The jejunum is the main site of absorption for anthocyanins in mice

SummaryBalance trials were carried out in which different amounts of Mg (0·44–2·9 g/day) were infused alternatively into the rumen and into the omasum, abomasum or duodenum of sheep consuming a low Mg diet (0·2 g Mg/kg D.M.). Absorption from the region between the infusion sites was measured from the change in urinary excretion and apparent absorption caused by changing the site of infusion.Absorption was greater from a ruminal than from a comparable duodenal infusion. There was evidence, however, that the absorption mechanism within the stomach area was becoming saturated at the higher infusion rates in that the relationship between the amount absorbed and infused was curvilinear. The proportion of infused Mg which was absorbed from the stomach area fell from 0·61 to 0·14 as the infusion rate increased from 0·44 to 2·80 g/day.The main site of absorption within the stomach area was the rumen; a small amount was absorbed from the omasum, but none from the abomasum. Positive differences between omasal and duodenal infusions were seen in plasma concentration at the two lowest and in urinary excretion at all infusion rates.Increasing the amount of Mg infused into the duodenum caused an increase in plasma concentration and a linear increase in absorption.When the ruminal and duodenal infusions were repeated with the sheep consuming hay, the results were similar but the proportion of infused Mg absorbed was reduced.

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Ameriflux Biological Data Template for ARM SGP Main Site

Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) Datasets ◽

10.3334/cdiac/amf.us-arm.b ◽

2007 ◽

Author(s):

M. Fischer, ◽

D. Billesbach, ◽

M. Torn,

Keyword(s):

Biological Data ◽

Main Site ◽

Data Template

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State, Islam, and Gender Politics

10.1093/oso/9780198788553.003.0002 ◽

2017 ◽

Keyword(s):

Women's Rights ◽

Socioeconomic Development ◽

Women’S Rights ◽

Dress Code ◽

Main Site ◽

Muslim Countries ◽

Personal Rights ◽

The Status ◽

And Gender ◽

Economy And Education

The existing literature on women’s rights and Islam falls short of addressing the relationship between the religious debate on women’s rights and the existing rules of law in Muslim-majority countries. This chapter will bridge this gap by analyzing the status of women in the legal systems of Egypt, Turkey, and Morocco. It will evaluate the influence of Islam on the shaping of these laws, compared to other factors like culture, socioeconomic development, and education. Except in marginal cases like Saudi Arabia or Afghanistan under the Taliban, women’s rights in politics, the economy, and education have advanced in all Muslim countries. But there are some limitations placed upon women’s rights using religious arguments. Everywhere, personal rights about family life, sexuality, and dress code remain discriminatory against women. In this regard, the woman’s body has become the main site of the politicization of Islam, by state and non-state actors alike.

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Incorporation of [14C]Phenylalanine and [14C] Cinnamic Acid into Leaf Pieces and Mesophyll Protoplasts from Oat Primary Leaves for Studies on Flavonoid Metabolism at the Tissue and Cell Level

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C ◽

10.1515/znc-1981-3-408 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 36 (3-4) ◽

pp. 222-233 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Margareta Proksch

Keyword(s):

Cinnamic Acid ◽

Pulse Labelling ◽

Acid Solutions ◽

Cell Level ◽

Abaxial Epidermis ◽

Mesophyll Cells ◽

Tissue Specific ◽

Mesophyll Protoplasts ◽

Main Site ◽

End Products

When the abaxial epidermis was peeled from 5 to 6 day old oat primary leaves, and 3 cm segments were floated on radioactive phenylalanine or cinnamic acid solutions, more than 90 per cent of the radioactivity was incorporated within 3 to 7 h depending on the developmental stage of the leaf. C-glycosylflavones were labelled within 15 min and radioactivity in these compounds increased for several hours. Pulse labelling and pulse chase experiments with either phenylalanine or cinnamic acid, unequivocally demonstrate that oat flavones are stable end products of metabolism. However, this procedure does not distinguish between sequential biosynthesis of various flavones and their interconversion. Cinnamic acid was more efficiently (ca. 20 x) converted into oat leaf flavones than was phenylalanine, when the precursor was fed to leaf pieces, and flavones recovered from mesophyll protoplasts. Different labelling patterns were obtained with whole leaf segments and protoplasts which apparently reflect differences in tissue specific flavone biosynthesis of mesophyll and epidermis. Isolated mesophyll protoplasts incubated with [14C]cinnamic acid synthesize 14C-labelled flavones characteristic of the mesophyll, as well as several unidentified phenylpropanoid derivatives not found in the intact tissue. Data suggest that photosynthetically active mesophyll cells are a main site of tissue specific flavone biosynthesis

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Antioxidant and Signaling Role of Plastid-Derived Isoprenoid Quinones and Chromanols

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22062950 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (6) ◽

pp. 2950

Author(s):

Beatrycze Nowicka ◽

Agnieszka Trela-Makowej ◽

Dariusz Latowski ◽

Kazimierz Strzalka ◽

Renata Szymańska

Keyword(s):

Current Knowledge ◽

Stress Factors ◽

Oxygenic Photosynthesis ◽

Ros Generation ◽

Main Site ◽

Storage Lipids ◽

Abiotic Stress Factors ◽

Cell Components ◽

And Function

Plant prenyllipids, especially isoprenoid chromanols and quinols, are very efficient low-molecular-weight lipophilic antioxidants, protecting membranes and storage lipids from reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are byproducts of aerobic metabolism that can damage cell components, they are also known to play a role in signaling. Plants are particularly prone to oxidative damage because oxygenic photosynthesis results in O2 formation in their green tissues. In addition, the photosynthetic electron transfer chain is an important source of ROS. Therefore, chloroplasts are the main site of ROS generation in plant cells during the light reactions of photosynthesis, and plastidic antioxidants are crucial to prevent oxidative stress, which occurs when plants are exposed to various types of stress factors, both biotic and abiotic. The increase in antioxidant content during stress acclimation is a common phenomenon. In the present review, we describe the mechanisms of ROS (singlet oxygen, superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical) production in chloroplasts in general and during exposure to abiotic stress factors, such as high light, low temperature, drought and salinity. We highlight the dual role of their presence: negative (i.e., lipid peroxidation, pigment and protein oxidation) and positive (i.e., contribution in redox-based physiological processes). Then we provide a summary of current knowledge concerning plastidic prenyllipid antioxidants belonging to isoprenoid chromanols and quinols, as well as their structure, occurrence, biosynthesis and function both in ROS detoxification and signaling.

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Expression Signatures of microRNAs and Their Targeted Pathways in the Adipose Tissue of Chickens during the Transition from Embryonic to Post-Hatch Development

Genes ◽

10.3390/genes12020196 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 196

Author(s):

Julie A. Hicks ◽

Hsiao-Ching Liu

Keyword(s):

Energy Source ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

De Novo ◽

Lipid Storage ◽

Storage Site ◽

Metabolic Processes ◽

Metabolic Switch ◽

Regulatory Pathways ◽

Main Site ◽

Real Time Quantitative Pcr

As the chick transitions from embryonic to post-hatching life, its metabolism must quickly undergo a dramatic switch in its major energy source. The chick embryo derives most of its energy from the yolk, a lipid-rich/carbohydrate-poor source. Upon hatching, the chick’s metabolism must then be able to utilize a lipid-poor/carbohydrate-rich source (feed) as its main form of energy. We recently found that a number of hepatically-expressed microRNAs (miRNAs) help facilitate this shift in metabolic processes in the chick liver, the main site of lipogenesis. While adipose tissue was initially thought to mainly serve as a lipid storage site, it is now known to carry many metabolic, endocrine, and immunological functions. Therefore, it would be expected that adipose tissue is also an important factor in the metabolic switch. To that end, we used next generation sequencing (NGS) and real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) to generate miRNome and transcriptome signatures of the adipose tissue during the transition from late embryonic to early post-hatch development. As adipose tissue is well known to produce inflammatory and other immune factors, we used SPF white leghorns to generate the initial miRNome and transcriptome signatures to minimize complications from external factors (e.g., pathogenic infections) and ensure the identification of bona fide switch-associated miRNAs and transcripts. We then examined their expression signatures in the adipose tissue of broilers (Ross 708). Using E18 embryos as representative of pre-switching metabolism and D3 chicks as a representative of post-switching metabolism, we identified a group of miRNAs which work concordantly to regulate a diverse but interconnected group of developmental, immune and metabolic processes in the adipose tissue during the metabolic switch. Network mapping suggests that during the first days post-hatch, despite the consumption of feed, the chick is still heavily reliant upon adipose tissue lipid stores for energy production, and is not yet efficiently using their new energy source for de novo lipid storage. A number of core master regulatory pathways including, circadian rhythm transcriptional regulation and growth hormone (GH) signaling, likely work in concert with miRNAs to maintain an essential balance between adipogenic, lipolytic, developmental, and immunological processes in the adipose tissue during the metabolic switch.

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Enhanced Transport and Permeation of a Polymeric Nanocarrier across the Retina by Mixing with ATP upon Intravitreal Injection

Pharmaceutics ◽

10.3390/pharmaceutics13040463 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 463

Author(s):

Kiyoon Kwon ◽

Youngmin Hwang ◽

Junyoung Jung ◽

Giyoong Tae

Keyword(s):

Great Increase ◽

Pigment Epithelium ◽

Outer Part ◽

Vitreous Humor ◽

Retinal Diseases ◽

P2y Receptor ◽

Main Site ◽

Tight Junction Disruption ◽

Polymeric Nanocarrier ◽

Retina Pigment Epithelium

The outer part of the retina pigment epithelium (RPE) in the retina is the main site of neovascularization associated with retinal diseases. However, various obstacles interrupt the delivery of medicines across the RPE, mainly due to the well-developed tight junctions in the RPE. Currently, there is no practical formulation to overcome this issue. In this study, we demonstrated that simple mixing with adenosine tetraphosphate (ATP) has the potential to greatly enhance the transport and permeation of a polymeric nanocarrier across the retina via intravitreal administration. Chitosan-functionalized, pluronic-based nanocarrier (NC), which can deliver various biomolecules efficiently, was used as a polymeric nanocarrier. Mixing with ATP facilitated the diffusion of the nanocarrier in the vitreous humor by reducing the electrostatic interaction between NC and negatively charged glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in the vitreous humor. Mixing with ATP also allowed the penetration of NC across the whole retina, and it resulted in a great increase (approximately nine times) in the transport of NC across the retina, as well as spreading it throughout the whole retina upon intravitreal administration in a mouse model. This enhanced permeation across the retina was specific to ATP but not to GTP, suggesting the possibility of P2Y receptor-mediated tight junction disruption by ATP.

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Effective and ineffective root nodules in Myrica faya

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rspb.1976.0080 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 194 (1116) ◽

pp. 285-293 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Keyword(s):

Root Nodules ◽

Light And Electron Microscopy ◽

Nodule Formation ◽

Culture Solution ◽

Myrica Gale ◽

Main Site ◽

Myrica Faya ◽

Modern Methods ◽

Infected Cells ◽

Nodule Endophytes

In cross-inoculation trials, inocula containing the nodule endophytes of Myrica gale, M. cerifera, M. cordifolia and M. pilulifera respectively were applied to the roots of young plants of M. faya Ait. growing in nitrogen-free culture solution. All four inocula induced nodule formation, and except where the M. gale inoculum had been used the nodules were of effective type and enabled the plants bearing them to grow nearly as well as other M. faya plants associated with the normal endophyte. The nodules induced by the M. gale endophyte were very numerous, but remained small and fixed no significant amount of nitrogen, and were thus ineffective. Light and electron microscopy showed that in the effective nodules induced by the normal endophyte or by that of M. cordifolia , the endophyte was confined to a layer 1-2 cells deep near the middle of the nodule cortex, and that in respect of the width of the hyphae and their production of club-shaped internally subdivided vesicles, the endophytes resembled closely those in the nodules of the few other species of Myrica that have been studied by modern methods of microscopy. In ineffective nodules the disposition of the infected cells was unchanged, but within the cells only a sparse development of the endophyte was observed, and no vesicles were found. The finding that nodules lacking vesicles showed little or no fixation is consistent with other evidence that the vesicles normally produced by non-legume nodule endophytes are the main site of nitrogen fixation.

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Genital mycoplasmas, including Mycoplasma genitalium, as sexually transmitted agents

International Journal of STD & AIDS ◽

10.1258/0956462021924695 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 79-85 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

Anneli Uusküla ◽

Peter K Kohl

Keyword(s):

Genital Tract ◽

Ureaplasma Urealyticum ◽

Female Genital Tract ◽

Mycoplasma Species ◽

Case Control Studies ◽

Pathogenic Potential ◽

Intracellular Location ◽

Main Site ◽

Sexually Transmitted

Mycoplasmas are the smallest free-living organisms, widespread in nature. Several mycoplasma species have been isolated from humans. For 6 of them: Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, M. primatum, M. genitalium, M. spermatophilum and M. penetrans, the genital tract is the main site of colonization. This review is concentrated on the role of mycoplasmas as sexually transmitted agents, with the emphasis to M. genitalium infections. M. hominis and U. urealyticum are isolated from the genital tract of healthy men and women with considerable frequency. The biological features (attachment properties, possible intracellular location) and experimental inoculation studies of M. genitalium indicate that this mycoplasma has pathogenic potential. Data from case-control studies, looking at men with non-gonococcal urethritis and women with cervicitis, have revealed that M. genitalium behave similarly to Chlamydia trachomatis and have revealed that carriage of M. genitalium and C. trachomatis is usually independent of one another. M. genitalium could be considered as a potential cause of sexually transmitted urethritis in men, including men with persistent or recurrent urethritis. More studies are expected to ascertain the role of M. genitalium in the female genital tract. Evidence-based data are needed to decide whether current non-gonococcal infection treatment principles are applicable or not for M. genitalium infections.

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Characteristics of dissolved pores and dissolution mechanism of zeolite-rich reservoirs in the Wuerhe Formation in Mahu area, Junggar Basin

Energy Exploration & Exploitation ◽

10.1177/01445987211028732 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 014459872110287

Author(s):

Ji Li ◽

Wenjie Zhang ◽

Baoli Xiang ◽

Dan He ◽

Shengchao Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Isotope ◽

Manganese Content ◽

Junggar Basin ◽

Dissolution Mechanism ◽

Primary Role ◽

High Iron Content ◽

Thin Sections ◽

Main Site ◽

Dissolution Zone ◽

Diagenetic Fluids

The reservoir in the Wuerhe Formation in the Mahu Sag, northwestern Junggar Basin, China, exhibits complex dissolution and cementation related to zeolite. The source and mechanism of diagenetic fluids are crucial in studying the reservoir genesis. Thus we investigated the key reservoirs fluids related to the zeolite and discussed their significance in the zeolite-rich reservoir of the Permian Wuerhe Formation in the Mahu Sag. Based on thin sections and electron microscope observations of rock samples and analyses of physical properties, C-O isotopes, and major elements, it is found that the reservoir underwent mainly two stages of fluid-related dissolution and cementation processes, in which the hydrocarbon-bearing fluid played the primary role in forming the high-quality reservoir. Dissolution pores are the most important storage space, and zeolite cement is the most important dissolution mineral. The geochemical characteristics of zeolite and calcite cement indicate the presence of two diagenetic fluids. The iron-rich calcite and orange-red heulandite is related to early diagenetic fluids with high iron content and higher carbon isotope values, whereas the calcites, with high manganese content and lower carbon isotope values, are formed by late acidic organic diagenetic fluids related to oil and gas activities. The hydrocarbon-bearing fluids form different spatial diagenetic zones, including the dissolution zone, buffer zone, and cementation zone, and the dissolution zone near the oil source fault is the main site of zeolite dissolution. The late fluid has the characteristics of multi-stage activity, which makes the spatial zoning expand gradually, resulting in multiple superpositions of dissolution and cementation and increasing the complexity and heterogeneity of the reservoir diagenesis. This study expands the understandings of the dissolution activities of different fluids in zeolite-rich reservoirs and also has reference significance for dissolution activity of hydrocarbon fluid in other types of reservoirs.

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