scholarly journals Precautionary breaks: Planned, limited duration circuit breaks to control the prevalence of SARS-CoV2 and the burden of COVID-19 disease

Epidemics ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 100526
Author(s):  
Matt J. Keeling ◽  
Glen Guyver-Fletcher ◽  
Louise Dyson ◽  
Michael J. Tildesley ◽  
Edward M. Hill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Limited Duration

scholarly journals Repurposing existing drugs for new uses: a cohort study of the frequency of FDA-granted new indication exclusivities since 1997

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Babak Sahragardjoonegani ◽  
Reed F. Beall ◽  
Aaron S. Kesselheim ◽  
Aidan Hollis
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Drug Repurposing ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Generic Entry ◽  
Small Molecule Drugs ◽  
Clinical Investigations ◽  
Fda Approval ◽  
Limited Duration ◽  
Observation Period

Abstract Background Drug repurposing (i.e., finding novel uses for existing drugs) is essential for maximizing medicines’ therapeutic utility, but obtaining regulatory approval for new indications is costly. Policymakers have therefore created temporary indication-specific market exclusivities to incentivize drug innovators to run new clinical investigations. The effectiveness of these exclusivities is poorly understood. Objective To determine whether generic entry impacts the probability of new indication additions. Methods For a cohort of all new small-molecule drugs approved by the FDA between July 1997 and May 2020, we tracked new indications added for the subset of drugs that experienced generic entry during the observation period and then analyzed how the probability of a new indication changed with the number of years since/to generic entry. Results Of the 197 new drugs that subsequently experienced generic entry, only 64 (32%) had at least one new indication added. The probability of a new indication addition peaked above 4% between 7 and 8 years prior to generic entry and then to dropped to near zero 15 years after FDA approval. We show that the limited duration of exclusivity reduces the number of secondary indications significantly. Conclusion Status quo for most drug innovators is creating novel one-indication products. Despite indication-specific exclusivities, the imminence of generic entry still has a detectable impact on reducing the chances of new indication additions. There is much room for improvement when it comes to incentivizing clinical investigations for new uses and unlocking existing medicines’ full therapeutic potential.

Time and the Testator, 1370–1540

2002 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 133-144
Author(s):  
Judith Middleton-Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Past ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
Perception Of Time ◽  
Limited Duration ◽  
At Will

There were many ways in which the late medieval testator could acknowledge time. Behind each testator lay a lifetime of memories and experiences on which he or she drew, recalling the names of those ‘they had fared the better for’, those they wished to remember and by whom they wished to be remembered. Their present time was of limited duration, for at will making they had to assemble their thoughts and their intentions, make decisions and appoint stewards, as they prepared for their time ahead; but as they spent present time arranging the past, so they spent present time laying plans for the future. Some testators had more to bequeath, more time to spare: others had less to leave, less time to plan. Were they aware of time? How did they control the future? In an intriguing essay, A. G. Rigg asserts that ‘one of the greatest revolutions in man’s perception of the world around him was caused by the invention, sometime in the late thirteenth century, of the mechanical weight-driven clock.’ It is the intention of this paper to see how men’s (and women’s) perception of time in the late Middle Ages was reflected in their wills, the most personal papers left by ordinary men and women of the period.

Study on the effect of providing learning opportunities on the formation of intention to continue work for non-regular professionals

Impact ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (7) ◽  
pp. 41-43
Author(s):  
Takao Maeda
Keyword(s):  
Job Security ◽  
Business Administration ◽  
Learning Opportunities ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Training And Education ◽  
Regular Employment ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Intention To Continue ◽  
Continue Work ◽  
Limited Duration

In Japan, almost 40 per cent of employees are so-called 'non-regular employees'. That is to say, employees with a limited duration of employment. This is in opposition to their 'regular employee' counterparts who are full-time workers without a limited duration of employment. Non-regular employees include both part-time and full-time workers with a short- or intermediate-term of employment. The percentage of non-regular employees is on the rise in Japan and this is bringing with it decreased morale and productivity due to factors such as lack of job security. In addition, motivation is negatively affected by non-regular employees receiving fewer opportunities, such as training, for example, than regular employees. Naturally, a lack of training and education opportunities would have an adverse effect on motivation and morale. Professor Takao Maeda is based in the Faculty of Business, Marketing and Distribution, Nakamura Gakuen University in Japan, and is working alongside collaborators Professors Tomofumi Tohara and Shigeaki Mishima, who are both based in the Faculty of Business Administration, Osaka University of Economics in Japan. The team is focused on research that looks at how closing disparities between regular and non-regular employment could increase the motivation of non-regular employees.

Strategies for Risk-Adapted Therapy in Myeloma

Hematology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 (1) ◽  
pp. 304-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Fonseca
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
High Dose Chemotherapy ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Disease Biology ◽  
Patient Will ◽  
Baseline Knowledge ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Limited Duration ◽  
Cell Support ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractIt is clear that the clinical heterogeneity of multiple myeloma (MM) is dictated, in large part, by disease biology, predominantly genetics.1 As novel therapeutics have emerged, and augmented our treatment armamentarium against the disease, it is increasingly important to introduce a risk-adapted approach for the optimal management of patients.2 The selection of ideal candidates for high-dose chemotherapy with stem cell support (HDT) and maintenance will undoubtedly have to include baseline knowledge of the genetic nature of the individual. The limited duration of responses after HDT for patients with t(4;14)(p16;q32), t(14;16)(q32;q23) and 17p13 deletions highlight the need to develop a risk-adapted treatment strategy.3–5 Novel ways of determining outcome such as the use of gene expression profiling have demonstrated differentiating capabilities not previously observed.6 Likewise, the order of introduction of novel therapeutic agents (during induction and in the relapsing patient) will be potentially directed by similar information. As we have previously stated, MM is not only multiple but also “many.”7 Accordingly, treatment strategies will be tailored based on risk determination, genetic composition and host features.

Addition of Epinephrine to Intrathecal Bupivacaine and Sufentanil for Ambulatory Labor Analgesia

1997 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 525-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Campbell ◽  
Robert Banner ◽  
Lesley-Ann Crone ◽  
Wendy Gore-Hickman ◽  
Ray W. Yip
Keyword(s):  
Labor Analgesia ◽  
Saline Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Double Blind Study ◽  
Saline Control Group ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Prolonged Labor ◽  
Intrathecal Analgesia ◽  
Limited Duration ◽  
Effective Analgesia

Background The intrathecal combination of sufentanil and bupivacaine provides rapid, effective analgesia for labor with a limited duration. Many anesthesiologists have concerns that the use of intrathecal local anesthetics precludes maternal ambulation. This prospective, randomized, double-blind study was designed to determine whether the addition of epinephrine to the combination of sufentanil and bupivacaine would prolong intrathecal analgesia for labor. Patients' ability to ambulate was also assessed. Methods Thirty-nine patients received either an intrathecal control dose of 10 micrograms sufentanil plus 2.5 mg bupivacaine plus 0.2 ml normal saline (control group); or 10 micrograms sufentanil plus 2.5 mg bupivacaine plus 0.2 ml (0.2 mg) of epinephrine (EPI group). Results Seven patients (3 control, 4 EPI) delivered vaginally and two (1 control, 1 EPI) required cesarean delivery before requesting epidural analgesia. The duration (mean +/- SD) of intrathecal labor analgesia was prolonged significantly by the addition of epinephrine: control (n = 15): 145 +/- 23 min; EPI (n = 15): 188 +/- 25 min (P < 0.0001). Maternal ambulation was demonstrated in 100% (19 of 19) of the control group and in 80% (16 of 20) of the EPI group (P = NS). Conclusions The addition of 0.2 mg epinephrine to the intrathecal combination of sufentanil and bupivacaine significantly prolonged labor analgesia without causing adverse effects to the mother or fetus. The intrathecal combination of sufentanil and bupivacaine, with or without epinephrine, provided rapid, profound labor analgesia and allowed most patients to ambulate.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document