Effects of Grazing Muzzles on Intakes of Dry Matter and Water-Soluble Carbohydrates by Ponies Grazing Spring, Summer, and Autumn Swards, as well as Autumn Swards of Different Heights

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 26-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette C. Longland ◽  
Clare Barfoot ◽  
Patricia A. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrates

scholarly journals Variation of Water-Soluble Carbohydrates and Grain Yield in Iranian Cold Barley Promising Lines Under Well-Watered and Water Stress Conditions

2014 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-75
Author(s):  
Soleiman Mohammadi ◽  
Reza Kas Nazani ◽  
Ayda Hosseinzadeh Mahootchi ◽  
Keiwan Ftohi
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Water Stress Condition ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrates

ABSTRACT In order to evaluate promising lines in terms of grain yield and water-soluble carbohydrates remobiliza-tion, an experiment with fifteen promising lines and two checks was carried out under full irrigation and terminal water stress conditions at Miyandoab Agricultural Research and Natural Resources Station. Mobilized dry matter content and remobilization percentage from shoot to grain under water deficit (177mg)(11.2%) were greater than those under well watering condition. The lowest (110 mg) and the highest (260mg) mobilized dry matter to grain were obtained for C-79-18 and C-83-15lines, respectively. Water deficit reduced grain yield of barley genotypes by 200-1600 kg/ha, and mean grain yield reduction was 800 kg/ha. Line 14 with 5.880and 5.300t/ha grain yield in favorable and water stress conditions was superior to the other lines. Under water deficit condition, line 14 had greater grain yieldby20% and 38% than the Bahman and Makouee cultivars, respectively. The results showed that greater grain yield in tolerant lines under water deficit was due to remobilization of unstructured carbohydrates from shoot to grain. Thus, it seems that selection of lines with higher translocated dry matter and contribution of pre-anthesis assimilate in grain filling under water stress, the suitable way for achieving genotypes with high grain yield under water stress condition.

Utilization of nitrogen- and mineral-rich vascular forage plants by reindeer in winter

2002 ◽  
Vol 139 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. V. STOREHEIER ◽  
S. D. MATHIESEN ◽  
N. J. C. TYLER ◽  
I. SCHJELDERUP ◽  
M. A. OLSEN
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Forage Plants ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrates

The marginal winter pastures of reindeer and caribou (Rangifer tarandus) in Arctic and sub-Arctic areas are assumed to be nitrogen- and mineral-poor. Reindeer eat a mixed diet consisting of nitrogen-deficient lichens and a wide variety of vascular plants in winter. Some reindeer populations manage to maintain carcass mass outside the growing season and very little is known about the ability of reindeer to utilize vascular plants in this season. The chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of 17 species of vascular forage plants and one species of moss collected mid-winter from beneath the snow at an inland winter pasture in northern Norway were determined. Wintergreen parts of graminoids had a high content of crude protein (0.072–0.108 g/kg dry matter (DM)) and water-soluble carbohydrates (0.098–0.167 g/kg DM) and were highly digestible (50–65% IVDMD) compared with the withered parts of the plants (27–53% IVDMD). The digestibility of both shrubs and graminoids was inversely related to content of cellulose and lignin, but positively correlated with increasing contents of water-soluble carbohydrates. Shrubs were relatively calcium-rich (3.6–6.1 g/kg DM) while wintergreen graminoids contained up to 10.0 g/kg DM of potassium, 1.5 g/kg DM magnesium and 2.1 g/kg DM phosphorus. The present study demonstrates that the wintergreen parts of several species of vascular plants are nutritious, containing high levels of nitrogen and minerals, and that they are highly digestible to reindeer in winter. Vascular plants may, therefore, be more important to reindeer and caribou in winter than previously realized.

scholarly journals The composition of pasture grasses at the university farm Viik

1965 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-147
Author(s):  
Maija-Liisa Salo
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Pasture Grasses ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Heading Stage

During the grazing seasons of the years 1961—63 determinations were made on the contents of monosaccharides, sucrose, fructosan, crude protein and ash in various grass species. In 1961 cocksfoot and meadow grass were investigated, in 1962 meadow fescue was included and in 1963 also timothy. Weather observations were also made during the seasons. The following results were established: At the beginning of the grazing season the contents of water-soluble carbohydrates in all the grasses were at a high level, reaching a maximum of slightly over 20 % of the dry matter. This high-sugar level lasted from one to four weeks, depending on the temperature, until the plants began to form flowering heads. At the heading stage the total amount of water-soluble carbohydrates decreased to nearly half of the previous level. During the remainder of the grazing season, or for 3—3 ½ months, the total sugar content was about 8—13 % of the dry matter, dropping sometimes, however, to as low as 6 %. At the end of the dry summer of 1963, higher contents than usual were determined. There were no great differences in the total contents of water-soluble carbohydrates between the different grass species. From the highest to the lowest sugar content, the species were: meadow fescue, meadow grass, cocksfoot. In fact timothy should be ranged as the first but this grass was not sampled from the pasture paddocks. Of the various water-soluble carbohydrates, the sucrose fraction was the largest in most of the samples. Cocksfoot contained less fructosan than the other grasses, and at the heading stage its content of monosaccharides was very high. Of the three years of the study, two were rainy and one was dry. In spite of the differing weather conditions, however, no noteworthy differences in the water-soluble carbohydrate contents were observed. The crude protein content was found to be dependent upon the growth stage. No appreciable differences were observed between cocksfoot, meadow grass and meadow fescue. Timothy, on the other hand, had a lower content of both protein and ash than the three pasture grasses. Contents of cell-wall substances were generally alike during the pasture season. Notable exceptions were evident only in the cases where the samples represented grass at an early growth stage. Meadow grass contained slightly more cell-wall constituents than cocksfoot, e. g. its xylan and crude lignin contents were somewhat higher. Furthermore, the solubility of such constituents in weak acid was slightly less for meadow grass than for cocksfoot.

scholarly journals Stem deposition ability in modern winter wheat varieties under different environmental conditions as a physiological marker of their productivity

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Priadkina ◽  
O. V. Zborovska ◽  
P. L. Ryzhykova
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Main Shoot ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
The Difference

Aim. The search of relationship between characteristics of the stem deposition ability in winter wheat modern varieties and grains productivity under different environmental conditions. Methods. Field, biochemical (soluble stem carbohydrates) methods and mathematical-statistical analysis. Results. The deposition ability of the stem - a difference of content and the total amount of the water-soluble carbohydrates in the stem of the main shoot and weight of its dry matter content in the phases of flowering and full maturity – for 5 varieties of winter wheat in the years significantly different in weather conditions during grain filling were investigated. It is shown that the difference in weight of stem dry matter at the flowering phase and full ripeness and the grain mass of ear significantly varied with different weather conditions during the grain filling, as well as different varieties. A correlation between the mass of a main shoot grain ear with these indices was analyzed. A close positive correlation (r=0.88±0.13) between the grain mass of ear and the difference in weight of stem dry matter at the flowering phase and full ripeness was found. Conclusions. A physiological marker associated with high productivity of ear in different environmental conditions, which is simple to measure and closely linked to weight of grain from an ear was proposed. Keywords: Triticum aestivum L., stem deposited ability, water-soluble carbohydrates, grain productivity.

scholarly journals An Overview on the Factors Affecting Water-soluble Carbohydrates Concentration during Ensiling of Silage

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-80
Author(s):  
Muhammad Fraz Ali ◽  
Muhammad Tahir
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Carbohydrate Concentration ◽  
Forage Species ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

Water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) concentration during the ensiling process is influenced by both controllable and uncontrollable factors such as temperature, moisture level, fertilizers, additives nutrients, and time of ensiling of silage. The WSC contents may vary among the different fodder and forage species. The ensiling temperature has a limiting impact on water-soluble carbohydrates and their concentration decrease with increasing temperature. Crops should be harvested at optimum moisture and dry matter level to reach the required concentration of water-soluble carbohydrates to produce organic acids. Water-soluble carbohydrate concentration decreased with the crop's maturity due to the accumulation of carbohydrates in the grains. The evening cut has more concentration of WSC than that of the morning cut due to the photosynthesis process. The contents of WSC can be increased by using different kinds of additives during the ensiling process. Ensiling time has not much influence on the water-soluble carbohydrates. To understand these factors, we have a detailed review of the factors affecting the WSC of silage.

Study of the content of water-soluble carbohydrates in stems of sweet sorghum in the conditions of Рiedmont Сrimea

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.N. Yudina V.N. ◽  
◽  
L.L. Boldyrevа L.L.
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Sorghum ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
High Sugar ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
The Creation

Study of the content of sugars in juice and in dry matter of stems of hybrids and parental forms of sweet sorghum are presented in this article. Quantitative data were obtained using a refractometer in the field, and using the phenol method and a microplate photometer in laboratory conditions. The data obtained will serve as the basis for the creation of new high-sugar forms of sweet sorghum.

Water-soluble carbohydrates and in vitro digestibility of annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaudin) sown at varying densities

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 611 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Smouter ◽  
RJ Simpson ◽  
GR Pearce
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
High Density ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Medium Density ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrates

An experiment is described in which the tiller density of microswards of Lolium rigidum was varied by altering planting density. The treatments were expected to alter the interplant competition for light and thus affect the concentration of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) of the grass swards. Swards were grown at planting densities of 100 (low density), 500 (medium density) and 5000 (high density) plants m-2. Mainly because of compensatory tillering in the low and medium density swards, all swards had equivalent dry matter yields by 13-15 days after anthesis. The concentrations of material soluble in neutral detergent (NDS) and of WSC, in particular, varied in response to the treatments, and the yield of WSC in the low density sward was 30-50% higher than in the other swards. The yield of WSC reached a maximum at anthesis in all treatments with large losses of WSC occurring as the grass senesced. Fructans were the major type of soluble carbohydrate in all plant parts (50-99% of WSC). At anthesis, the in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of the low density sward was higher than that of the high density sward (60.7% and 54.3% respectively). When dead, whole plant IVDMD had declined to 40.8% in the low density and 37.9% in the high density sward. The higher digestibility of the low density grass sward was a result of higher digestibility in almost all component plant parts. Opportunities may exist to improve the feeding value of senescing grass pastures if mobilization of WSC can be delayed or regulated to ensure higher retention of NDS.

The development of plant components and their effects on the composition of fresh and ensiled forage maize: 3. The effect of grain content on milk production

1979 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 493-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Phipps ◽  
R. F. Weller ◽  
Rosemary J. Fulford
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Forage Maize ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Plant Densities

SummaryMaize (Anjou 210), a density-sensitive genotype, was established at 5 and 15 plants/m2 and produced crops containing 50 and 26% grain respectively. Prior to ensiling, the high and low grain crops contained 6·9 and 20·4% water-soluble carbohydrates in the dry matter respectively and were reduced to 0·4 and 1·6% of the dry matter in the silage. The high grain silage contained a lower concentration of acid-detergent fibre, cellulose, lignin, cell-wall constituents and organic acids than the low grain silage. These differences were not reflected in the in vitro digestible organic matter in the dry matter values which were similar in both silages.Two groups of autumn-calving Freisian cows were offered either the high or low grain silage ad libitum as the sole forage plus an 18% crude protein concentrate during a 14-week experimental period. The cows which received the high grain silage produced significantly more milk of a significantly lower milk fat content than the cows which received the low grain silage.The increased milk production coupled with the smaller loss of water-soluble carbohydrates during ensiling show that a high grain content in forage maize is a desirable attribute. It is suggested that density tolerance should be one of the selection criteria used by plant breeders to allow crops to be established at high plant densities from which near maximum dry-matter yields could be obtained, while still containing a high proportion of grain.

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