Optimal planting density and sowing date can improve cotton yield by maintaining reproductive organ biomass and enhancing potassium uptake

Genotype, environmental temperature, and agronomic management of parents influence seed yield in three-way cross hybrid maize seed production. The objective of this research was to generate information on the seed production of six three-way cross hybrids and their progenitors, adapted to tropical lowlands. Data on days to—and duration of—flowering, distance to spike and stigmas, and seed yield of five female single crosses and five male inbred lines were recorded for different combinations of four planting densities and four sowing dates in Mexico. The effect of planting density was not significant. The male inbred line T10 was the earliest and highest seed yield and T31 the latest, occupying second place in yield. The single crosses T32/T10 and T13/T14 were the earliest and had the highest effective seed yield. At the earliest sowing date, the females were later in their flowering, accumulated fewer growing degree days (GDD), and obtained higher yields since the grain-filling period coincided with hot days and cool nights. To achieve greater floral synchronization and therefore greater production of hybrid seed, differential planting dates for parents are recommended based on information from the accumulated GDD of each parent. The three-way cross hybrids were classified according to the expected seed yield of the females and the complexity in the synchronization of flowering of their parents.

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Response of two sunflower hybrids to planting dates and densities

Acta Agronomica Hungarica ◽

10.1556/aagr.51.2003.1.4 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 51 (1) ◽

pp. 25-35 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

A. Y. Allam ◽

G. R. El-Nagar ◽

A. H. Galal

Keyword(s):

Seed Yield ◽

Significant Influence ◽

Plant Density ◽

Growth Traits ◽

Sowing Date ◽

Planting Date ◽

Oil Yield ◽

Planting Density ◽

Planting Dates ◽

Head Diameter

This investigation was carried out at the Experimental Farm of Assiut University during the summers of 2000 and 2001 to study the responses of two sunflower hybrids (Vidoc and Euroflora) to planting dates (May 1st, June 1st and July 1st) and planting densities (55,533, 83,300 and 166,600 plants/ha). The results indicated that the two varieties differed highly significantly in all studied traits except oil yield/ha. The highest seed yield (3.64 t/ha) was obtained with the variety Vidoc. In addition, the results revealed that the planting date exerted a highly significant influence on all vegetative growth traits along with yield and its components. Increasing plant density increased the seed and oil yield/ha. By contrast, the stem diameter, head diameter, 100-seed weight and seed yield/plant decreased with increasing plant density. The interaction between varieties and plant density had a highly significant effect on head diameter. The greatest head diameter (20.06 cm) was recorded for the variety Vidoc planted at lower density. Concerning the interaction between planting density and planting date, the highest seed yield (4.47 t/ha) was obtained from dense plants at the early sowing date, and the highest oil % (45.32) at the late planting date and the lowest plant density. The second order interaction exerted a highly significant influence on stem and head diameter in addition to seed yield/plant, where the highest value (78.13 g/plant) was obtained with the variety Vidoc planted on May 1st at the lowest plant density.

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Effect of Spatial-Temporal Light Competition on Cotton Yield and Yield Distribution

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11112346 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 2346

Author(s):

Qingru Wang ◽

Huanxuan Chen ◽

Yingchun Han ◽

Fangfang Xing ◽

Zhanbiao Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Plant Height ◽

Retention Rate ◽

Block Design ◽

Light Interception ◽

Planting Density ◽

Cotton Yield ◽

Light Competition ◽

Area Index ◽

Yield Distribution

The photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) of crop canopy is highly related to yield formation, but how it relates to yield and yield distribution is not well understood. The focus of this study was to explore the relationship between light competition under different densities and yield distributions of cotton. The experiment was conducted in 2019 and 2020 at the Cotton Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Anyang city, Henan Province, China. A randomized block design was employed, with a total of three repeats. Each repeat had six density treatments: D1: 15,000; D2: 33,000; D3: 51,000; D4: 69,000; D5: 87,000; and D6: 105,000 plants·ha−1. As predicted, the results showed that the canopy light interception, leaf area index, plant height, and biomass of high-density cotton were higher than those of low-density cotton. The aboveground biomass produced by D6 was the highest, and was 12.9, 19.5, 25.4, 46.3, and 69.2% higher in 2019 and 14.3, 19.9, 32.5, 53.7, and 109.9% higher in 2020 than D5, D4, D3, D2, and D1, respectively. Leaf area, plant height, biomass, boll number, and boll weight were significantly correlated with the light interception rate. D5 (87,000 plants·ha−1) had a higher light interception rate and the highest yield. The highest lint yields produced by D5 were 1673.5 and 1375.4 kg·ha−1 in two years, and was 3.2, 4.3, 5.6, 9.7, and 24.7% higher in 2019, and 6.8, 10.6, 13.5, 21.5, and 34.4% higher in 2020 than D6, D4, D3, D2, and D1, respectively. The boll retention of the lower fruit branch under D5 reached 0.51 and 0.57 in two years, respectively. The shedding rate of the upper fruit branch decreased with the increase in cotton density in two years. The boll retention rate and shedding rate in the lower part of cotton plants were most closely related to light interception, with R2 values of 0.91 and 0.96, respectively. Our study shows cotton yield could be improved through higher light interception by optimizing planting density and canopy structure.

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Nitrogen and potassium uptake by high-yielding potato crops

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600036418 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 101 (1) ◽

pp. 103-111 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

O. P. Ifenkwe ◽

E. J. Allen

Keyword(s):

General Principle ◽

Potassium Uptake ◽

Planting Density ◽

Nutrient Accumulation ◽

Commercial Practice ◽

Potato Yields ◽

High Yields ◽

Potato Crops ◽

Fertilizer Rates

SUMMARYResults are presented from two experiments (1973 and 1974) in which high potato yields were obtained (60–70 t/ha). In both, Désirée and Maris Piper accumulated much more N and K (> 200 and 300 kg/ha respectively) than was applied as fertilizer (160 kg N and 189 kg K/ha). Increasing planting density (to levels above commercial practice) increased nutrient accumulation but had only small effects on yields. Thus, high yields are associated with but not necessarily caused by large accumulations of nutrients. As a general principle, increasing fertilizer rates above those shown to be optimal will not increase yields.

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Effect of Sowing-Date and Planting Density on Dry Matter Accumulation Dy-namic and Establishment of Its Simulated Model in Maize

ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA ◽

10.3724/sp.j.1006.2010.02143 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 36 (12) ◽

pp. 2143-2153 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Xiang-Ling LI ◽

Ming ZHAO ◽

Cong-Feng LI ◽

Jun-Zhu GE ◽

Hai-Peng HOU ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Sowing Date ◽

Planting Density ◽

Dry Matter Accumulation ◽

Simulated Model

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A synthesis-analysis of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) yield response to planting density under intensive cropping system

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-6703 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Rihuan Cong ◽

Zhi Zhang ◽

Jianwei Lu

Keyword(s):

Oilseed Rape ◽

Yield Loss ◽

Sowing Date ◽

Plant Population ◽

Planting Density ◽

Individual Growth ◽

Yield Response ◽

Winter Oilseed Rape ◽

Intensive Cropping ◽

Population Yield

Background: Optimal yield is dependent on the collocations between plant population and individual growth. High plant populations for direct sown winter oilseed rape would be a prevailing way to achieve high yield under intensive cropping systems.Results: We investigated the oilseed rape yield response to planting density while considering the productivity environment, nitrogen (N) fertilizer, and sowing date. A synthesis-analysis was conducted by collecting the density-yield data in the field experiments of oilseed rape from 2000 to 2016 in China. The population yield response to different planting density levels could be described by a quadratic model, with threshold value of 45-60 plant m-2, and excessive density may cause yield loss as the weak individual growth. High planting density has no remarkable influence on the attainable population yield due to the decreasing individual potential yield. The population yield increment capacity by the increasing planting density was higher in medium yield environment (i.e., average yield at 1500-2500 kg ha-1). The planting density presented remarkably effect on population yield after the N limitation was relieved. Increasing planting density at 104 plants per hectare was equivalent to apply 1.17 kg N fertilizer on population yield, ranging from 0.42 kg to 4.76 kg under different yield environment levels. Yield loss caused by unsuitable sowing date (especially for the late sowing) could be compensated by increasing planting density.Conclusion: Planting density played a crucial role in cooperating the other management practices. Optimizing the allocation of plant population and individual growth, establishing target plant phenotype under high planting density would help to achieve high population yield.

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Foliar Application of Organic Compounds Stimulate Cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.) to Survive Late Sown Condition

Open Agriculture ◽

10.1515/opag-2018-0072 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 684-697 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ayman El Sabagh ◽

Abdelhamid M. Omar ◽

Mohamed El Menshawi ◽

Samir El Okkiah

Keyword(s):

Organic Compounds ◽

Foliar Application ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Sowing Date ◽

Cotton Yield ◽

Seed Cotton ◽

Quality Properties ◽

Seed Cotton Yield ◽

Sowing Dates ◽

Late Sowing

Abstract Application of organic compounds in cotton balances its vegetative and reproductive growth, as well as to improve the seed cotton yield and lint quality properties. Field experiments were conducted with some organic compounds to determine their effects on cotton yield and quality properties of cotton under two sowing times.The experiment was conducted at Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Cotton Research Institute, Egypt in 2015 and 2016. In these studies, two sowing times viz. optimum and delay sowing and two levels (200 and 400 ppm) of organic compounds viz. ascorbic, ascobine and salicylic acids were used. The results indicated that the optimum sowing date gave the largest area of single leaf at 90 and 120 DAS, as well as it induced an increase in dry weight (g) of plant organs at 120 DAS, while, the late sowing significantly reduced the leaves dry weight both at 90 and 120 DAS. Both seed cotton yield and lint cotton yield (kentar feddan-1) were significantly increased in optimum sowing condition and sharply declined as delayed sowing date. The number of opened bolls plant-1 were also significantly reduced in late sowing. Lint percentage, seed index and seed cotton weight boll-1 were also significantly affected by sowing dates. Leaf pigment (total chlorophyll) was significantly affected by sowing date recorded at 90 and 120 DAS, while lower values of total chlorophyll was recorded in late sown plants. Also, sowing dates had no significant effect on both oil and protein seed content. This study has shown that timely sowing of cotton seed and foliar application of ascorbic acid, ascobine or salicylic acid with concentration of 200 or 400 ppm at flower initiation stage and peak of flowering stage had significant positive effects on seed cotton yield and lint quality properties. According to these results it can be suggested that usage of organic compounds to improve the yield and quality properties, especially in late sowing for ‘Giza 94' cotton cultivar at Kafr- Elsheikh district, Egypt.

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Variation in branch length in Fagopyrum esculentum in response to density and emergence date: No evidence for true plasticity

Botany ◽

10.1139/b09-042 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 87 (9) ◽

pp. 888-892 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Wisdom Japhet ◽

Daowei Zhou ◽

Ping Wang

Keyword(s):

Branch Length ◽

Sowing Date ◽

Fagopyrum Esculentum ◽

Planting Density ◽

Total Biomass ◽

Heterogeneous Environments ◽

Sowing Dates ◽

Allometric Analysis ◽

Fagopyrum Esculentum Moench ◽

Emergence Date

Plasticity is an important attribute that enables plants to maintain fitness in heterogeneous environments. The objective of this study was to investigate plasticity in branch length in Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. Seeds of the species were sown under two contrasting conditions through the manipulation of planting density (inter-planting distances at 20, 15, 10, and 5 cm) and sowing date (25 July, 1 August, 5 August, and 15 August). Allometric analysis of the relationships between branch length and total biomass showed a significant (p < 0.05) departure from isometry. This indicates that branch length increased linearly as a function of size. However, branch length was smaller in the group of plants sown at higher densities and at late sowing dates. True plasticity, which would have been indicated by significant differences in allometric exponents within treatments, was not observed in this study. Our results suggest that the differences observed in branch length were due to the direct effect of size rather than as a result of true plastic investment in branches.

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Cultivar, sowing date and plant density studies of fibre hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) in Tasmania

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea99130 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 40 (7) ◽

pp. 975 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

S. N. Lisson ◽

N. J. Mendham

Keyword(s):

Plant Density ◽

Cannabis Sativa ◽

Initial Density ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Sowing Date ◽

Planting Density ◽

North West ◽

Linum Usitatissimum L ◽

Short Period ◽

Final Harvest

This paper reports on a 3-year agronomic study into fibre hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) conducted in Tasmania, Australia. The performance of selected hemp cultivars, and the responses to sowing date and plant density were investigated as part of a broad feasibility study to assess the potential of fibre hemp and flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) as sources of fibre for the Australian newsprint industry. Trials were conducted at separate sites in north-west and south-east Tasmania. Nine cultivars from the Ukraine, Hungary and France were examined in 2 separate trials. The Hungarian cultivars, Kompolti and Unico B, and the French cultivar Futura 77 had the highest single plot dry stem yields (up to 1500 g/m 2 ) and bark proportions (up to 40%). All the cultivars flowered toward the end of January, suggesting that the growing season in Tasmania could accommodate much later flowering and potentially higher yielding genotypes. Levels of the psychoactive agent, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol were consistently below the legal maximum of 0.35% (dry weight basis). Three sowing date trials were conducted across 2 seasons incorporating dates between mid September and mid November and a single autumn planting at the end of May. Interactions with cultivar and planting density were also considered. Stem and bark yield declined with delays in sowing after early–mid October in response to a decline in calendar days and thermal time from sowing to flowering. The response was most pronounced in sowings of Kompolti, which flowered within a short period and differed more substantially in durations to flowering. Earlier sowings were limited by premature flowering in response to shorter daylengths and by poor drainage at one of the 2 trial sites. The success of early sowings in Tasmania would appear to depend on finding cultivars less sensitive tophotoperiod, and cultivation on well drained sites. A further trial was conducted to investigate the influence of plant density on hemp yields. Treatments included densities from 50 to 300 plants/m 2 . Plant density declined with crop growth across all treatments and was most pronounced for populations of 200 and 300 plants/m 2 . Final harvest stem yield responded in a parabolic manner to plant density, with maximum yields at about 110 plants/m 2 . Differences in the percentage of the long, high quality bark fibre at final harvest were generally small and not significant. However, regression analysis of the response of bark percentage suggested a linear decline with increasing initial density.

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