scholarly journals Proterozoic–Paleozoic Sedimentary Rocks and Mesozoic–Cenozoic Landscapes of the Cape Mountains Across the Kango Complex Reveal ‘More Gaps Than Record’ from Rodinia and Gondwana to Africa

2020 ◽  
pp. 7-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maarten J. De Wit ◽  
Bastien Linol ◽  
Vhuhwavhohau Nengovhela

The Kango (Cango) region flanks the northern margins of the Klein Karoo and the Cape Mountains across the Western Cape Province of South Africa. It preserves a condensed Proterozoic–Paleozoic stratigraphy exposed via a Mesozoic–Cenozoic morphology with a present Alpine-like topography. Its rocks and landscapes have been repeatedly mapped and documented for the past 150 years. Over the last 25 years, we remapped and dated a central-eastern section of this region. The subvertically bedded and cleaved rocks reveal an 8–10 km thick stratigraphy covering more than 700 million years between ca. 1200 and 500 Ma with several unconformities and disconformities. At ca. 252 Ma, during the Cape orogeny, this Kango Complex was deformed along thrusts and sub-isoclinal folds producing steeply dipping phyllites and slates. It was uplifted by 3–5 km during the Kalahari epeirogeny between 140 and 60 Ma while eroding at ca. 100–200 m/m.y. (120–80 Ma). During the Cenozoic, the rate of uplift decreased by an order of magnitude and today is ca. 0.4–0.7 m/m.y. across steep slopes and canyons in contrast to the Himalayas where erosion rates are about hundred times faster. A recent publication about this central-eastern section of the Kango region disputes the existence of regional isoclinal folds and suggests that deposition of the oldest sedimentary successions, including carbonate rocks of the Cango Caves (limestone-marble with enigmatic microfossils) was simple, continuous and restricted to between ca. 700 and 500 Ma, decreasing earlier estimates of the stratigraphic age range by 60–80%. Similarly, recent interpretations of the complex landscapes link the northern contact between the Kango and Table Mountain rock sequences to Quaternary faults. We present a new geological database, mapped between 1:500 and 1:10,000 scales, and twelve stratigraphic sections with younging directions linked to structural and isotopic data that support repetitions along regional isoclinal folds and thrust zones of the Kango sequences during the Permo–Triassic Cape orogeny, and geomorphic data that link the origin of its landscapes to weathering and erosion during the Cretaceous–Cenozoic Kalahari epeirogeny. During its evolution, the Kango Basin directly flanked both Grenvillian and Pan-African Mountain systems. But, at an average sedimentation rate of ca. 1 mm/70 years (0.014 mm/year) and with present low erosion rates (0.005 mm/year), there is likely more time missing than preserved of the tectono-erosion across these different regions of Rodinia and Gondwana before Africa emerged. To further evaluate the geodynamic significance of these time gaps requires more field mapping linked to new transdisciplinary geosciences. RÉSUMÉLa région du Kango (Cango) flanque les marges nord du petit Karoo et des montagnes du Cap dans la province du Western Cape en Afrique du Sud. Elle préserve une stratigraphie condensée protérozoïque–paléozoïque exposée via une morphologie mésozoïque–cénozoïque avec une topographie actuelle de type alpin. Ses roches et ses paysages ont été cartographiés et documentés durant les 150 dernières années. Au cours des 25 dernières années, nous avons re-cartographié et daté une section du centre-est de cette région. Les roches litées de manière subverticale et clivées révèlent une stratigraphie de 8 à 10 km d'épaisseur couvrant plus de 700 millions d'années entre environ 1200 et 500 Ma avec plusieurs non-conformités et disconformités. À 252 Ma, au cours de l'orogenèse du Cap, ce Complexe du Kango s'est déformé le long de chevauchements et de plis isoclinaux produisant des schistes à fort pendage. Il a été soulevé de 3 à 5 km au cours de l'épirogenèse du Kalahari entre 140 et 60 Ma, tout en s'érodant à 100–200 m/m.a. (120–80 Ma). Pendant le Cénozoïque, le taux de soulèvement a diminué d'un ordre de grandeur et il est aujourd'hui d'environ 0,4 à 0,7 m/m.a. à travers des pentes abruptes et des canyons, contrairement à l'Himalaya où les taux d'érosion sont environ cent fois plus rapides. Une publication récente sur cette section du centre-est de la région du Kango conteste l'existence de plis isoclinaux régionaux et suggère que le dépôt des plus anciennes successions sédimentaires, y compris les roches carbonatées des Grottes du Cango (marbre calcaire avec des microfossiles énigmatiques) était simple, continu et limité entre environ 700 et 500 Ma, diminuant les estimations antérieures de la tranche d'âge stratigraphique de 60-80%. De même, des interprétations récentes des paysages complexes relient le contact nord entre les séquences rocheuses du Kango et de Table Mountain à des failles quaternaires. Nous présentons une nouvelle base de données géologiques, cartographiée à des échelles entre 1:500 et 1:10,000, et douze coupes stratigraphiques avec des directions de superposition liées à des données structurales et isotopiques qui concordent avec les répétitions le long des plis isoclinaux régionaux et des zones de chevauchement des séquences du Kango pendant l’orogenèse permo–triassique du Cap, et des données géomorphiques qui relient l'origine de ses paysages à l’altération et à l'érosion au cours de l'épirogenèse du Kalahari au Crétacé–Cénozoïque. Au cours de son évolution, le bassin du Kango flanquait les systèmes montagneux grenvillien et panafricain. Mais, à un taux de sédimentation moyen d’environ 1 mm/70 ans (0,014 mm/an) et avec les faibles taux d'érosion actuels (0,005 mm/an), il manque probablement plus d’enregistrements de la tectonique et érosion de ces différentes régions de Rodinia et Gondwana avant l'émergence de l'Afrique que ce qui est actuellement préservé. Pour évaluer la signification géodynamique de ces intervalles de temps manquant, il faut d’avantage de cartographie de terrain associée à de nouvelles géosciences transdisciplinaires.

1998 ◽  
Vol 188 ◽  
pp. 13-16
Author(s):  
R. Pallavicini

A number of major advances in stellar coronal physics have occurred since 1990 mainly as a consequence of imaging observations by ROSAT and spectroscopic observations by ASCA. These can be summarised as follows: 1.an all-sky survey has been performed by ROSAT at a sensitivity of ~ 2 × 10−13 erg cm−2 s−1, complemented by pointed observations an order of magnitude deeper;2.complete mapping and deeper pointings have been obtained for virtually all open clusters closer than ~ 500 pc, and covering the age range from ~ 30 Myr to ~ 700 Myr;3.complete mapping and deeper paintings have been obtained for several Star Forming Regions (SFRs) covering the age range ~ 1 to ~ 10 Myr;4.spectroscopic observations of bright coronal sources have been obtained with EUVE and ASCA allowing the derivation of the temperature structure and elemental abundances.


2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 1047-1092 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Attal ◽  
S. M. Mudd ◽  
M. D. Hurst ◽  
B. Weinman ◽  
K. Yoo ◽  
...  

Abstract. The characteristics of the sediment transported by rivers (e.g., sediment flux, grain size distribution – GSD –) dictate whether rivers aggrade or erode their substrate. They also condition the architecture and properties of sedimentary successions in basins. In this study, we investigate the relationship between landscape steepness and the grain size of hillslope and fluvial sediments. The study area is located within the Feather River Basin in Northern California, and studied basins are underlain exclusively by tonalite lithology. Erosion rates in the study area vary over an order of magnitude, from > 250 mm ka−1 in the Feather River canyon to < 15 mm ka−1 on an adjacent low relief plateau. We find that the coarseness of hillslope sediment increases with increasing hillslope steepness and erosion rates. We hypothesize that, in our soil samples, the measured ten-fold increase in D50 and doubling of the amount of fragments larger than 1 mm when slope increases from 0.38 to 0.83 m m−1 is due to a decrease in the residence time of rock fragments, causing particles to be exposed for shorter periods of time to processes that can reduce grain size. For slopes in excess of 0.7 m m−1, landslides and scree cones supply much coarser sediment to rivers, with D50 and D84 more than one order of magnitude larger than in soils. In the tributary basins of the Feather River, a prominent break in slope developed in response to the rapid incision of the Feather River. Downstream of the break in slope, fluvial sediment grain size increases, due to an increase in flow competence (mostly driven by channel steepening) but also by a change in sediment source and in sediment dynamics: on the plateau upstream of the break in slope, rivers transport easily mobilised fine-grained sediment derived exclusively from soils. Downstream of the break in slope, mass wasting processes supply a wide range of grain sizes that rivers entrain selectively, depending on the competence of their flow. Our results also suggest that in this study site, hillslopes respond rapidly to an increase in the rate of base-level lowering compared to rivers.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donovan P. Dennis ◽  
Dirk Scherler ◽  
Samuel Niedermann ◽  
Kristina Hippe ◽  
Hella Wittmann ◽  
...  

&lt;p&gt;The erosion of cold bedrock hillslopes in alpine environments depends not only on rates of frost weathering and accumulated rock damage, but additionally on the removal of the weathered material from the bedrock surface. In the Mont Blanc massif, steep bedrock faces with exposure ages sometimes much older than 50,000 years sit in close proximity to actively-eroding rockwalls, suggesting a more complex relationship between temperature and erosion rates than encompassed by the proposed &amp;#8220;frost-cracking window.&amp;#8221; Stochastic events like rockfalls and rock avalanches, despite their rarity, contribute a non-trivial proportion of the total sediment budget in alpine permafrost regions, adding to the contribution from background &amp;#8220;steady-state&amp;#8221; erosion. Employing a methodology based on the combination of in-situ cosmogenic nuclides &lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;He -&lt;sup&gt;10&lt;/sup&gt;Be-&lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;C, we test the temperature-dependence of high-alpine erosion while taking into account erosional stochasticity.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;From cosmogenic &lt;sup&gt;10&lt;/sup&gt;Be concentrations of amalgamated samples collected on the Aiguille du Midi (3842 m a.s.l.) in the Mont Blanc massif, we find an order of magnitude difference in erosion rate across the peak&amp;#8217;s surface. Our preliminary measured erosion rates, ranging between appx. 0.03 mm yr&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; and 1.0 mm yr&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;, correlate neither with modern temperature measurements from borehole thermistors, nor with our current estimates of bedrock cosmogenic &lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;He-derived paleotemperatures. The corresponding cosmogenic &lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;C/&lt;sup&gt;10&lt;/sup&gt;Be ratios (between 1.70 and 4.0) for these erosion rates indicate that our measurements are not biased by recent stochastic rockfall events. Our current results therefore suggest that on geomorphic timescales, bedrock hillslope erosion rates are not set solely by rates of frost-cracking, but rather by the combined effects of frost-cracking and permafrost thaw-induced rockfalls. These insights are relevant both for short-term monitoring of alpine permafrost and associated geohazards under a warming climate, as well as studies of proposed &amp;#8220;buzzsaws&amp;#8221; operating on glacial-interglacial timescales.&lt;/p&gt;


Geology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (12) ◽  
pp. 1159-1163
Author(s):  
Neil S. Davies ◽  
Anthony P. Shillito ◽  
Cameron R. Penn-Clarke

Abstract New observations from an outcrop of Upper Ordovician Table Mountain Group strata (Matjiesgoedkloof, Western Cape Province, South Africa) have revealed an unexpected ichnofauna that is hosted within diamictites and sandstones that were deposited by a retreating low-latitude (∼30°S) ice sheet during the Hirnantian glaciation. The locality provides a rare window onto animal-sediment interactions in an early Paleozoic ice-marginal shallow-marine environment and contains a trace fossil community with a surprising ichnodiversity and ichnodisparity of burrows, trackways, and trails (Archaeonassa, Diplichnites, Heimdallia, Metaichna, ?Multina, Planolites, Protovirgularia, Skolithos). Exceptional phenomena preserved in the strata include evidence for direct colonization of glacial diamictites by deep-burrowing Heimdallia infauna, and interactions between trackways and dropstones on substrates. Observations from the newly recognized outcrop dramatically expand our understanding of deep-time glacial habitats, demonstrating that deglaciating ice margins had already been colonized by the latest Ordovician. The freshwater influx that would have been associated with such settings implies that faunal associations that were tolerant of brackish water were also established by that time. The locality has further significance because it records the activity of a nearshore animal community contemporaneous with the fauna of the nearby Soom Shale lägerstatte. Combined, these features reveal a paleoecological transect of the diverse marine life that inhabited cold-climate, low-latitude shallow seas around the time of the end-Ordovician deglaciation.


2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon D. Pelletier ◽  
Mary H. Nichols ◽  
Mark A. Nearing

Abstract. Quantifying how landscapes have responded and will respond to vegetation changes is an essential goal of geomorphology. The Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed offers a unique opportunity to quantify the impact of vegetation changes on landscape evolution over geologic time scales. The Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed (WGEW) is dominated by grasslands at high elevations and shrublands at low elevations. Paleovegetation data suggest that portions of WGEW higher than approximately 1430 m a.s.l. have been grasslands and/or woodlands throughout the late Quaternary, while elevations lower than 1430 m a.s.l. changed from a grassland/woodland to a shrubland c. 2–4 ka. Elevations below 1430 m a.s.l. have decadal time-scale erosion rates approximately ten times higher, drainage densities approximately three times higher, and hillslope-scale relief approximately three times lower than elevations above 1430 m. We leverage the abundant geomorphic data collected at WGEW over the past several decades to calibrate a mathematical model that predicts the equilibrium drainage density in shrublands and grasslands/woodlands at WGEW. We use this model to test the hypothesis that the difference in drainage density between the shrublands and grassland/woodlands at WGEW is partly the result of a late Holocene vegetation change in the lower elevations of WGEW, using the upper elevations as a control. Model predictions for the increase in drainage density associated with the shift from grasslands/woodlands to shrublands are consistent with measured values. Using modern erosion rates and the magnitude of relief reduction associated with the transition from grasslands/woodlands to shrublands, we estimate the timing of the grassland-to-shrubland transition in the lower elevations of WGEW to be approximately 3 ka, i.e., broadly consistent with paleovegetation studies. Our results provide support for the hypothesis that common vegetation changes in semi-arid environments (e.g. from grassland to shrubland) can change erosion rates by more than an order of magnitude, with important consequences for landscape morphology.


2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Häuselmann ◽  
Darryl E. Granger

Kozmični žarki povzročajo nastanek kozmogenih nuklidov na površini zemlje in tik pod njo. Za datiranje jamskih sedimentov sta posebej pomembna 10Be in 26Al, ki nastajata v kremenu. Ko je kamen na površini in izpostavljen kozmičnemu sevanju, nastajata v stalnem razmerju. Ko ga zanese v podzemlje, se tvorba kozmogenih nuklidov ustavi, nadaljuje pa se njihov radioaktivni razpad. Ker 26 Al razpada hitreje, lahko iz razmerja med njima izračunamo čas, ki je potekel odkar je kremen pod zemljo. Metodo lahko uporabimo na sedimentih, ki so pokopani oziroma v jami med 0.1 in 5 milijoni let. Na ta način lahko v idealnih primerih izračunamo hitrost vrezovanja dolin. Z opisano metodo smo določili starost najstarejših delov sistema Siebenhengste v Švici. Najstarejši sediment je star 4.4 ± 0.6 Ma in nakazuje, da je na tem območju potekalo zakrasevanje že v pliocenu.  Cosmic rays produce nuclides at and near the Earthʼs surface. 10Be and 26Al in quartz are of particular interest for dating cave sediments. These two nuclides are produced at the surface at a fixed ratio. If the quartz is carried from the surface into a cave, the sediment is shielded from additional cosmogenic nuclide production, and the inherited 10Be and 26Al decay radioactively. Because 26Al decays more rapidly than 10Be, the ratio of these two nuclides indicates the time since the sediment was washed underground. The burial dating method can be applied to sediments in the age range of approximately 0.1 to 5 Ma. In ideal cases, we get information about valley lowering rates. If the provenance of the sediment is known, averaged erosion rates of the source area can be estimated. The oldest cave phases of the Siebenhengste system, Switzerland, were dated using cosmogenic nuclides. The oldest sediment is 4.4 ± 0.6 Ma and thus indicates Pliocene karstification of the Siebenhengste.    


2019 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.E. Diamond ◽  
C. Harris

Abstract The Table Mountain Group is a folded, faulted, quartzite-dominated sedimentary sequence, metamorphosed to lower greenschist facies, that forms steep mountains dominating the topography of the Western Cape and causing orographic rainfall in an otherwise semi-arid region. These quartzites are highly fractured to depths of kilometres and act as a complex aquifer system that supplies groundwater directly and indirectly, through baseflow, essential for sustaining the natural environment and human activity in the region. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope data for rain, rivers and groundwater (boreholes and springs) in the region give typical altitude effects of -1.8‰ δD/100 m and -0.33‰ δ18O/100 m, and a very strong continental effect of -30‰ δD/100 km and -4.7‰ δ18O/100 km. This allows for application of stable isotopes as natural hydrological tracers. Groundwater at several locations had stable isotope compositions different from ambient rainfall, but similar to rainfall at high altitudes in adjacent mountains, indicating recharge at high altitude. The groundwater flow is through the Skurweberg Aquifer, here defined as all three formations of the Nardouw Subgroup. Observations on the Peninsula Aquifer suggest a very well mixed aquifer, due to extensive fracturing. Potential exists to delineate groundwater protection zones, detect overabstraction and understand aquifer connectivity better by applying stable isotope hydrology to the Table Mountain Group.


Bothalia ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Davis

A description of the community and its climatic and edaphic environments is given for a stand of Mountain Fynbos vegetation codominated by  Leucadendron xanthoconus and  Chondropetalum hookerianum.  The paper categorizes aspects of the study site either according to existing classifications, or by comparison with other fynbos systems. Comparison of rainfall and temperature data with those collected at an agricultural research station in the region indicated high variability in the spatial and temporal pattern of precipitation, and an air temperature regime which was influenced by the topography. Analysis of vegetation data revealed a species richness lower than other fynbos communities, but a species turnover of similar magnitude. A list of flowering plants and ferns found in the stand is appended. The soil of Table Mountain Group origin comprised a colluvial A -E horizon with a well defined stone-line, and residual B and C horizons of shale origin. It had low pH and nutrient status, with a high measured concentration of aluminium, especially in the B horizon.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Isabel Machado ◽  
Bruna Oliveira ◽  
Dalila Serpa ◽  
Martha Santos ◽  
Fátima Jesus ◽  
...  

&lt;p&gt;Wildfires are well-known to negative affect forest both directly and indirectly, due to fire-enhanced runoff generation and the associated losses of wildfire ash, soil, organic matter and nutrients. In turn, post-fire runoff and erosion can, promote eutrophication and contamination of downstream surface water bodies. A variety of erosion mitigation measures have been tested in recently burnt areas, with especially mulching with straw having been applied in operational post-fire land management in the USA and Galicia. The present work, evaluates the effectiveness of a new erosion mitigation strategy, using geotubes filled with mycotechnosols and straw, and compares it to that of mulching. This was done for the two prevalent forest types in central Portugal and Galicia, i.e. an eucalypt plantation in Central Portugal and a pine plantation in Galicia that both burnt during the summer of 2019. &amp;#160;Both study sites were instrumented with 9 bounded erosion plots of 16m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; with sediment traps at the bottom of the plots, divided over three blocks. The three treatments of doing nothing, mulching and geotubes were applied to one plot per block. In total, 4 geotubes were placed in each plot to create a barrier in the middle of the plot and at the bottom, just before the sediment deposition zone at the plot outlet. Mulching was done with chopped eucalypt bark at the eucalypt site and with pine needles at the pine site, at application rates of roughly 250 g m&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt;. Eroded sediments were collected on a bi-weekly to monthly basis, depending on occurrence of rain, during the first post-fire hydrological year. The results showed that the erosion rates of the control plots differed about one order of magnitude between the two sites, amounting to &amp;#160;an average of 11 Mg &amp;#160;ha&lt;sup&gt;-1 &lt;/sup&gt;y-&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; at the pine site as opposed to 1.0 Mg ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; y-&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; &amp;#160;at the eucalypt site. This discrepancy was probably related to soil type (derived from granite vs. schist) and stoniness. Mulching was somewhat more effective than the geotubes at the pines site, with reduction in average annual erosion rates of 84 and 77%, respectively. The opposite was true at the eucalypt site, with annual erosion reductions of on average 75 and 62%. The use of geotubes would therefore seem a further option for forest and water resources managers to decrease markedly the risks of both elevated and reduced soil (fertility) losses from recently burnt hillslopes and the associated risks for downstream values.&lt;/p&gt;


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