Use of cannabis components in the treatment of mental disorders

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S552-S552
Author(s):  
C. Tsopelas ◽  
M. Dimitraka ◽  
P. Ntounas ◽  
A. Gatos-Gatopoulos ◽  
D. Karadima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Web Search ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Repeated Treatment ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Competing Interest

IntroductionThere is evidence that supports the increased risk of developing psychosis or psychotic like symptoms in vulnerable populations after use of cannabis. Cannabis’ main psychoactive component, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), induces acute psychotic effects and cognitive impairment. But there is also evidence to suggest that molecules in the cannabis plant could have an antipsychotic affect.AimsIn this review we are trying to explore the possibilities of cannabis use as a therapeutic agent in mental disorders.MethodsThorough research of the main databases, and web search engines for relevant studies, using appropriate keywords. We scrutinize them independently, before reaching consensus about appropriateness.ResultsIn animal models repeated treatment with cannabis constituent cannabidiol CBD or the atypical antipsychotic clozapine attenuates or reverses the schizophrenia-like behavioral disruption.In humans there are data that CBD counteracts psychotic symptoms and cognitive impairment associated with cannabis use. Also CBD may lower the risk for developing cannabis use associated psychosis. There are opposite effects of CBD and THC on brain activity patterns in key regions implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, such as the striatum, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex.ConclusionsThe possible mechanism of action of GBD is not fully clarified, as it may involve anti-inflammatory or neuroprotective properties. These initial clinical studies with CBD treatment of psychotic symptoms argument the potential of CBD as an effective antipsychotic compound. Mechanisms responsible for these effects need to be further investigated.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

scholarly journals The relationships between obstructive sleep apnea and psychiatric disorders: a narrative review

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaja Hanna Karakuła ◽  
Aleksander Ryczkowski ◽  
Elżbieta Sitarz ◽  
Jacek Januszewski ◽  
Dariusz Juchnowicz
Keyword(s):  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
List Type ◽  
Study Protocols ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common sleep-related breathing disorder. Its prevalence tends to increase worldwide. Untreated sleep apnea is associated with a higher risk of metabolic diseases, cardiovascular diseases, stroke, road accidents, and death, but also it is suggested that it increases the risk of mental disorders. Method: The literature review was based on a search of articles on Medline, Pubmed, and Google Scholar from 2003 to 2021 using the keywords: obstructive sleep apnea; mental disorders; cognitive functions; affective disorders; depression; bipolar disorder; schizophrenia; psychotic disorders. The analysis included original studies, meta-analysis, and review articles. Discussion: The result obtained from researches published so far does not allow for drawing unequivocal conclusions. There is a lot of bias present in study protocols and inclusion/exclusion criteria. Nonetheless, it seems that some disorders have a better proven correlation with OSA. Cognitive impairment, depression, and anxiety disorders are linked to OSA not only in terms of the overlapping of symptoms but also of a causal relationship. Psychotic disorders and bipolar disorders connections with OSA are confirmed, but they are not yet well understood. All correlations are found to be possibly bidirectional. Conclusion: 1. Multiple lines of evidence increasingly point towards a bidirectional connection between OSA and mental disorders, and the cause and effect relationship between these two groups of disorders requires further research. 2. Due to reports of an increased risk of OSA with antipsychotic drugs, caution should be exercised when initiating therapy with this type of drug in patients with known risk factors for it. 3. Screening for OSA in psychiatric patients should be introduced as OSA can increase cognitive impairment, affective, and psychotic symptoms.

scholarly journals Modafinil in the treatment of selected mental disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 204-212
Author(s):  
Wacław Dyrda ◽  
Daria Smułek ◽  
Adam Wichniak ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Bipolar Depression ◽  
Sleep Apnoea ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Manic Symptoms ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Increased Risk

Modafinil belongs to a class of wakefulness promoting agents. It is widely used in the treatment of sleep disorders. Although narcolepsy is the main indication for its use, hypersomnia from obstructive sleep apnoea and shift work sleep disorder are also indications in some countries. Due to its efficacy in the treatment of hypersomnia, the drug has also been clinically assessed in patients with mental disorders to reduce the severity of symptoms such as fatigue, hypersomnolence and cognitive impairment. The aim of this paper is to present the potential clinical applications of modafinil in the treatment of selected mental disorders. The use of modafinil in depressive disorders to enhance the treatment applied may improve mood, anhedonia and apathy, fatigue, hypersomnolence and executive cognitive impairment. In severe episodes of bipolar depression, modafinil may improve depressive symptoms, fatigue, and hypersomnia. Despite the potential risk of manic symptoms during modafinil treatment, recent studies show no increased risk of switching from depressive to manic phase. In schizophrenia, there is no evidence for the beneficial effect of modafinil on the negative symptoms, but improvement in selected cognitive functions accompanied by exacerbation of psychotic symptoms was observed in some patients. Furthermore, modafinil is used as an alternative to standard therapy in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Despite lacking evidence for the efficacy of modafinil in cocaine addiction, an analysis of selected studies indicates a potential benefit in the form of maintained abstinence. Modafinil is well tolerated and safe in most cases. The risk of dependence is lower than with other psychostimulants.

Culture and mental disorders

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S517-S517
Author(s):  
A. Adrián ◽  
C. Noval Canga ◽  
H. Rebeca ◽  
S. Isabel ◽  
G. Sofía ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Diagnosis ◽  
Emergency Service ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Sociocultural Factors ◽  
Psychiatric History ◽  
Sexual Content ◽  
Competing Interest

ObjectivesShow with a case report how psychiatric pathology may face differential diagnosis problems when sociocultural aspects are involved.Methods and materialsSeventy-three year old man, born in Colombia. During the last two months, he had come many times to the emergency service due to behavioural changes. He does not have previous psychiatric history. His daughter refers that one of the patient's sisters has been diagnosed of “mystical madness”. The previous days he abandoned his medical treatment saying that he “gets in touch with his wife and that he wants to meet her”. Since his wife's dead, he had presented an excessively adapted behaviour, without grief symptoms. The first hospitalization day he said we wanted to get married with one of his daughters, with a sexual content speech, being able to get emotional when he spoke about his dead wife. Now the patient is under frequent reviews, and it is thought the differential diagnosis of depression with psychotic symptoms, due to the lack of symptoms remission.ConclusionWhenever we face different psychiatric diagnosis we don’t keep in mind some sociocultural factors, which could be masked and raise different doubts. It is important to keep in mind that each country or ethnical have their own cultural habits which are going to deeply influence patient's personality.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Cannabis consumption and psychosis or schizophrenia development

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (7) ◽  
pp. 690-704 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Bettina Ortiz-Medina ◽  
Marta Perea ◽  
Julio Torales ◽  
Antonio Ventriglio ◽  
Giovanna Vitrani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Current State ◽  
Gene Environment ◽  
Pubmed Database ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Vulnerable People ◽  
Cannabis Consumption ◽  
The Relationship

Objective: Cannabis consumption produces psychopathology, in some cases psychotic episodes, which are of our interest in this work. However, the relationship between cannabis use and psychosis has not been fully elucidated. The objectives of this work are to (1) review the current state of knowledge on the association of cannabis use with the risk of the development of psychosis or psychotic symptoms in people without schizophrenia and (2) assess the consistency of the hypothesis that cannabis use is associated with increased risk of psychosis in people without schizophrenia. Method: This work included research done in humans until May 2018 with the keywords ‘cannabis’ and ‘psychosis’, published in English and Spanish, in the PubMed database. Results: In all, 66 papers were analyzed, of which 23 were cohort trials and 43 were reviews. Conclusion: Cannabis use doubles the risk of developing psychosis in vulnerable people. There even exists a relationship regarding the dose used and the age of first use. Gene–environment interactions that modulate the association between cannabis use and the presence of psychosis have also been described.

Psychosis and psoriasis, the skin talks the truth

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. s812-s812 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Garcia Marin ◽  
I.M. De Haro García ◽  
N. Martínez Pedrosa ◽  
M.D. Ortega García ◽  
V. Marti Garnica
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Local Treatment ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Genetic Etiology ◽  
Medical Test ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
Shared Genetic

IntroductionIt is well known about relation between skin and mind, not only due to their mutual origin, but also by their illness expression parallelism. We report a case to show that reciprocity.Personal antecedentsWoman, 42-year-old, single. She only suffers from a skin disease; mild psoriasis guttata placed in both elbows and knees. She treated it with local treatment (cortisone cream) during seasonal prutius and the lesions did not grow or expand. She was hospitalized due to psychotic symptoms (paranoid delusions with her colleagues) and started antipsychotics treatment (risperidone 12 mg per day and olanzapine 10 mg per night). By the same time, she suffered a psoriasis crisis. Her psoriatic plaques increased their sizes and her chest and both thighs were affected too. She complained about grave pruritus. All her medical test results were normal. After that, the patient improved her psychotics’ symptoms, but she started with agoraphobic signs and seclusion at home. Psoriasis were even worse than before and she needed metrotexate to treat it. Being introduced to escitalopram 15 mg per day, anxiety and depression symptoms disappeared and her grave psoriasis became the mild one that she knew.ConclusionSchizophrenia was associated with a greater variety of autoimmune diseases than was anticipated. Studies found evidence for a shared genetic etiology between schizophrenia and psoriasis. Despite that, we think that the study of psychopathology can amplify our understanding about the etiopathogenesis of psoriasis and associated mental disorders.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Brain Activity Patterns in Stable and Progressive Mild Cognitive Impairment During Working Memory as Evidenced by Magnetoencephalography

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Maestú ◽  
Raquel Yubero ◽  
Stephan Moratti ◽  
Pablo Campo ◽  
Pedro Gil-Gregorio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Activity Patterns

Pychiatrists and Legal Issues in Dementia Care

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S37-S37
Author(s):  
M.M. Carrasco
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Social Problems ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Behavioral Disturbances ◽  
The Family ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
The Many

During more than half a century, Psychiatry has extensively accepted a biomedical model studying mental disorders (including schizophrenia, affective disorders and the large group of stress-related disorders, including anxiety disorder. Thus, the classical dichotomy between functional and organic psychiatric disorders is obsolete and from a theoretical point of view there should be no obstacle for Psychiatry to deal with the study of dementias from gene to clinical levels using empirical methods, including neurotransmitters and scanning techniques. However, in many European countries, the dementias have been claimed as belonging primarily to Neurology, leaving the role of psychiatrists to treat psychotic symptoms and bizarre behavioral disturbances.However, psychiatrists have a long tradition of detailed psychopathological description and great skill in coping with the many psychological, ethical and social problems that are such important features of mental disorders and particularly the dementias, and so, the specific skills of psychiatrists will certainly be warranted in managing the many significant psychological and social problems of the patient both within the family and in society. The discussion must overcome the sterile debate between specialties to focus on the skills needed to adequately address the needs of patients with dementia and their caregivers.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.

Cannabis use decreases prefrontal glutamate levels in early psychosis

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S349-S350 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Rigucci ◽  
L. Xin ◽  
P. Klauser ◽  
P.S. Baumann ◽  
L. Alameda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Critical Question ◽  
Prodromal Phase ◽  
Correlative Analysis ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Competing Interest

Recent evidences have consistently reported lower glutamate (Glu) levels in various brain regions, including the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), in chronic schizophrenia but findings in the early (EP) or in the prodromal phase of the disorder are equivocal. Although regular cannabis use has been associated with an increased risk of subsequent psychosis and with a perturbed Glu signalling, to date, the critical question of whether or not Glu abnormalities exist in EP and are related to cannabis use remains unanswered. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to measure [GlumPFC] of 35 EP subjects (18 of whom were regular cannabis users) and 33 healthy controls (HC). For correlative analysis, neuropsychological performances were scored by a comprehensive cognitive battery. [GlumPFC] was lower in EP users comparing to both HC and EP non-users (P = 0.001 and P = 0.01, respectively), while no differences were observed between HC and EP non-users. In EP users Glu declined with age (r = −0.46; P = 0.04) but this relationship was not observed in non-users. Among neuropsychological profiles, working memory was the only domain that differentiates patients depending on their cannabis use, with users having poorer performances. In summary, our research revealed that cannabis use in EP is associated with Glu decreased levels, which are normally not seen in the early phase of the disorder. This finding is in line with previous 1H-MRS studies in cannabis users without a psychotic disorder and sheds light for the role of cannabis use in the progression of the disease.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Abnormal intrinsic brain activity patterns in leukoaraiosis with and without cognitive impairment

2015 ◽  
Vol 292 ◽  
pp. 409-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuanming Li ◽  
Jun Yang ◽  
Xuntao Yin ◽  
Chen Liu ◽  
Lin Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Intrinsic Brain Activity

scholarly journals Mental Disorders, Cognitive Impairment and the Risk of Suicide in Older Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Kułak-Bejda ◽  
Grzegorz Bejda ◽  
Napoleon Waszkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Older People ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The World

More than 600 million people are aged 60 years and over are living in the world. The World Health Organization estimates that this number will double by 2025 to 2 billion older people. Suicide among people over the age of 60 is one of the most acute problems. The factors strongly associated with suicide are mentioned: physical illnesses, such as cancer, neurologic disorder, pain, liver disease, genital disorders, or rheumatoid disorders. Moreover, neurologic conditions, especially stroke, may affect decision-making processes, cognitive capacity, and language deficit. In addition to dementia, the most common mental disorders are mood and anxiety disorders. A common symptom of these disorders in the elderly is cognitive impairment. This study aimed to present the relationship between cognitive impairment due to dementia, mood disorders and anxiety, and an increased risk of suicide among older people. Dementia is a disease where the risk of suicide is significant. Many studies demonstrated that older adults with dementia had an increased risk of suicide death than those without dementia. Similar conclusions apply to prodromal dementia Depression is also a disease with a high risk of suicide. Many researchers found that a higher level of depression was associated with suicide attempts and suicide ideation. Bipolar disorder is the second entity in mood disorders with an increased risk of suicide among the elderly. Apart from suicidal thoughts, bipolar disorder is characterized by high mortality. In the group of anxiety disorders, the most significant risk of suicide occurs when depression is present. In turn, suicide thoughts are more common in social phobia than in other anxiety disorders. Suicide among the elderly is a serious public health problem. There is a positive correlation between mental disorders such as dementia, depression, bipolar disorder, or anxiety and the prevalence of suicide in the elderly. Therefore, the elderly should be comprehensively provided with psychiatric and psychological support.

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