Spinal segment ranges of motion, movement coordination, and three-dimensional kinematics during occupational activities in normal-weight and obese individuals

2021 ◽  
pp. 110539
Author(s):  
M Ghasemi ◽  
N Arjmand
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Spinal Segment ◽  
Movement Coordination ◽  
Occupational Activities

scholarly journals The 6-Plus–Person Lift Transfer Technique Compared With Other Methods of Spine Boarding

2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianluca Del Rossi ◽  
Mary Beth H. Horodyski ◽  
Bryan P. Conrad ◽  
Christian P. Di Paola ◽  
Matthew J. Di Paola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Injury ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Axial Rotation ◽  
Linear Displacement ◽  
Angular Motion ◽  
Spinal Segment ◽  
Spinal Motion ◽  
Spinal Immobilization ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Spine Board

Abstract Context: To achieve full spinal immobilization during on-the-field management of an actual or potential spinal injury, rescuers transfer and secure patients to a long spine board. Several techniques can be used to facilitate this patient transfer. Objective: To compare spinal segment motion of cadavers during the execution of the 6-plus–person (6+) lift, lift-and-slide (LS), and logroll (LR) spine-board transfer techniques. Design: Crossover study. Setting: Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Eight medical professionals (1 woman, 7 men) with 5 to 32 years of experience were enlisted to help carry out the transfer techniques. In addition, test conditions were performed on 5 fresh cadavers (3 males, 2 females) with a mean age of 86.2 ± 11.4 years. Main Outcomes Measure(s): Three-dimensional angular and linear motions initially were recorded during execution of transfer techniques, initially using cadavers with intact spines and then after C5-C6 spinal segment destabilization. The mean maximal linear displacement and angular motion obtained and calculated from the 3 trials for each test condition were included in the statistical analysis. Results: Flexion-extension angular motion, as well as anteroposterior and distraction-compression linear motion, did not vary between the LR and either the 6+ lift or LS. Compared with the execution of the 6+ lift and LS, the execution of the LR generated significantly more axial rotation (P  =  .008 and .001, respectively), more lateral flexion (P  =  .005 and .003, respectively), and more medial-lateral translation (P  =  .003 and .004, respectively). Conclusions: A small amount of spinal motion is inevitable when executing spine-board transfer techniques; however, the execution of the 6+ lift or LS appears to minimize the extent of motion generated across a globally unstable spinal segment.

Movement Coordination During Humeral Elevation in Individuals With Newly Acquired Spinal Cord Injury

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 345-350
Author(s):  
Margaret A. Finley ◽  
Elizabeth Euiler ◽  
Shivayogi V. Hiremath ◽  
Joseph Sarver
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Thoracic Kyphosis ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Elevation Angle ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Movement Coordination ◽  
Cord Injury

Humeral elevation is a critical motion for individuals who use a manual wheelchair given that, in a typical day, wheelchair users reach overhead 5 times more often than able-bodied controls. Kinematic analyses in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) have focused on weight-bearing tasks rather than overhead reaching. This technical report presents shoulder movement coordination during overhead reaching in individuals with newly acquired SCI. Eight volunteers with acute SCI and 8 matched, uninjured controls participated. Three-dimensional kinematics were collected during seated, humeral elevation. Scapular and thoracic rotations during humeral elevation were averaged across repetitions. The linear relationship of scapular upward rotation to humeral elevation provided movement coordination analysis. Maximal elevation was reduced in SCI with increased thoracic kyphosis. Medium to large effect sizes were found at each elevation angle, with reduced scapular external rotation, posterior tilt, and increased thoracic kyphosis for those with SCI. The linear relationship occurred later and within a significantly (P = .02) smaller range of humeral elevation in SCI. Altered movement coordination, including a diminished linear association of scapular upward rotation and humeral elevation (scapulohumeral rhythm), is found with reduced maximal elevation and increased thoracic kyphosis during overhead reaching tasks in those with acute SCI.

scholarly journals Assessing body image in anorexia nervosa using biometric self-avatars in virtual reality: Attitudinal components rather than visual body size estimation are distorted

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 642-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Mölbert ◽  
A. Thaler ◽  
B. J. Mohler ◽  
S. Streuber ◽  
J. Romero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Body Image Disturbance ◽  
Size Estimation ◽  
Eating Disorder Symptoms ◽  
Body Size Estimation

BackgroundBody image disturbance (BID) is a core symptom of anorexia nervosa (AN), but as yet distinctive features of BID are unknown. The present study aimed at disentangling perceptual and attitudinal components of BID in AN.MethodsWe investigated n = 24 women with AN and n = 24 controls. Based on a three-dimensional (3D) body scan, we created realistic virtual 3D bodies (avatars) for each participant that were varied through a range of ±20% of the participants’ weights. Avatars were presented in a virtual reality mirror scenario. Using different psychophysical tasks, participants identified and adjusted their actual and their desired body weight. To test for general perceptual biases in estimating body weight, a second experiment investigated perception of weight and shape matched avatars with another identity.ResultsWomen with AN and controls underestimated their weight, with a trend that women with AN underestimated more. The average desired body of controls had normal weight while the average desired weight of women with AN corresponded to extreme AN (DSM-5). Correlation analyses revealed that desired body weight, but not accuracy of weight estimation, was associated with eating disorder symptoms. In the second experiment, both groups estimated accurately while the most attractive body was similar to Experiment 1.ConclusionsOur results contradict the widespread assumption that patients with AN overestimate their body weight due to visual distortions. Rather, they illustrate that BID might be driven by distorted attitudes with regard to the desired body. Clinical interventions should aim at helping patients with AN to change their desired weight.

Three-Dimensional Segmental Coupling Responses of the Cervical Spine

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Narayan Yoganandan ◽  
Brian D. Stemper ◽  
Frank A. Pintar ◽  
Glenn Paskoff ◽  
Barry Shender
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Spinal Segment ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Thoracic Spinal ◽  
Pure Moment ◽  
Cervical Segment ◽  
Coupling Factors ◽  
Segmental Bone ◽  
Age Related Changes

The objective of the present study is to determine to the three-dimensional segment-specific coupling factors from healthy, normal, non-degenerated human cervical spinal columns under bending. Using pure moment loading protocols, cadaver subaxial columns were fixed at the two ends, off-axis forces and moments were recorded using a distal six-axis load cell, and primary and secondary rotations were obtained as a function of applied moments, up to 2.0 Nm. Segmental bone mineral densities were determined using quantitated computed tomography (QCT). Coupling factors were the smallest at the cervico-thoracic spinal segment. Cranial and caudal decreases of the coupling factors occurred from the mid-cervical segment at all applied moment levels, from 65 to 72% at the C4-C5 segment and 59 to 75% at the C5-C6 segment. On average, 55% of the primary rotation was coupled with the secondary rotation across the entire column. Peak coupling occurring in these segments may indicate a greater propensity for age-related changes to these vertebral levels, and offer support to the commonly observed lower cervical degeneration in clinical studies.

Do mechanical gait parameters explain the higher metabolic cost of walking in obese adolescents?

2009 ◽  
Vol 106 (6) ◽  
pp. 1763-1770 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Peyrot ◽  
David Thivel ◽  
Laurie Isacco ◽  
Jean-Benoît Morin ◽  
Pascale Duche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Mechanical Work ◽  
Percent Body Fat ◽  
External Work ◽  
Obese Subjects

Net metabolic cost of walking normalized by body mass ( CW·BM−1; in J·kg−1·m−1) is greater in obese than in normal-weight individuals, and biomechanical differences could be responsible for this greater net metabolic cost. We hypothesized that, in obese individuals, greater mediolateral body center of mass (COM) displacement and lower recovery of mechanical energy could induce an increase in the external mechanical work required to lift and accelerate the COM and thus in net CW·BM−1. Body composition and standing metabolic rate were measured in 23 obese and 10 normal-weight adolescents. Metabolic and mechanical energy costs were assessed while walking along an outdoor track at four speeds (0.75–1.50 m/s). Three-dimensional COM accelerations were measured by means of a tri-axial accelerometer and gyroscope and integrated twice to obtain COM velocities, displacements, and fluctuations in potential and kinetic energies. Last, external mechanical work (J·kg−1·m−1), mediolateral COM displacement, and the mechanical energy recovery of the inverted pendulum were calculated. Net CW·BM−1 was 25% higher in obese than in normal-weight subjects on average across speeds, and net CW·BM−67 (J·kg−0.67·m−1) was significantly related to percent body fat ( r2 = 0.46). However, recovery of mechanical energy and the external work performed (J·kg−1·m−1) were similar in the two groups. The mediolateral displacement was greater in obese subjects and significantly related to percent body fat ( r2 = 0.64). The mediolateral COM displacement, likely due to greater step width, was significantly related to net CW·BM−67 ( r2 = 0.49). In conclusion, we speculate that the greater net CW·BM−67 in obese subjects may be partially explained by the greater step-to-step transition costs associated with wide gait during walking.

scholarly journals Automatic Measurement of Neutral Foot Posture Using Three-Dimensional Scanning

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 84-92
Author(s):  
Chien-Hung Lin ◽  
Yan-Yu Lin
Keyword(s):  
Weight Status ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Automatic Measurement ◽  
3D Scanning ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Foot Posture ◽  
Foot Model ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Neutral Posture ◽  
Posture Assessment

The Rearfoot Angle (RFA) is the most commonly method used for foot posture assessment, and it is also a method for evaluating the subtalar joint neutral foot posture. However, orthopedists and researchers often meet trouble for the measurements of the RFA and neutral foot posture due to lacking measurement with automation and objectivity. In general, the RFA was measured using a goniometer to align with manual markers on the foot. The purpose of this study implements the automatic computing of leg angle, foot angle, and RFA by the foot model using Three-Dimensional (3D) scanning. This study contributes to the algorithms to The purpose of this study implement the automatic and objective computing of leg angle, foot angle, and RFA by the foot model using 3D scanning. The automatic calculation on leg angle, foot angle, and neutral foot posture has been created, test, and validated completely in this study. There are two algorithm methods proposed to determine the midpoint on the leg or foot outline. The midline has been computed by linear regression through five midpoints. The leg and foot angles are calculated by the tibial and calcaneal midlines, respectively. Through the subject standing on eversion foot platforms, the neutral posture of the foot can be computed by the leg and foot angles determined by the 3D model scanned of the foot with various tilt angles. The determinations of the midpoint and midline have been demonstrated algorithm by MATLAB. Based on comparing with the goniometer measured, selecting the midpoint algorithm of the limit points and the lowest point methods to determine the tibial and calcaneal midlines respectively would carry out better results. The foot 3D scanning measurement proposed in this study has been tested and validated from the goniometer. This study can determine the leg angle, foot angle, and neutral foot postures for a subject with normal weight status, but be not suitable for that with obese weight status. In the future, this study can provide guidance for foot posture assessment and personal insoles design.

scholarly journals Obesity and pituitary gland volume – a correlation study using three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 400-409
Author(s):  
Uli Fehrenbach ◽  
Anas Jadan ◽  
Timo A Auer ◽  
Katharina Kreutz ◽  
Dominik Geisel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Gland Volume

Purpose Obesity has become a major health problem and is associated with endocrine disorders and a disturbed hypothalamic-pituitary axis. The purpose of this study was to correlate pituitary gland volume determined by routine magnetic resonance imaging with patient characteristics, in particular body mass index and obesity. Material and methods A total of 144 ‘healthy’ patients with normal findings in cerebral magnetic resonance imaging were retrospectively included. Pituitary gland volume was measured in postcontrast three-dimensional T1-weighted sequences. A polygonal three-dimensional region of interest covering the whole pituitary gland was assessed manually. Physical characteristics (gender, age, body height and body mass index) were correlated with pituitary gland volume. Multiple subgroup and regression analyses were performed. Results Pituitary gland volumes were significantly larger in females than in males ( p<0.001) and young individuals (<35 years) versus middle-aged patients (35–47 years) ( p=0.042). Obese patients (body mass index ≥30) had significantly larger pituitary gland volumes than overweight (25<body mass index<30; p=0.011) and normal-weight (body mass index <25; p=0.005) patients. In males, pituitary gland volumes of body mass index subgroups showed significant differences ( p=0.038). Obese males had larger pituitary gland volumes than overweight patients ( p=0.066) and significantly larger volumes than normal-weight ( p=0.023) patients. Obese females also had larger pituitary gland volumes but without statistical significance ( p>0.05). Regression analysis showed that increased pituitary gland volume is associated with higher body mass index independent from gender, age and body height. Conclusion Pituitary gland volume is increased in obese individuals and a high body mass index can be seen as an independent predictor of increased pituitary gland volume. Therefore, gland enlargement might be an imaging indicator of dysfunction in the hypothalamus-pituitary axis. Besides gender and age, body mass index should be considered by radiologists when diagnosing abnormal changes in pituitary gland volume.

scholarly journals Experimental proof that multivariate patterns among muscle attachments (entheses) can reflect repetitive muscle use

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fotios Alexandros Karakostis ◽  
Nathan Jeffery ◽  
Katerina Harvati
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Experimental Proof ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Habitual Activity ◽  
Occupational Activities ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Synergistic Muscle

Abstract Reconstructions of habitual activity in past populations and extinct human groups is a primary goal of paleoanthropological research. Muscle attachment scars (entheses) are widely considered as indicators of habitual activity and many attempts have been made to use them for this purpose. However, their interpretation remains equivocal due to methodological limitations and a paucity of empirical data supporting an interaction between systematic muscle forces and entheseal morphology. We have recently addressed the first issue with precise three-dimensional measuring protocols and rigorous multivariate analysis focusing on the patterns among different entheses rather than comparing each entheseal structure separately. In a previous study, the resulting entheseal correlations reflected synergistic muscle groups that separated individuals according to their lifelong occupational activities. Here we address the second issue by applying this methodology to existing micro-computed tomography data from rats that have undergone muscle stimulation under experimental conditions. In contrast to previous animal studies, we relied on blind analytical procedures across two research institutions and controlled for most factors of interindividual variability. Results demonstrated that the multivariate associations among different entheseal surfaces can directly reflect repetitive muscle recruitment and provide essential information on muscle use.

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