BET, TG–DTG, FT-IR, SEM, iodine number analysis and preparation of activated carbon from acorn shell by chemical activation with ZnCl2

2012 ◽  
Vol 95 ◽  
pp. 21-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cafer Saka
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Iodine Number ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Ft Ir

AKTIVASI KIMIA-FISIK LIMBAH SERUTAN ROTAN MENJADI KARBON AKTIF

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-98
Author(s):  
Andy Mizwar
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Iodine Number ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Impregnation Time ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Limbah rotan dari industri kerajinan dan mebel berpotensi untuk dijadikan sebagai bahan baku pembuatan karbon aktif karena memiliki kandungan holoselulosa dan kadar karbon yang tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efektifitas dari aktivasi kimia menggunakan larutan natrium klorida (NaCl) yang dilanjutkan dengan aktivasi fisik dalam pembuatan karbon aktif berbahan dasar  limbah serutan rotan. Pembuatan karbon aktif diawali dengan proses karbonisasi pada suhu 250°C selama 1 jam. Selanjutnya aktivasi kimia menggunakan larutan NaCl dengan variasi konsentrasi 10%, 15% dan 20% serta waktu perendaman selama 10, 15 dan 20 jam. Aktivasi fisik dilakukan dengan pembakaran pada suhu 700°C selama 30 menit. Analisis karakteristik fisik-kimia karbon aktif mengacu pada SNI 06-3730-95, meliputi kadar air, fixed carbon, dan iodine number, sedangkan perhitungan luas permukaan spesifik karbon aktif dilakukan dengan Metode Sears. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kondisi optimum aktivasi kimia terjadi pada konsentrasi NaCl 10% dan lama perendaman 10 jam dengan hasil analisis kadar air 2.90%, fixed carbon 72.70%, iodine number 994.59 mg/g dan luas permukaan 1587.67 m²/g. Peningkatan fixed carbon, iodine number dan luas permukaan karbon aktif berbanding terbalik dengan peningkatan konsentrasi NaCl dan lama waktu perendaman, sedangkan peningkatan kadar air pada karbon aktif berlaku sebaliknya. Rattan waste from handicraft and furniture industry could potentially be used as raw material of activated carbon due to high content of holoselulosa and carbon. This paper investigates the effectiveness of chemical activation using sodium chloride (NaCl) followed by physical activation in the making of activated carbon-based on rattan shavings waste. Preparation of the activated carbon began with the carbonization process at 250°C for 1 hour. Furthermore chemical activation using a variation of NaCl concentrations 10%, 15% and 20% as well as the time of immersion 10, 15 and 20 hours. Physical activation was done by burning at 700°C for 30 minutes. Analysis of the physical and chemical characteristics of the activated carbon was referred to the SNI 06-3730-95, including of moisture content, fixed carbon and iodine number, while the calculation of the specific surface area was done by the Sears’s method. The results of this study showed that the optimum conditions of chemical activation occurred in impregnation by NaCl 10% for 10 hours. The water content, fixed carbon, iodine number and surface area of activated carbon was 2.90%, 72.70%, 994.59 mg/g and 1587.67 m²/g  respectively. The increase values of fixed carbon, iodine number, and surface area was inversely proportional to the increase of NaCl concentration and the length of impregnation time, while the increase of water content applied vice versa.

Preparation of Activated Carbon of Lignin from Straw Pulping by Chemical Activation Using Potassium Carbonate

2011 ◽  
Vol 704-705 ◽  
pp. 517-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Juan Jin ◽  
Zhi Ming Yu ◽  
Gao Jiang Yan ◽  
Wu Yu
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Iodine Number ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Potassium Carbonate ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Chemical Agent ◽  
Optimum Conditions

Activated carbons were prepared through chemical activation of lignin from straw pulping precursor using potassium carbonate as the chemical agent. Effects of activated temperature, K2CO3/lignin ratio and the activated time on the yield, Iodine number of activated carbon were investigated. Experimental results indicated that the optimum conditions were as follow: activated temperature 800°C, K3CO3(40% concentration) /lignin ratio 5: l, activated time 50min. These conditions allowed us to obtain a BET surface area of 1104 m2/g, including the external or non-microporous surface of 417 m2/g，Amount of methylene blue adsorption, Iodine number and the yield of activated carbon prepared under optimum conditions were 10.6mL/0.lg,1310 mg/g and 19.75%, respectively.

scholarly journals Effect of Activator Type on Activated Carbon Characters from Teak Wood and The Bleaching Test for Waste Cooking Oil

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-89
Author(s):  
Sriatun Sriatun ◽  
Shabrina Herawati ◽  
Icha Aisyah
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Iodine Number ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Activation Temperature ◽  
Cooking Oil

The starting material for activated carbon was biomass from teak woodcutting, which consists of 47.5% cellulose, 14.4% hemicellulose, and 29.9% lignin. The surface area and iodine number of activated carbons are the factors determining the adsorption ability. This study aims to determine the effect of the activator type on activated carbon characters and test the absorption ability for waste cooking oil. The synthesis stages include carbonization, chemical activation, and then physics activation. The activation process consists of two steps. Firstly, the chemical activation via adding H2SO4, and H3PO4 at room temperature for 24 hours, the second, physical activation by heating at various temperatures of 300, 400, and 500 °C for two hours. The characterizations of activated carbon include water content, ash content, iodine number, functional groups, and surface area. Furthermore, the activated carbon was used as an adsorbent for waste cooking oil for 60 minutes at 100 °C with a stirring of 500 rpm. The results were analyzed using UV-Vis spectrophotometry at a maximum wavelength of 403 nm. The iodine numbers of activated carbon ranged 481.1-1211.4 mg/g and 494.8-1204 mg/g for H3PO4 and H2SO4, respectively.Activated carbon with H3PO4 of 15% and an activation temperature of 400 °C has the highest surface area of 445.30 m2/g.  The H2SO4 dan H3PO4 activators can be used to improve the quality of activated carbon in absorbing dyes in waste cooking oil, where the optimum concentration is 10-15% (v/v). The H3PO4 activator tends to produce a higher bleaching percentage than H2SO4. 

scholarly journals Preparation of activated carbon from banana peel waste for reducing air pollutant from motorcycle muffler

2018 ◽  
Vol 154 ◽  
pp. 01021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Achmad Chafidz ◽  
Widi Astuti ◽  
Dhoni Hartanto ◽  
Aulia Septiani Mutia ◽  
Purtiah Rantau Sari
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Banana Peel ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Ft Ir

The exhaust gas or emission from motor vehicle contains various pollutants and some of them are toxic and very harmful for human health. In the present work, we prepared an activated carbon to reduce the toxic pollutants (via adsorption process) from the exhaust gas of the motor vehicle (particularly motorcycle in this work). The activated carbon was prepared from local banana peel which considered as an agricultural waste without economic value. To prepare the activated carbon, banana peel was carbonized using furnace at 500°C. Then the resulted carbon was activated using chemical activation with ZnCl2 and physical activation with either microwave (300 W) or furnace (700°C). The prepared activated carbon was then characterized using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) analysis. The SEM result showed that the pore of microwave induced ZnCl2 activated carbon (ACM) was larger than the pore of virgin char/carbon and furnace induced ZnCl2 activataed carbon (ACF). The FT-IR spectrum of ACM showed some peaks at 3408.59 cm-1, 1589.25 cm-1, and 1093.63 cm-1. They are assigned to O-H stretching, C=O stretching, and C-OH stretching. Additionally, the adsorption performance of the prepared activation carbon to reduce the pollutants concentration (i.e. CO and CH) from the exhaust gas of motor vehicle was investigated. The results showed that the activated carbon induced by microwave and ZnCl2 activation (ACM) gave the best result. The adsorption or removal efficiency of gas CO reached approximately 97.64 %vol.

scholarly journals Preparation of Activated Carbon from Lapsi Seed Stone and its Application for the Removal of Arsenic from Water

1970 ◽  
Vol 8 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 211-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rinita Rajbhandari ◽  
Lok Kumar Shrestha ◽  
Raja Ram Pradhananga
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Iodine Number ◽  
Zinc Chloride ◽  
Arsenic Removal ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Nitrogen Atmosphere ◽  
Arsenic Adsorption ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Removal Of Arsenic ◽  
Iron Impregnation

In this paper, Guaranteed Services Token (GuST) protocol for integrated Adsorption of arsenic by activated carbon prepared from locally available Lapsi seed stone is presented. Activated carbon has been prepared by carbonization of Lapsi seed stone (chorespondias axillaris, Roxb) in a nitrogen atmosphere at 400°C. Chemical activation using a 1:1 ratio of Lapsi seed stone powder and zinc chloride followed by iron impregnation greatly enhanced the arsenic adsorption capacity for adsorption of arsenic from ground water. Activated carbon of dose 2g/L decreased the concentration of arsenic in water from 800 ppb to below the interim guide line value of 50 ppb of arsenic in drinking water of Nepal. The iodine number of raw carbon is quite low but chemical activation using 1:1 Lapsi seed powder and zinc chloride at 400°C increased the iodine number to 791mg/g. Iron impregnated activated carbon prepared from locally available Lapsi seed stones can be used in community level at point- of- use for treatment of arsenic contaminated ground water.Key words: activated carbon; Arsenic removal; Adsorption; Chorespondias axillaris; Iron impregnated carbonDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v8i1-2.5113Journal of the Institute of Engineering Vol. 8, No. 1&2, 2010/2011Page: 211-218Uploaded Date: 20 July, 2011

scholarly journals Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Lapsi (Choerospondias axillaris) Seed Stone by Chemical Activation with Potassium Hydroxide

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahira Joshi ◽  
Bhadra Prasad Pokharel
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Potassium Hydroxide ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Monolayer Adsorption ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Characterization Of Activated Carbon

Activated carbon (AC) was prepared from Lapsi seed stone by chemical activation with Potassium hydroxide at 400°C. The AC was characterized by pH, moisture content, Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), methylene blue (MB) and iodine (I2) number. FT-IR spectra indicated the presence of various oxygen containing functional groups on the surface of AC. SEM images show the highly porous characteristics of AC with full of cavities. The Iodine number of AC revealed that the AC was found to be highly micro-porous. The adsorption of methylene blue by prepared AC was analyzed by the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. The data fitted well to the Langmuir isotherm with monolayer adsorption capacity 158 mg/g. The analysis showed that the AC prepared from Lapsi seed stone activated with potassium hydroxide could be a low-cost adsorbent with favorable surface properties. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v9i1.10673Journal of the Institute of Engineering, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 79–88

scholarly journals Optimization of Conditions for the Preparation of Activated Carbon from Lapsi (Choerospondias axillaris) Seed Stone Using ZnCl2

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rinita Rajbhandari Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Iodine Number ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Zinc Chloride ◽  
Pore Volume ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Carbonization Temperature ◽  
Carbon Yield ◽  
Methylene Blue Number

Activated carbon was prepared from Lapsi (Choerospondias axillaries ) seed stone by chemical activation method using ZnCl2. The effect of experimental variables; ZnCl2 ratio, temperature and carbonization time on the quality of the activated carbon were systematically invested by determining the carbon yield, iodine number, methylene blue number, surface area and pore volume. Lapsi seed stone powder (LSP) of particle size < 300 μm was used to prepare activated carbon under N2 atmosphere. An increase in ZnCl2 ratio in general increased the iodine number and methylene blue number, but on increasing zinc chloride above 50 percentages, iodine and methylene blue number increased only marginally. An increase in carbonization temperature increases the iodine number, methylene blue number, and surface area and pore volume. Increase in carbonization time from 3 hour to 4 hour increases iodine number and methylene blue number and thereafter the increase in iodine number and methylene blue number is gradual. Regarding the carbon yield, it decreases with the ZnCl2 ratio above 50 percent, and the yield also decreases with increase in temperature and carbonization time. Therefore the optimum conditions for the preparation of activated carbon from Lapsi seed stone using ZnCl2 as follows: carbonization temperature of 400°C, zinc chloride ratio as LSP:ZnCl2 equals 1:1, and carbonization time of 4 hour. This resulted an activated carbon with 791 iodine number, 364 methylene blue number, 1167 surface area and 0.65 pore volume.Journal of the Institute of Engineering, 2015, 11(1): 128-139

Preparation and TG/DTG, FT-IR, SEM, BET Surface Area, Iodine Number and Methylene Blue Number Analysis of Activated Carbon from Pistachio Shells by Chemical Activation

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa Kaya ◽  
Ömer Şahin ◽  
Cafer Saka
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Iodine Number ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Total Pore Volume ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Activation Temperature ◽  
Pistachio Shell

AbstractIn this study, low cost activated carbon was prepared from the pistachio shell by chemical activation with zinc chloride (ZnCl2). The prepared activated carbon was characterized by thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermal gravimetry (DTG), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) surface area analyses. Results showed that the activation temperature and impregnation ratio have significant effect on the iodine number of the prepared activated carbon. The optimum conditions for preparing the activated carbon having the highest surface area were found to be an activation temperature of 700 °C, soaking time of 24 h and ZnCl2/ pistachio shell ratio of 50 %. The results showed that the BET surface area, total pore volume, iodine number and methylene blue (MB) number of activated carbon prepared under the optimum conditions were 1108 m2/g, 0.39 cm3/g, 1051 mg/g, 98.48 mg/g, respectively.

scholarly journals Production and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Baobab Fruit Shells by Chemical Activation Using ZnCl2, H3PO4 and KOH

2021 ◽  
Vol 2129 (1) ◽  
pp. 012009
Author(s):  
R Nedjai ◽  
N A Kabbashi ◽  
M Z Alam ◽  
M F R Al-Khatib
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Surface Characteristic ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Characterization Of Activated Carbon

Abstract Chemical agents have a good influence on the formation of activated carbons, surface characteristic, and its adsorption properties. In this study, the effect of activating agents (ZnCl2, KOH, and H3PO4) on baobab fruit shell (BFS) were evaluated. The characteristics of the baobab fruit shell based activated carbon (BF-ACs) were evaluated through the yield and iodine number. BF-ACs were also characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and nitrogen (N2) adsorption. SEM analysis illustrates those porous structures formed on the surface of BF-ACs were with different sizes. The XRD analysis show that the main structures of BF-ACs are amorphous. FT-IR data demonstrates the presence of different surface groups on the produced BF-ACs. Among activating agent, the KOH was observed to the most appropriate for the production of activated carbon with a large surface area (1029.44 m2/g) from baobab fruit shell.

scholarly journals Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from the Sea Mango (Cerbera Odollam) with Impregnation in Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4)

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Nur Hidayah ◽  
M.A. Umi Fazara ◽  
Z. Nor Fauziah ◽  
M.K. Aroua
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Iodine Number ◽  
Thermal Activation ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Iodine Test ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

The properties of the activated carbon from Sea Mango (Cerbera Odollam) prepared from chemical and physical activation was studied. The sample was impregnated with phosphoric acid (H3PO4) at the impregnation ratio of precursor to activant as 1:2 and followed by thermal activation at 500 °C with different flowing gas i.e. nitrogen (N2), carbon dioxide (CO2), steam and at the absent of any gases for duration of 2 hours. The sample experienced two different steps of preparation which were Method 1 and Method 2. In Method 1, the precursor will be thermally heated after the chemical activation process, and the samples were denoted as RIHM1-N, RIHM1-CO2, RIHM1-S and RIHM1-A which utilize either N2, CO2, steam and absent of any gases, respectively. Meanwhile in Method 2, the carbonization process with N2 flow at 200 °C was done prior to chemical and thermal activation. This type of treatment method was denoted as RCIHM2-N, RCIHM2-CO2 RCIHM2-S and RCIHM2-A, which use the same flowing gases as described previously. The surface area of the activated carbon was determined using standard method (ASTM) of iodine test. A higher iodine number reading was given by the sample prepared via Method 2 i.e. 1021.74 mg/g, 1069.98 mg/g 902.40 mg/g and 1040.58 mg/g for sample RCIHM2-N, RCIHM2-CO2, RCIHM2-S and RCIHM2-A, respectively. For sample prepared via Method 1, the iodine number measurement for sample RIHM1-N, RIHM1-CO2, RIHM1-S and RIHM1-A were 896.480 mg/g, 810.900 mg/g, 973.70 mg/g and 856.217mg/g, respectively.

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