scholarly journals Suburban stream erosion rates in northern Kentucky exceed reference channels by an order of magnitude and follow predictable trajectories of channel evolution

Geomorphology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 352 ◽  
pp. 106998
Author(s):  
Robert J. Hawley ◽  
Katherine R. MacMannis ◽  
Matthew S. Wooten ◽  
Elizabeth V. Fet ◽  
Nora L. Korth
2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 1047-1092 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Attal ◽  
S. M. Mudd ◽  
M. D. Hurst ◽  
B. Weinman ◽  
K. Yoo ◽  
...  

Abstract. The characteristics of the sediment transported by rivers (e.g., sediment flux, grain size distribution – GSD –) dictate whether rivers aggrade or erode their substrate. They also condition the architecture and properties of sedimentary successions in basins. In this study, we investigate the relationship between landscape steepness and the grain size of hillslope and fluvial sediments. The study area is located within the Feather River Basin in Northern California, and studied basins are underlain exclusively by tonalite lithology. Erosion rates in the study area vary over an order of magnitude, from > 250 mm ka−1 in the Feather River canyon to < 15 mm ka−1 on an adjacent low relief plateau. We find that the coarseness of hillslope sediment increases with increasing hillslope steepness and erosion rates. We hypothesize that, in our soil samples, the measured ten-fold increase in D50 and doubling of the amount of fragments larger than 1 mm when slope increases from 0.38 to 0.83 m m−1 is due to a decrease in the residence time of rock fragments, causing particles to be exposed for shorter periods of time to processes that can reduce grain size. For slopes in excess of 0.7 m m−1, landslides and scree cones supply much coarser sediment to rivers, with D50 and D84 more than one order of magnitude larger than in soils. In the tributary basins of the Feather River, a prominent break in slope developed in response to the rapid incision of the Feather River. Downstream of the break in slope, fluvial sediment grain size increases, due to an increase in flow competence (mostly driven by channel steepening) but also by a change in sediment source and in sediment dynamics: on the plateau upstream of the break in slope, rivers transport easily mobilised fine-grained sediment derived exclusively from soils. Downstream of the break in slope, mass wasting processes supply a wide range of grain sizes that rivers entrain selectively, depending on the competence of their flow. Our results also suggest that in this study site, hillslopes respond rapidly to an increase in the rate of base-level lowering compared to rivers.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donovan P. Dennis ◽  
Dirk Scherler ◽  
Samuel Niedermann ◽  
Kristina Hippe ◽  
Hella Wittmann ◽  
...  

&lt;p&gt;The erosion of cold bedrock hillslopes in alpine environments depends not only on rates of frost weathering and accumulated rock damage, but additionally on the removal of the weathered material from the bedrock surface. In the Mont Blanc massif, steep bedrock faces with exposure ages sometimes much older than 50,000 years sit in close proximity to actively-eroding rockwalls, suggesting a more complex relationship between temperature and erosion rates than encompassed by the proposed &amp;#8220;frost-cracking window.&amp;#8221; Stochastic events like rockfalls and rock avalanches, despite their rarity, contribute a non-trivial proportion of the total sediment budget in alpine permafrost regions, adding to the contribution from background &amp;#8220;steady-state&amp;#8221; erosion. Employing a methodology based on the combination of in-situ cosmogenic nuclides &lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;He -&lt;sup&gt;10&lt;/sup&gt;Be-&lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;C, we test the temperature-dependence of high-alpine erosion while taking into account erosional stochasticity.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;From cosmogenic &lt;sup&gt;10&lt;/sup&gt;Be concentrations of amalgamated samples collected on the Aiguille du Midi (3842 m a.s.l.) in the Mont Blanc massif, we find an order of magnitude difference in erosion rate across the peak&amp;#8217;s surface. Our preliminary measured erosion rates, ranging between appx. 0.03 mm yr&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; and 1.0 mm yr&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;, correlate neither with modern temperature measurements from borehole thermistors, nor with our current estimates of bedrock cosmogenic &lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;He-derived paleotemperatures. The corresponding cosmogenic &lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;C/&lt;sup&gt;10&lt;/sup&gt;Be ratios (between 1.70 and 4.0) for these erosion rates indicate that our measurements are not biased by recent stochastic rockfall events. Our current results therefore suggest that on geomorphic timescales, bedrock hillslope erosion rates are not set solely by rates of frost-cracking, but rather by the combined effects of frost-cracking and permafrost thaw-induced rockfalls. These insights are relevant both for short-term monitoring of alpine permafrost and associated geohazards under a warming climate, as well as studies of proposed &amp;#8220;buzzsaws&amp;#8221; operating on glacial-interglacial timescales.&lt;/p&gt;


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elco Luijendijk

&lt;p&gt;The role of groundwater flow in determining overland flow, drainage density and landscape evolution has long been debated. Landscape models often only address groundwater as a simplified storage term and do not explicitly include lateral groundwater flow, although recently some model codes have started to include lateral flow. However, the role of groundwater flow on landscape evolution has not been explored systematically to my knowledge. Here I present a new numerical and analytical model that combines groundwater flow, saturation overland flow, hillslope diffusion and stream erosion. A number of model experiments were run with different values of transmissivity and groundwater recharge. The model results demonstrate that transmissivity, groundwater flow and the depth of the watertable strongly govern overland flow, the incision of stream channels and erosion rates. The results imply that the permeability and transmissivity of the subsurface are important parameters for explaining and modelling landscape evolution. &amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;


2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon D. Pelletier ◽  
Mary H. Nichols ◽  
Mark A. Nearing

Abstract. Quantifying how landscapes have responded and will respond to vegetation changes is an essential goal of geomorphology. The Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed offers a unique opportunity to quantify the impact of vegetation changes on landscape evolution over geologic time scales. The Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed (WGEW) is dominated by grasslands at high elevations and shrublands at low elevations. Paleovegetation data suggest that portions of WGEW higher than approximately 1430 m a.s.l. have been grasslands and/or woodlands throughout the late Quaternary, while elevations lower than 1430 m a.s.l. changed from a grassland/woodland to a shrubland c. 2–4 ka. Elevations below 1430 m a.s.l. have decadal time-scale erosion rates approximately ten times higher, drainage densities approximately three times higher, and hillslope-scale relief approximately three times lower than elevations above 1430 m. We leverage the abundant geomorphic data collected at WGEW over the past several decades to calibrate a mathematical model that predicts the equilibrium drainage density in shrublands and grasslands/woodlands at WGEW. We use this model to test the hypothesis that the difference in drainage density between the shrublands and grassland/woodlands at WGEW is partly the result of a late Holocene vegetation change in the lower elevations of WGEW, using the upper elevations as a control. Model predictions for the increase in drainage density associated with the shift from grasslands/woodlands to shrublands are consistent with measured values. Using modern erosion rates and the magnitude of relief reduction associated with the transition from grasslands/woodlands to shrublands, we estimate the timing of the grassland-to-shrubland transition in the lower elevations of WGEW to be approximately 3 ka, i.e., broadly consistent with paleovegetation studies. Our results provide support for the hypothesis that common vegetation changes in semi-arid environments (e.g. from grassland to shrubland) can change erosion rates by more than an order of magnitude, with important consequences for landscape morphology.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Isabel Machado ◽  
Bruna Oliveira ◽  
Dalila Serpa ◽  
Martha Santos ◽  
Fátima Jesus ◽  
...  

&lt;p&gt;Wildfires are well-known to negative affect forest both directly and indirectly, due to fire-enhanced runoff generation and the associated losses of wildfire ash, soil, organic matter and nutrients. In turn, post-fire runoff and erosion can, promote eutrophication and contamination of downstream surface water bodies. A variety of erosion mitigation measures have been tested in recently burnt areas, with especially mulching with straw having been applied in operational post-fire land management in the USA and Galicia. The present work, evaluates the effectiveness of a new erosion mitigation strategy, using geotubes filled with mycotechnosols and straw, and compares it to that of mulching. This was done for the two prevalent forest types in central Portugal and Galicia, i.e. an eucalypt plantation in Central Portugal and a pine plantation in Galicia that both burnt during the summer of 2019. &amp;#160;Both study sites were instrumented with 9 bounded erosion plots of 16m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; with sediment traps at the bottom of the plots, divided over three blocks. The three treatments of doing nothing, mulching and geotubes were applied to one plot per block. In total, 4 geotubes were placed in each plot to create a barrier in the middle of the plot and at the bottom, just before the sediment deposition zone at the plot outlet. Mulching was done with chopped eucalypt bark at the eucalypt site and with pine needles at the pine site, at application rates of roughly 250 g m&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt;. Eroded sediments were collected on a bi-weekly to monthly basis, depending on occurrence of rain, during the first post-fire hydrological year. The results showed that the erosion rates of the control plots differed about one order of magnitude between the two sites, amounting to &amp;#160;an average of 11 Mg &amp;#160;ha&lt;sup&gt;-1 &lt;/sup&gt;y-&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; at the pine site as opposed to 1.0 Mg ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; y-&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; &amp;#160;at the eucalypt site. This discrepancy was probably related to soil type (derived from granite vs. schist) and stoniness. Mulching was somewhat more effective than the geotubes at the pines site, with reduction in average annual erosion rates of 84 and 77%, respectively. The opposite was true at the eucalypt site, with annual erosion reductions of on average 75 and 62%. The use of geotubes would therefore seem a further option for forest and water resources managers to decrease markedly the risks of both elevated and reduced soil (fertility) losses from recently burnt hillslopes and the associated risks for downstream values.&lt;/p&gt;


2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 471-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon D. Pelletier ◽  
Mary H. Nichols ◽  
Mark A. Nearing

Abstract. Quantifying how landscapes have responded and will respond to vegetation changes is an essential goal of geomorphology. The Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed (WGEW) offers a unique opportunity to quantify the impact of vegetation changes on landscape evolution over geologic timescales. The WGEW is dominated by grasslands at high elevations and shrublands at low elevations. Paleovegetation data suggest that portions of WGEW higher than approximately 1430 m a.s.l. have been grasslands and/or woodlands throughout the late Quaternary, while elevations lower than 1430 m a.s.l. changed from a grassland/woodland to a shrubland ca. 2–4 ka. Elevations below 1430 m a.s.l. have decadal timescale erosion rates approximately 10 times higher, drainage densities approximately 3 times higher, and hillslope-scale relief approximately 3 times lower than elevations above 1430 m. We leverage the abundant geomorphic data collected at WGEW over the past several decades to calibrate a mathematical model that predicts the equilibrium drainage density in shrublands and grasslands/woodlands at WGEW. We use this model to test the hypothesis that the difference in drainage density between the shrublands and grassland/woodlands at WGEW is partly the result of a late Holocene vegetation change in the lower elevations of WGEW, using the upper elevations as a control. Model predictions for the increase in drainage density associated with the shift from grasslands/woodlands to shrublands are consistent with measured values. Using modern erosion rates and the magnitude of relief reduction associated with the transition from grasslands/woodlands to shrublands, we estimate the timing of the grassland-to-shrubland transition in the lower elevations of WGEW to be approximately 3 ka, i.e., broadly consistent with paleovegetation studies. Our results provide support for the hypothesis that common vegetation changes in semi-arid environments (e.g., from grassland to shrubland) can change erosion rates by more than an order of magnitude, with important consequences for landscape morphology.


Eos ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terri Cook

The effect of particle size on bedrock erosion rates adds complexity to modeling bedrock channel evolution.


2020 ◽  
pp. 7-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maarten J. De Wit ◽  
Bastien Linol ◽  
Vhuhwavhohau Nengovhela

The Kango (Cango) region flanks the northern margins of the Klein Karoo and the Cape Mountains across the Western Cape Province of South Africa. It preserves a condensed Proterozoic–Paleozoic stratigraphy exposed via a Mesozoic–Cenozoic morphology with a present Alpine-like topography. Its rocks and landscapes have been repeatedly mapped and documented for the past 150 years. Over the last 25 years, we remapped and dated a central-eastern section of this region. The subvertically bedded and cleaved rocks reveal an 8–10 km thick stratigraphy covering more than 700 million years between ca. 1200 and 500 Ma with several unconformities and disconformities. At ca. 252 Ma, during the Cape orogeny, this Kango Complex was deformed along thrusts and sub-isoclinal folds producing steeply dipping phyllites and slates. It was uplifted by 3–5 km during the Kalahari epeirogeny between 140 and 60 Ma while eroding at ca. 100–200 m/m.y. (120–80 Ma). During the Cenozoic, the rate of uplift decreased by an order of magnitude and today is ca. 0.4–0.7 m/m.y. across steep slopes and canyons in contrast to the Himalayas where erosion rates are about hundred times faster. A recent publication about this central-eastern section of the Kango region disputes the existence of regional isoclinal folds and suggests that deposition of the oldest sedimentary successions, including carbonate rocks of the Cango Caves (limestone-marble with enigmatic microfossils) was simple, continuous and restricted to between ca. 700 and 500 Ma, decreasing earlier estimates of the stratigraphic age range by 60–80%. Similarly, recent interpretations of the complex landscapes link the northern contact between the Kango and Table Mountain rock sequences to Quaternary faults. We present a new geological database, mapped between 1:500 and 1:10,000 scales, and twelve stratigraphic sections with younging directions linked to structural and isotopic data that support repetitions along regional isoclinal folds and thrust zones of the Kango sequences during the Permo–Triassic Cape orogeny, and geomorphic data that link the origin of its landscapes to weathering and erosion during the Cretaceous–Cenozoic Kalahari epeirogeny. During its evolution, the Kango Basin directly flanked both Grenvillian and Pan-African Mountain systems. But, at an average sedimentation rate of ca. 1 mm/70 years (0.014 mm/year) and with present low erosion rates (0.005 mm/year), there is likely more time missing than preserved of the tectono-erosion across these different regions of Rodinia and Gondwana before Africa emerged. To further evaluate the geodynamic significance of these time gaps requires more field mapping linked to new transdisciplinary geosciences. RÉSUMÉLa région du Kango (Cango) flanque les marges nord du petit Karoo et des montagnes du Cap dans la province du Western Cape en Afrique du Sud. Elle préserve une stratigraphie condensée protérozoïque–paléozoïque exposée via une morphologie mésozoïque–cénozoïque avec une topographie actuelle de type alpin. Ses roches et ses paysages ont été cartographiés et documentés durant les 150 dernières années. Au cours des 25 dernières années, nous avons re-cartographié et daté une section du centre-est de cette région. Les roches litées de manière subverticale et clivées révèlent une stratigraphie de 8 à 10 km d'épaisseur couvrant plus de 700 millions d'années entre environ 1200 et 500 Ma avec plusieurs non-conformités et disconformités. À 252 Ma, au cours de l'orogenèse du Cap, ce Complexe du Kango s'est déformé le long de chevauchements et de plis isoclinaux produisant des schistes à fort pendage. Il a été soulevé de 3 à 5 km au cours de l'épirogenèse du Kalahari entre 140 et 60 Ma, tout en s'érodant à 100–200 m/m.a. (120–80 Ma). Pendant le Cénozoïque, le taux de soulèvement a diminué d'un ordre de grandeur et il est aujourd'hui d'environ 0,4 à 0,7 m/m.a. à travers des pentes abruptes et des canyons, contrairement à l'Himalaya où les taux d'érosion sont environ cent fois plus rapides. Une publication récente sur cette section du centre-est de la région du Kango conteste l'existence de plis isoclinaux régionaux et suggère que le dépôt des plus anciennes successions sédimentaires, y compris les roches carbonatées des Grottes du Cango (marbre calcaire avec des microfossiles énigmatiques) était simple, continu et limité entre environ 700 et 500 Ma, diminuant les estimations antérieures de la tranche d'âge stratigraphique de 60-80%. De même, des interprétations récentes des paysages complexes relient le contact nord entre les séquences rocheuses du Kango et de Table Mountain à des failles quaternaires. Nous présentons une nouvelle base de données géologiques, cartographiée à des échelles entre 1:500 et 1:10,000, et douze coupes stratigraphiques avec des directions de superposition liées à des données structurales et isotopiques qui concordent avec les répétitions le long des plis isoclinaux régionaux et des zones de chevauchement des séquences du Kango pendant l’orogenèse permo–triassique du Cap, et des données géomorphiques qui relient l'origine de ses paysages à l’altération et à l'érosion au cours de l'épirogenèse du Kalahari au Crétacé–Cénozoïque. Au cours de son évolution, le bassin du Kango flanquait les systèmes montagneux grenvillien et panafricain. Mais, à un taux de sédimentation moyen d’environ 1 mm/70 ans (0,014 mm/an) et avec les faibles taux d'érosion actuels (0,005 mm/an), il manque probablement plus d’enregistrements de la tectonique et érosion de ces différentes régions de Rodinia et Gondwana avant l'émergence de l'Afrique que ce qui est actuellement préservé. Pour évaluer la signification géodynamique de ces intervalles de temps manquant, il faut d’avantage de cartographie de terrain associée à de nouvelles géosciences transdisciplinaires.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duna Roda-Boluda ◽  
Taylor Schilgen ◽  
Maarten Lupker ◽  
Wittmann Hella ◽  
Prancevic Jeff ◽  
...  

&lt;p&gt;Landslides are the major erosional process in many orogens, and one of the most sensitive erosional process to tectonic and climatic perturbations. However, it remains extremely difficult to constrain long-term or past rates of landslide activity, and hence their contribution to long-term landscape evolution and catchment sediment fluxes, because the physical records of landsliding are often removed in &lt;10&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; yrs. Here, we use the in-situ &lt;sup&gt;10&lt;/sup&gt;Be and in-situ &lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;C concentrations of recent landslide deposits and catchments from the Fiordland and the Southern Alps of New Zealand to: (a) estimate landslide frequencies over 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;-10&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; yr timescales, which we compare against landslide inventories mapped from air photos (&lt;10&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; yrs) to estimate changes in landslide activity, (b) quantify catchment-averaged erosion rates, and landslide&amp;#8217;s contribution to those erosional fluxes, and (c) test whether paired &lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;C-&lt;sup&gt;10&lt;/sup&gt;Be measurements can be used to trace erosional depth-provenance and identify transient erosion rate changes. We show that &lt;sup&gt;10&lt;/sup&gt;Be concentrations on landslide deposits can be used to estimate landslide recurrence intervals and frequency over 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; yr timescales, and that &lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;C/&lt;sup&gt;10&lt;/sup&gt;Be ratios reflect the depth-provenance of sediment, and possibly transient changes in erosion rates. The comparison of our &lt;sup&gt;10&lt;/sup&gt;Be-based long-term landslide frequencies with short-term published inventories suggests that landslide frequencies have increased towards the present by up to an order of magnitude. We compare sediment fluxes inferred from these long- and short-term landslide inventories with sediment flux estimates derived from &lt;sup&gt;10&lt;/sup&gt;Be catchment-averaged erosion rates, which allows us to examine fluctuations in erosion rate estimates from 10&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; to 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; yrs timescales.&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;


Author(s):  
Francis K. Rengers

Wildfire has been a constant presence on the Earth since at least the Silurian period, and is a landscape-scale catalyst that results in a step-change perturbation for hydrologic systems, which ripples across burned terrain, shaping the geomorphic legacy of watersheds. Specifically, wildfire alters two key landscape properties: (1) overland flow, and (2) soil erodibility. Overland flow and soil erodibility have both been seen to increase after wildfires, resulting in order-of-magnitude increases in erosion rates during rainstorms with relatively frequent recurrence intervals. On short timescales, wildfire increases erosion and leads to natural hazards that are costly and threatening to society. Over longer timescales, wildfire-induced erosion can account for the majority of total denudation in certain settings with long-term implications for landscape evolution. There is a special focus on debris flows in this document because they are the most destructive geomorphic processes observed to follow wildfires after high severity burns. To date, research on post-wildfire debris flows has focused on: the provenance of sediment moved in debris flows, the hydrologic and soil properties required to produce debris flows, and debris flow initiation mechanisms. Herein we highlight the relevant research articles showing the current state of progress in debris flow research as well as pointing to the fundamental research on post-wildfire hydrology and erosion necessary for understanding how water and sediment behave after wildfires.


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