β-Lactam antibiotics and antibiotic resistance in Asian lakes and rivers: An overview of contamination, sources and detection methods

Sepsis is a syndromic response to infections and is becoming an emerging threat to the public health sector, particularly in developing countries. Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi), the cause of typhoid fever, is one primary cause of pediatric sepsis in typhoid endemic areas. Extensively drug-resistant (XDR) S. Typhi is more common among pediatric patients, which is responsible for over 90% of the reported XDR typhoid cases, but the majority of antibiotic resistance studies available have been carried out using S. Typhi isolates from adult patients. Here, we characterized antibiotic-resistance profiles of XDR S. Typhi isolates from a medium size cohort of pediatric typhoid patients (n = 45, 68.89% male and 31.11% female) and determined antibiotic-resistance-related gene signatures associated with common treatment options to typhoid fever patients of 18 XDR S. Typhi representing all 45 isolates. Their ages were 1–13 years old: toddlers aging 1–2 years old (n = 9, 20%), pre-schoolers aging 3–5 years old (n = 17, 37.78%), school-age children aging 6–12 years old (n = 17, 37.78%), and adolescents aging 13–18 years old (n = 2, 4.44%). Through analyzing blaTEM1, dhfR7, sul1, and catA1genes for multidrug-resistance, qnrS, gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE for fluoroquinolone-resistance, blaCTX-M-15 for XDR, and macAB and acrAB efflux pump system-associated genes, we showed the phenotype of the XDR S. Typhi isolates matches with their genotypes featured by the acquisitions of the genes blaTEM1, dhfR7, sul1, catA1, qnrS, and blaCTX-M-15 and a point mutation on gyrA. This study informs the molecular basis of antibiotic-resistance among recent S. Typhi isolates from pediatric septicemia patients, therefore providing insights into the development of molecular detection methods and treatment strategies for XDR S. Typhi.

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Isolation, Identification, and Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing of Salmonella Isolated from Foodborne Outbreaks

International Journal of Enteric Pathogens ◽

10.34172/ijep.2020.18 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 80-83

Author(s):

Mohammad Mehdi Soltan Dallal ◽

Milad Abdi ◽

Mahya Khalilian ◽

Zahra Rajabi ◽

Ronak Bakhtiari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Salmonella Enteritidis ◽

Its Region ◽

Detection Methods ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Foodborne Outbreaks ◽

Salmonella Serovars

Background: Foodborne diseases are a major problem worldwide. The epidemiological investigations in many parts of the world have shown an increase in infections caused by Salmonella serovars. Furthermore, the emergence of drug resistance among them has become a major global concern and awareness of the resistance patterns of Salmonella could be very useful in treatment of diseases. Objective: This study aimed to investigate Salmonella serotypes in foodborne outbreaks by sequencing of ITS region of 16S-23SrRNA gene and to determine their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. Materials and Methods: A total of 614 diarrheal stool samples were collected from 173 foodborne outbreaks in different provinces of Iran during one year. Identification of Salmonella was carried out by phenotypic and molecular (16s-23srRNA gene detection) methods and antibiotic susceptibility was performed using disc diffusion method. Results: Out of 614 samples, 18 isolates were identified as Salmonella of which 16 (88.9%) isolates were Salmonella Enteritidis and 2 (11.1%) isolates as Salmonella Paratyphi A. All isolates were sensitive to ceftazidime, and high resistance was seen with nalidixic acid with 14 (77.8%) isolates. Conclusion: Increasing antibiotic resistance in many bacterial pathogens such as Salmonella has been a major threat for human health. Therefore, identifying the antibiotic resistance patterns of Salmonella serovars may help in treatment of the associated infections.

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The molecular basis of extensively drug-resistant Salmonella Typhi isolates from pediatric septicemia patients

10.1101/2021.06.20.449163 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Chanmi Kim ◽

Iqra Latif ◽

Durga P Neupane ◽

Gi Young Lee ◽

Ryan S Kwon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Typhoid Fever ◽

Molecular Basis ◽

Treatment Options ◽

Health Sector ◽

Salmonella Typhi ◽

Detection Methods ◽

Medium Size ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Extensively Drug Resistant

Sepsis is a syndromic response to infections and is becoming an emerging threat to the public health sector, particularly in developing countries. Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi), the cause of typhoid fever, is one primary cause of pediatric sepsis in typhoid endemic areas. Extensively drug-resistant (XDR) S. Typhi is more common among pediatric patients, which is responsible for over 90% of the reported XDR typhoid cases, but the majority of antibiotic resistance studies available have been carried out using S. Typhi isolates from adult patients. Here, we characterized XDR S. Typhi isolates from a medium size cohort of pediatric typhoid patients to determine their antibiotic-resistance-related gene signatures associated with common treatment options to typhoid fever patients. This study informs the molecular basis of antibiotic-resistance among recent S. Typhi isolates from pediatric septicemia patients, therefore providing insights into the development of molecular detection methods and control strategies for XDR S. Typhi.

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Bacterial Biofilms: Detection Methods and Role in Antibiotic Resistance

Türk Mikrobiyoloji Cemiyeti Dergisi ◽

10.5222/tmcd.2018.001 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Aybala Temel ◽

Bayrı Eraç

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Detection Methods ◽

Bacterial Biofilms

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Vibrio parahaemolyticus: a review on the pathogenicity, antibiotic resistance, foodborne outbreaks, and detection methods

Food Research ◽

10.26656/fr.2017.5(3).479 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

A. Naziahsalam Kehinde ◽

J.Y.H. Tang ◽

Y. Nakaguchi

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽

Foodborne Pathogen ◽

Virulence Gene ◽

The United States ◽

Detection Methods ◽

Marine Habitat ◽

Pathogenic Vibrio ◽

Thermostable Direct Hemolysin ◽

Foodborne Outbreaks

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a Gram-negative bacterium that is a natural inhabitant of the marine habitat. V. parahaemolyticus is a human foodborne pathogen linked to the consumption of contaminated raw and undercooked seafood. V. parahaemolyticus pathogenicity has been linked to the presence of two virulence gene that is thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) and TDH-related hemolysin (trh). The emergence of antibiotic resistant strain of V. parahaemolyticus is a menace to public health. V. parahaemolyticus is linked to several foodborne diseases in Asian countries including Japan, China and Taiwan and has been acknowledged as the major cause of human gastroenteritis in the United States. The emergence of pathogenic Vibrio species in shellfish in Malaysia requires persistent monitoring and public enlightenment on food safety. Several detection methods based on its virulence factors are used in detecting V. parahaemolyticus. This review will provide an insight on V. parahaemolyticus, its pathogenicity, antibiotic resistance, foodborne outbreaks and detection methods.

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DNA nick end labeling: a reliable marker for apoptosis?

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100141184 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 53 ◽

pp. 962-963

Author(s):

Anne F. Bushnell ◽

Sarah Webster ◽

Lynn S. Perlmutter

Keyword(s):

Cell Death ◽

Cultured Cells ◽

Apoptotic Cell ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Detection Methods ◽

Tissue Preparation ◽

Preparation Methods ◽

Dna Laddering ◽

Disease States ◽

Reliable Marker

Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is an important mechanism in development and in diverse disease states. The morphological characteristics of apoptosis were first identified using the electron microscope. Since then, DNA laddering on agarose gels was found to correlate well with apoptotic cell death in cultured cells of dissimilar origins. Recently numerous DNA nick end labeling methods have been developed in an attempt to visualize, at the light microscopic level, the apoptotic cells responsible for DNA laddering.The present studies were designed to compare various tissue processing techniques and staining methods to assess the occurrence of apoptosis in post mortem tissue from Alzheimer's diseased (AD) and control human brains by DNA nick end labeling methods. Three tissue preparation methods and two commercial DNA nick end labeling kits were evaluated: the Apoptag kit from Oncor and the Biotin-21 dUTP 3' end labeling kit from Clontech. The detection methods of the two kits differed in that the Oncor kit used digoxigenin dUTP and anti-digoxigenin-peroxidase and the Clontech used biotinylated dUTP and avidinperoxidase. Both used 3-3' diaminobenzidine (DAB) for final color development.

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