange, berry composition and quality of Pinot Noir wines in Switzerland

OENO One ◽

10.20870/oeno-one.2017.51.1.1314 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 51 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Vivian Zufferey ◽

Jean-Laurent Spring ◽

Thibaut Verdenal ◽

Agnès Dienes ◽

Sandrine Belcher ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Gas Exchange ◽

Leaf Gas Exchange ◽

Water Status ◽

Growing Season ◽

Pinot Noir ◽

Wine Quality ◽

Plant Hydraulics ◽

Berry Composition

Aims : The aims of this study were to investigate the physiological behavior (plant hydraulics, gas exchange) of the cultivar Pinot Noir in the field under progressively increasing conditions of water stress and analyze the effects of drought on grape and wine quality.Methods and results : Grapevines of the variety Vitis vinifera L. cv. Pinot Noir (clone 9-18, grafted onto 5BB) were subjected to different water regimes (irrigation treatments) over the growing season. Physiological indicators were used to monitor plant water status (leaf and stem water potentials and relative carbon isotope composition (d13C) in must sugars). Leaf gas exchange (net photosynthesis A and transpiration E), leaf stomatal conductance (gs), specific hydraulic conductivity in petioles (Kpetiole), yield components, berry composition at harvest, and organoleptic quality of wines were analyzed over a 7-year period, between 2009 and 2015, under relatively dry conditions in the canton of Wallis, Switzerland. A progressively increasing water deficit, observed throughout the season, reduced the leaf gas exchange (A and E) and gs in non-irrigated vines. The intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi, A/gs) increased during the growing season and was greater in water-stressed vines than in well-watered vines (irrigated vines). This rise in WUEi was correlated with an increase in d13C in must sugars at harvest. Drought led to decreases in Kpetiole, E and sap flow in stems. A decrease in vine plant vigor was observed in vines that had been subjected to water deficits year after year. Moderate water stress during ripening favored sugar accumulation in berries and caused a reduction in total acidic and malic contents in must and available nitrogen content (YAN). Wines produced from water-stressed vines had a deeper color and were richer in anthocyanins and phenol compounds compared with wines from well-watered vines with no water stress. The vine water status greatly influenced the organoleptic quality of the resulting wines. Wines made from non-irrigated vines with a water deficit presented more structure and higher-quality tannins. They were also judged to be more full-bodied and with blended tannins than those made from irrigated vines.Conclusions : Grape ripening and resulting Pinot Noir wines were found to be largely dependent on the water supply conditions of the vines during the growing season, which influenced gas exchange and plant hydraulics.Significance and impact of the study : Plant water status constitutes a key factor in leaf gas exchange, canopy water use efficiency, berry composition and wine quality.

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LED and HPS Supplementary Light Differentially Affect Gas Exchange in Tomato Leaves

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10040810 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 810

Author(s):

Onofrio Davide Palmitessa ◽

Aina E. Prinzenberg ◽

Elias Kaiser ◽

Ep Heuvelink

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Gas Exchange ◽

Thermal Imaging ◽

Stomatal Density ◽

Water Status ◽

Natural Light ◽

Light Spectrum ◽

Photosynthetic Gas Exchange ◽

Tomato Plants ◽

Stress Indices

Using light emitting diodes (LED) instead of conventionally used high pressure sodium (HPS) lamps as a supplemental light source in greenhouses results in a higher efficacy (µmol light per J electricity) and makes it possible to customize the light spectrum. To explore the effects of LED and HPS on gas exchange, thermal relations, photosynthesis, and water status of young tomato plants, seven genotypes were grown in a greenhouse under LED (95% red, 5% blue) or HPS lamps in four experiments differing in the fraction of lamp light over natural light. HPS lights emit a broader spectrum of red (40%), green–yellow (50%), blue (5%), and far-red (5%) and a substantial amount of infrared radiation (heat). Young tomato plants grown under LED showed lower leaf temperature and higher stomatal density, stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration rate (E) than plants grown under HPS; this may be due to the different supplemental light spectrum. The young plants grown under LED tended to have increased photosynthetic capacity. Furthermore, the water stress indices CWSI and IG, which were obtained using thermal imaging, were positively correlated with gas exchange-derived gs and E, putting forward the use of thermal imaging for the phenotyping of transpiration. Under LED light, photosynthetic gas exchange was generally increased, which agreed with the water stress indices. The extent of this increase was genotype-dependent. All differences between LED and HPS were smaller in the experiments where the fraction of lamp light over natural light was smaller.

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The influence of vine water regime on the leaf gas exchange, berry composition and wine quality of Arvine grapes in Switzerland

OENO One ◽

10.20870/oeno-one.2020.54.3.3106 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 54 (3) ◽

pp. 553-568

Author(s):

Vivian Zufferey ◽

Thibaut Verdenal ◽

Agnès Dienes ◽

Sandrine Belcher ◽

Fabrice Lorenzini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Gas Exchange ◽

Leaf Gas Exchange ◽

Water Status ◽

Growing Season ◽

Available Nitrogen ◽

Water Regimes ◽

Sensorial Quality ◽

Berry Composition

Aims: The aim of the present study was to analyse the impact of different water regimes on the physiological and agronomical behavior of an aromatic white grapevine (cv. Arvine) by means of various levels of irrigation. The consequences of the plant water status were evaluated by carrying out a chemical (aromatic precursors) and sensorial analysis of the resulting wines.Methods and results: Adult vines of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Arvine grafted onto 5BB were subjected to different water regimes (various levels of irrigation) during the growing season. Physiological indicators were used to monitor the plant water status [pre-dawn leaf (ΨPD) and stem (ΨSTEM) water potentials and carbon isotope composition (d13C) in the must]. Gas exchange (net photosynthesis AN and transpiration E), stomatal conductance (gs), yield parameters, berry composition at harvest, analysis of potential grape aromatic properties (glycosyl-glucose G-G, precursor 3-mercaptohexanol P 3-MH) and the sensorial quality of wines were analysed over a period of 8 consecutive years (2009-2016) in the Agroscope experimental vineyard in Leytron under the relatively dry conditions of the Rhône valley in Wallis, Switzerland.In the non-irrigated vines, the progressively increasing water deficit observed over the season reduced the leaf gas exchange (AN and E) and gs. The intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi, A/gs) increased over the season and was greater in the vines that had suffered water restriction than in the irrigated vines. The rise in WUEi was correlated with an increase in d13C in the must sugars at harvest. A decrease in plant vigor was observed in the water stressed vines over multiple years. Moderate to high water stress during fruit ripening lowered the contents of total and malic acidity in the musts and the content of yeast available nitrogen (YAN). On the other hand, contents in sugar and the aromatic precursor (P-3MH) in berries were not influenced by the vine water status. The G-G values for berries increased with rising water stress in the non-irrigated vines. The wines from the plants subjected to water stress and to yeast available nitrogen deficiency (non-irrigated vines during hot and dry seasons) had a less distinctive typicity, and developed a lower aromatic expression with a more bitter taste, than the wines from the non-stressed plants. Overall, and compared with the stressed vines, the organoleptic characteristics and quality of Arvine wines from vines which had not undergone restrictions in water and nitrogen during the growing season were appreciated more.Conclusions: The vine’s physiological behavior (leaf gas exchange, plant vigor) and agronomic parameters (yield, berry composition), together with the quality of white aromatic Arvine wines, were strongly influenced by vine water regimes during the growing season.Significance and impact of the study: Vine water status and must nitrogen contents are key factors in grape composition and in the sensorial quality of resulting aromatic white wines.

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Characterizing Concentration Effects of Exogenous Abscisic Acid on Gas Exchange, Water Relations, and Growth of Muskmelon Seedlings during Water Stress and Rehydration

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.137.6.400 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 137 (6) ◽

pp. 400-410 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Shinsuke Agehara ◽

Daniel I. Leskovar

Keyword(s):

Abscisic Acid ◽

Water Stress ◽

Gas Exchange ◽

Water Status ◽

Stomatal Closure ◽

Membrane Integrity ◽

Dry Matter Accumulation ◽

Assimilation Rate ◽

Concentration Effects ◽

Post Stress

Excess transpiration relative to water uptake often causes water stress in transplanted vegetable seedlings. Abscisic acid (ABA) can limit transpirational water loss by inducing stomatal closure and inhibiting leaf expansion. We examined the concentration effect of exogenous ABA on growth and physiology of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) seedlings during water stress and rehydration. Plants were treated with seven concentrations of ABA (0, 0.24, 0.47, 0.95, 1.89, 3.78, and 7.57 mm) and subjected to 4-day water withholding. Application of ABA improved the maintenance of leaf water potential and relative water content, while reducing electrolyte leakage. These effects were linear or exponential to ABA concentration and maximized at 7.57 mm. Gas-exchange measurements provided evidence that such stress control is attributed to ABA-induced stomatal closure. First, net CO2 assimilation rate and stomatal conductance initially decreased with increasing ABA concentration by up to 95% and 70%, respectively. A follow-up study (≤1.89 mm ABA) confirmed this result with or without water stress and further revealed a close positive correlation between intercellular CO2 concentration and net CO2 assimilation rate 1 day after treatment (r2 > 0.83). In contrast, ABA did not affect leaf elongation, indicating that stress alleviation was not mediated by leaf area adjustment. After 18 days of post-stress daily irrigation, dry matter accumulation showed a quadratic concentration-response, increasing up to 1.89 mm by 38% and 44% in shoot and roots, respectively, followed by 16% to 18% decreases at >1.89 mm ABA. These results suggest that excess levels of ABA delay post-stress growth, despite the positive effect on the maintenance of water status and membrane integrity. Another negative side effect was chlorosis, which accelerated linearly with increasing ABA concentration, although it was reversible upon re-watering. The optimal application rate of ABA should minimize these negative effects, while keeping plant water stress to an acceptable level.

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Water Relations of Expanding Leaves

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/pp9860045 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 45 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

EWR Barlow

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Water Relations ◽

Leaf Development ◽

Leaf Growth ◽

Water Status ◽

Morphological Difference ◽

Growth Patterns ◽

Expansion Phase ◽

Turgor Maintenance ◽

Yield Threshold

The reactivity of leaf growth to changes in plant water status has been analysed in terms of leaf development, water transport and turgor. The different growth patterns of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous leaves result in fundamental differences in the water relations of expanding leaves. Most monocotyledonous leaf cells complete their expansion phase within the protective older leaf bases, while the majority of dicotyledonous leaf cells expand in an exposed evaporative environment. The consequence of this morphological difference is that expanding monocotyledonous leaves behave similarly to other enclosed tissue during water stress by exhibiting turgor maintenance through osmotic adjustment. Expanding dicotyledonous leaves do not exhibit this response. The maintenance of turgor in monocotyledons in the absence of leaf expansion suggests that growth is controlled by the yield threshold of the cell wall during episodes of water stress.

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Grafting cv. Grechetto Gentile Vines to New M4 Rootstock Improves Leaf Gas Exchange and Water Status as Compared to Commercial 1103P Rootstock

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10050708 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 708 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Tommaso Frioni ◽

Arianna Biagioni ◽

Cecilia Squeri ◽

Sergio Tombesi ◽

Matteo Gatti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Gas Exchange ◽

Water Use ◽

Leaf Gas Exchange ◽

Water Status ◽

Stomatal Closure ◽

Leaf Water ◽

Summer Drought ◽

Co2 Uptake ◽

Drought Tolerant

M4 is a relatively new rootstock that was selected for increased resilience of vineyards across hot regions where meteorological drought is often coupled to water scarcity. However, M4 has thus far been tested only against water-stress sensitive rootstocks. Against this backdrop, the aim of the present work is to examine the water status and gas exchange performances of vines grafted to M4 in comparison to those of vines grafted to a commercial stock that is drought-tolerant, 1103 Paulsen (1103P), under a progressive water deficit followed by re-watering. This study was undertaken on Grechetto Gentile, a cultivar that is renowned for its rather conservative water use (near-isohydric behavior). While fifty percent of both grafts were fully irrigated (WW), the remaining underwent progressive water stress by means of suspending irrigation (WS). Soil and leaf water status, as well as leaf gas exchanges, along with chlorophyll fluorescence, were followed daily from 1 day pre-stress (DOY 176) until re-watering (DOY 184). Final leaf area per vine, divided in main and lateral contribution, was also assessed. While 1103P grafted vines manifested higher water use under WW conditions, progressive stress evidenced a faster water depletion by 1103P, which also maintained slightly more negative midday leaf water potential (Ψleaf) as compared to M4 grafted plants. Daily gas exchange readings, as well as diurnal assessment performed at the peak of stress (DOY 183), also showed increased leaf assimilation rates (A) and water use efficiency (WUE) in vines grafted on M4, which were also less susceptible to photosynthetic downregulation. Dynamic of stomatal closure targeted at 90% reduction of leaf stomatal conductance showed a similar behavior among rootstocks since the above threshold was reached by both at Ψleaf of about −1.11 MPa. The same fractional reduction in leaf A was reached by vines grafted on M4 at a Ψleaf of −1.28 MPa vs. −1.10 MPa measured in 1103P, meaning that using M4 as a rootstock will postpone full stomatal closure. While mechanisms involved in improved CO2 uptake in M4-grafted vines under moderate-to-severe stress are still unclear, our data support the hypothesis that M4 might outscore the performance of a commercial drought-tolerant genotype (1103P) and can be profitably used as a tool to improve the resilience of vines to summer drought.

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Water Relations of the Banana. III. Effects of Controlled Water Stress on Water Potential, Transpiration, Photosynthesis and Leaf Growth.

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/pp9900079 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 79 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

J Kallarackal ◽

JA Milburn ◽

DA Baker

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Water Potential ◽

Leaf Growth ◽

Water Status ◽

Stomatal Closure ◽

Leaf Temperature ◽

Gas Exchange Parameters ◽

Applied Water ◽

Potential Transpiration ◽

Exchange Parameters

Banana suckers were grown in the glasshouse under controlled environmental conditions. Water potentials were measured on plants 6-12 months old using the solute potential of the latex as a guide. The diurnal fluctuations in water potential were monitored along with measurements of transpiration rate, leaf conductance, leaf temperature, assimilation rate and leaf growth rate. Concurrent measurements were made of water potential, transpiration and other gas exchange parameters under rapidly and slowly applied water stress. Stomatal closure was almost complete after 10 days of rapid stress whereas, under slow stress, closure was delayed for a total of 30 days. Stomatal closure was accompanied by a reduction in transpiration and photosynthesis. However, the water potential of the plant was never more negative than -0.35 MPa even when the water stress was severe. The growth of the plant, as evaluated from the emergence of new leaves, was stopped at the same time as photosynthesis. The implications of these observations on the ability of banana to utilise dwindling supplies of water are discussed. The use of latex solute potential as a tool to understand the water status of the plant is further explained.

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The influence of water stress on grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) shoots in a cool, humid climate: growth, gas exchange and hydraulics

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/fp16017 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 43 (9) ◽

pp. 827 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Vinay Pagay ◽

Vivian Zufferey ◽

Alan N. Lakso

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Water Stress ◽

Gas Exchange ◽

Vitis Vinifera ◽

Leaf Gas Exchange ◽

Water Status ◽

Large Diameter ◽

Vitis Vinifera L ◽

Long Shoots ◽

Short Shoots

Recent climatic trends of higher average temperatures and erratic precipitation patterns are resulting in decreased soil moisture availability and, consequently, periods of water stress. We studied the effects of seasonal water stress on grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Riesling grafted onto 101–14 (Vitis riparia Michx.×Vitis rupestris Scheele) rootstock) shoot growth, leaf gas exchange, xylem morphology and hydraulic performance in the cool-climate Finger Lakes region of New York. A plastic rain exclusion tarp was installed on the vineyard floor to create a soil moisture deficit and consequently induce vine water stress. Weekly measurements of predawn leaf and midday stem water potentials (Ψmd) were made, and two contrasting shoot length classes, long (length >2.0m) and short (length <1.0m), were monitored. Growth of both long and short shoots was positively correlated with Ψmd but no difference in water status was found between the two. Compared with rain-fed vines, water-stressed vines had lower photosynthesis and stomatal conductance later in the season when Ψmd dropped below –1.2MPa. Long shoots had three-fold higher xylem-specific hydraulic conductivity values than short shoots. Long shoots experiencing water stress were less vulnerable to xylem cavitation than shorter shoots even though they had more large-diameter vessels. The lower vulnerability to cavitation of long shoots may be attributed to less xylem intervessel pitting being found in long shoots, consistent with the air-seeding hypothesis, and suggests that a hydraulic advantage enables them to maintain superior growth and productivity under water stress.

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