Evaluation of toxicity of Calophyllum brasiliense stem bark extract by in vivo and in vitro assays

Objective: Knema attenuata (Myristicaceae), popularly known as “wild nutmeg,” is an endemic tree species from Western Ghats, which has been used in folk medicine. Conventionally, the stem bark of K. attenuata is used for treating inflammatory conditions without any scientific information available for the same. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanolic stem bark extract (ESBE) of K. attenuata using in vivo and in vitro screening models. Methods: The ethanolic extract of stem bark was prepared by soxhlation, and its cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7 cell line was assessed using MTT assay method. In vivo anti-inflammatory effect of extract was estimated in rats using carrageenan-induced paw edema model and cotton pellet-induced granuloma model. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of the extract was evaluated by cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibition assay, estimation of myeloperoxidase activity, and determination of cellular nitrite levels in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Results: Toxic symptoms were not observed for the ESBE. The extract demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory activity in both in vivo and in vitro models. The anti-inflammatory action exhibited by the extract was a result of the inhibition of leukocyte migration and nitric oxide pathway and partially by inhibition of mediators such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes. Conclusion: Findings from the study provide the evidence for the popular use of stem bark extract of K. attenuata as a potential anti-inflammatory agent.

Download Full-text

Crude Ethanolic Stem Bark Extract of Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides and Its Fractions: In-Vitro and In-Vivo Antiplasmodial Activity

Nigerian Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences ◽

10.48198/njpas/21.b03 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 4153-4163

Author(s):

Sulaiman S. Rukayyah ◽

Jigam, Audu Ali ◽

Abubakar Abdulkadir ◽

Salau, Rasaq Bolakale

Keyword(s):

Crude Extract ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Positive Control ◽

Antiplasmodial Activity ◽

Bark Extract ◽

Zanthoxylum Zanthoxyloides ◽

Stem Bark Extract

Malaria is a global problem, as treatment failure has hampered the efficacy of most anti-malarial medications. The goal of this study was to see if stem bark extract from Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides had antiplasmodial properties that could be used to treat both susceptible and resistant parasites. The stem bark of Z. zanthoxyloides (500g) was crushed and extracted with ethanol. The extract was tested for antiplasmodial activity in vitro against the chloroquine-sensitive (CQS) strain NF54 and chloroquine-resistant strains (CQR) K1 of P. falciparum, as well as in vivo against the CQS(NK65) strain of P. berghei at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg bw. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the extract was performed. The crude extract had an in vitro activity of 1076.4 56.4 and 1315.1 121.6 ng/ml against chloroquine sensitive and resistant parasites, respectively while standard drugs (chloroquine and artesunate) were 10.94 nM (3478.92 ng/ml) and 9.24 nM (3215.52ng/ml) for CQS and 310.68 nM (98796 ng/ml) and 10.94 nM (3650.52 ng/ml) for CQR respectively. At Day 7, mice treated with 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg bw crude extract had parasite densities of 1159, 928, and 869 parasites/ µl, respectively (compared to positive control that had 123 parasites /µl). In vitro antiplasmodial activity was best in the K2, K4, and K6 fractions (IC50 were 6670, 6890, and 6480 ng/ml), but in vivo antiplasmodial activity was best in the K4 fraction (1183 parasites/ µl).The stem bark extract of Z. zanthoxyloides have remarkable antiplasmodial activity against both chloroquine sensitive and drug resistant P. falciparum supporting it ethnomedicinal use in malaria treatment.The extract of Z. zanthoxyloides has promising antiplasmodial activity and could be used to generate therapeutic leads against the multidrug-resistant K1 strain of P. falciparum, in addition to providing an alternative allopathic antiplasmodial medication.

Download Full-text

Antimalarial Activity of Stem Bark of Periploca linearifolia during Early and Established Plasmodium Infection in Mice

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2018/4169397 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Wubetu Yihunie Belay ◽

Abyot Endale Gurmu ◽

Zewdu Birhanu Wubneh

Keyword(s):

Local Community ◽

Antimalarial Activity ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Negative Control ◽

Bark Extract ◽

Control Groups ◽

Potential Source ◽

Stem Bark Extract

Background. In Ethiopia, stem bark of Periploca linearifolia is used for the treatment of malaria by the local community and demonstrated antimalarial activity in vitro. Despite its in vitro antimalarial activity, no scientific study has been carried out to verify its activity in vivo. Therefore, the aim of the study was to evaluate the antimalarial activity of Periploca linearifolia stem bark extract in mice. Methods. The dried stem bark of Periploca linearifolia was extracted with 80% methanol and evaluated for its antimalarial activity on both early and established Plasmodium berghei infected mice. The extract was prepared at graded doses of 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg. Chloroquine and distilled water were administered to the positive and negative control groups, respectively. Results. The crude extract, at all tested doses, suppressed parasitemia significantly (p<0.05) for 200 and 400 mg/kg and (p<0.001) for 600 mg/kg. The suppression values at these doses were 56.98, 43.33, and 38.17 percent, respectively. Periploca linearifolia extract also demonstrated schizonticidal activity in the established malaria infection. Conclusion. The plant Periploca linearifolia has a promising antimalarial activity in mice, supporting its in vitro finding. Thus, it could be considered as a potential source to develop new antimalarial agent.

Download Full-text

Neoboutonia melleri var velutina Prain: in vitro and in vivo hepatoprotective effects of the aqueous stem bark extract on acute hepatitis models

BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1186/s12906-018-2091-2 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Anne Marie Endougou Effa ◽

Emilie Gantier ◽

Thierry Hennebelle ◽

Vincent Roumy ◽

Céline Rivière ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acute Hepatitis ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Bark Extract ◽

Stem Bark Extract ◽

Hepatoprotective Effects

Download Full-text

Anthelmintic effects of Oroxylum indicum stem bark extract on juvenile and adult stages of Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda), an in vitro and in vivo study

Parasitology Research ◽

10.1007/s00436-015-4864-6 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 115 (3) ◽

pp. 1275-1285 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Khirod Deori ◽

Arun K. Yadav

Keyword(s):

Stem Bark ◽

Hymenolepis Diminuta ◽

In Vivo Study ◽

Bark Extract ◽

Oroxylum Indicum ◽

Stem Bark Extract

Download Full-text

Assessment of the in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo anti-tumor activity of the alcoholic stem bark extract/fractions of Mimusops elengi Linn.

Cytotechnology ◽

10.1007/s10616-014-9839-4 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 68 (4) ◽

pp. 861-877 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Harish Kumar ◽

Mihir Savaliya ◽

Subhankar Biswas ◽

Pawan G. Nayak ◽

Naseer Maliyakkal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Bark ◽

In Vitro Cytotoxicity ◽

Bark Extract ◽

Stem Bark Extract ◽

Mimusops Elengi ◽

Anti Tumor Activity

Download Full-text

IN-VIVO ANTI-DIARRHOEAL ACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF ETHANOL STEM BARK EXTRACT OF VITELLARIA PARADOXA GAERTN F. (SAPOTACEAE)

FUDMA Journal of Sciences ◽

10.33003/fjs-2020-0403-388 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 247-251

Author(s):

Z. Abdullahi ◽

A. A. Jimoh ◽

B. E. Patrick ◽

M. I. Yakubu ◽

D. Mallam

Keyword(s):

Castor Oil ◽

Lethal Dose ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Experimental Models ◽

Bark Extract ◽

Phytochemical Screening ◽

Vitellaria Paradoxa ◽

Stem Bark Extract

Different parts of Vitellaria paradoxa plant have many applications in ethno-medicine. Some of the uses of this plant include treatment of diarrhoea and other GIT disorders. In this study the antidiarrhoeal activity of the ethanol extract of Vitellaria paradoxa was evaluated using three experimental models: Castor oil-induced diarrhoea; small intestinal motility and intestinal fluid accumulation (enteropooling) models in mice. Five groups of five mice were used for each model. Group one mice received 10 ml/kg of distilled water, while groups 2, 3, and 4 received 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg of the extract orally respectively. Group 5 mice received Loperamide 5 mg/kg orally. Oral median lethal dose (LD50) of the extract was determined using OECD (2008) Guideline 425. Phytochemical studies were conducted using standard procedures. The LD50 was estimated to be greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight and there were no signs of mortality or visible signs of toxicity in all the mice treated. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, triterpenes, steroids, cardiac glycosides and anthraquinones glycosides. Extract showed a dose-dependent anti-diarrhoeal activity by reducing stool frequency and consistency. The extract at the higher doses significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited GIT motility and castor oil-induced enteropooling, comparable to that of the reference control drug Loperamide. The study showed that ethanol stem bark extract of Vitellaria paradoxa possess anti-diarrhoeal activity and thus justifies its ethno-medicinal use in the treatment of diarrhoea.

Download Full-text

Spondias purpurea L. Stem Bark Extract: Antioxidant and in vitro Photoprotective Activities

Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society ◽

10.21577/0103-5053.20210082 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Francisco Alessandro Rodrigues ◽

Priscylla Giffony ◽

Sarah dos Santos ◽

Jhonyson Guedes ◽

Maria Elenir Ribeiro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Active Ingredient ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽

Bark Extract ◽

Protection Factor ◽

Phenolic Constituents ◽

Stem Bark Extract ◽

Spondias Purpurea

Plant phenolic extracts are widely recognized as an important source of natural antioxidant substances and potential compounds for cosmetic formulations. This study aimed to evaluate the chemical profile, photoprotective and antioxidant activities of stem bark extract of Spondias purpurea L. (ciriguela) and its application in photoprotective formulations. Thirty phenolic constituents were annotated by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with an electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry in mode negative (UPLC‑QTOF-MS2). The stem bark extract antioxidant and chelation potential, expressed in half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50), showed 6.25 and 352.22 μg mL−1, respectively. The phenolic extract was used as an active ingredient in six sunscreen formulations, with concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 10%. The ultraviolet (UV) protection properties of the formulations were evaluated by sun protection factor (SPF) values obtained in 0.2 mg mL−1 (0.495 to 2.27) and 2.0 mg mL−1 (2.29 to 15.87). The SPF value for the extract (14.37 and 26.16) was high, but there was a reduction in the base formulation. However, these results suggested that the bioactive extracted of stem bark of Spondias purpurea L. has interesting potential to reduce the damage caused by UV radiation and may be utilized as an active ingredient in a sunscreen formulation.

Download Full-text