Reference Values for Quantitative Ultrasonography (QUS) of Radius and Tibia in Healthy Greek Pediatric Population: Clinical Correlations

Purpose of review: Tic disorders are common in the pediatric population and are differentiated from other movement disorders by tic suppressibility. Understanding the mechanism of tic suppression may provide new insights to the pathophysiology of tic disorders. This article highlights clinical phenomenology and neuronal correlates of tic suppressibility. Recent findings: Recent studies suggest that tic suppressibility exists in children shortly after onset of their tics. Moreover, those who are better able to suppress their tics have better tic outcomes. Interoceptive awareness and automatic action inhibition may be involved in tic suppression. Summary: We illustrate a possible underlying mechanism of tic suppressibility and its clinical correlations and implications. New concepts such as interoceptive awareness and action inhibition may help explain tic disorders. Further study will be useful to fill remaining knowledge gaps.

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MRI-Derived Subcutaneous and Visceral Adipose Tissue Reference Values for Children Aged 6 to Under 18 Years

Frontiers in Nutrition ◽

10.3389/fnut.2021.757274 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Kacper Marunowski ◽

Dominik Świętoń ◽

Włodzimierz Bzyl ◽

Małgorzata Grzywińska ◽

Mariusz Kaszubowski ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Visceral Adipose Tissue ◽

Reference Values ◽

Pediatric Population ◽

Lumbar Vertebrae ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Observer Agreement ◽

Nutrition Status ◽

Tissue Segmentation ◽

Visceral Adipose

The assessment of body composition in pediatric population is essential for proper nutritional support during hospitalization. However, currently available methods have limitations. This study aims to propose a novel approach for nutrition status assessment and introduce magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-derived subcutaneous and visceral fat normative reference values. A total of 262 healthy subjects aged from 6 to 18 years underwent MRI examinations and anthropometric measurements. MRI images at the second lumbar vertebrae were used by two radiologists to perform the semi-automatic tissue segmentation. Based on obtained adipose tissue surface areas and body mass index (BMI) scores sex-specific standard percentile curves (3rd, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, 97th) and z-scores were constructed using LMS method. Additionally, 85th and 95th centiles of subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue were proposed as equivalents of overweight and obesity. Bland-Altman plots revealed an excellent intra-observer reproducibility and inter-observer agreement. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate highly reproducible method and suggest that MRI-derived reference values can be implemented in clinical practice.

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Establishing an appropriate Z score regression equation for Chinese pediatric coronary artery echocardiography: a multicenter prospective cohort study

BMC Pediatrics ◽

10.1186/s12887-021-02877-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Shu-min Fan ◽

Bei Xia ◽

Wei-xiang Liu ◽

Wei Yu ◽

Zhi-xia Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Coronary Artery ◽

Reference Values ◽

Pediatric Population ◽

Regression Equation ◽

Standard Normal Distribution ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Regression Equations ◽

Pediatric Study ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Coronary Artery Diameter

Abstract Background Z score utility is emphasized in classifying coronary artery lesions in Kawasaki disease patients. The present study is the largest such multicenter Chinese pediatric study about coronary artery diameter reference values and Z score regression equation to date. It is useful in Chinese pediatric echocardiography. Methods A multicenter cohort was assembled, which consisted of 852 healthy children between 1 month and 17 years of age, ten children were excluded because their ultrasound images were not clear, or lost in following up. Diameters of the right coronary artery, left coronary artery, and left anterior descending coronary artery were assessed using echocardiography. Data were body surface area (BSA)-corrected using BSA calculated via either the Stevenson BSA formula or the Haycock BSA formula. Coronary artery diameter reference values and Z score regression equations were established for use in the Chinese pediatric population. Results No difference was observed between coronary artery diameter data corrected using BSAste or BSAhay. Of the five assessed regression models, the exponential model exhibited the best fit and was therefore selected as the basis for derivation of the SZ method. When comparing Z scores, those produced by the SZ method conformed to the standard normal distribution, while those produced by the D method did not. In addition, there was a statistically significant difference between Z scores produced by the SZ and D methods (P < 0.05). Conclusions Coronary artery diameter reference values for echocardiography were successfully established for use in the Chinese pediatric population, and a Z score regression equation more suitable for clinical use in this population was successfully developed.

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Quantitative organic acid analysis in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma: reference values in a pediatric population

Journal of Chromatography B Biomedical Sciences and Applications ◽

10.1016/0378-4347(93)80414-y ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 617 (1) ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

G.F. Hoffmann ◽

Claudia K. Seppel ◽

Bonnie Holmes ◽

Laverne Mitchell ◽

H.J. Christen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Organic Acid ◽

Reference Values ◽

Pediatric Population ◽

Organic Acid Analysis

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Development of a radioimmunoassay for dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHAS) in serum and reference values for a pediatric population

Clinical Biochemistry ◽

10.1016/s0009-9120(82)94466-6 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 96-97

Author(s):

S.S. Khimdas ◽

A.A. Babalola ◽

G. Ellis

Keyword(s):

Reference Values ◽

Pediatric Population ◽

Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulphate

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Establishing an Appropriate Z Score Regression Equation for Chinese Pediatric Coronary Artery Echocardiography: A Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-517558/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Shu-min Fan ◽

Bei Xia ◽

Wei-xiang Liu ◽

Wei Yu ◽

Zhi-xia Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Coronary Artery ◽

Reference Values ◽

Pediatric Population ◽

Regression Equation ◽

Standard Normal Distribution ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Regression Equations ◽

Pediatric Study ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Coronary Artery Diameter

Abstract Background: Z score utility is emphasized in classifying coronary artery lesions in Kawasaki disease patients. The present study is the largest such multicenter Chinese pediatric study about coronary artery diameter reference values and Z score regression equation to date. It is useful in Chinese pediatric echocardiography.Methods: A multicenter cohort was assembled, which consisted of 852 healthy children between 1 month and 17 years of age, ten children were excluded because their ultrasound images were not clear, or lost in following up. Diameters of the right coronary artery, left coronary artery, and left anterior descending coronary artery were assessed using echocardiography. Data were body surface area (BSA)-corrected using BSA calculated via either the Stevenson BSA formula or the Haycock BSA formula. Coronary artery diameter reference values and Z score regression equations were established for use in the Chinese pediatric population. Results: No difference was observed between coronary artery diameter data corrected using BSAste or BSAhay. Of the five assessed regression models, the exponential model exhibited the best fit and was therefore selected as the basis for derivation of the SZ method. When comparing Z scores, those produced by the SZ method conformed to the standard normal distribution, while those produced by the D method did not. In addition, there was a statistically significant difference between Z scores produced by the SZ and D methods (P < 0.05).Conclusions：Coronary artery diameter reference values for echocardiography were successfully established for use in the Chinese pediatric population, and a Z score regression equation more suitable for clinical use in this population was successfully developed.

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Percentile Reference Values for the Neck Circumference of Mexican Children

Children ◽

10.3390/children8050407 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. 407

Author(s):

Evelyn Valencia-Sosa ◽

Clío Chávez-Palencia ◽

Juan R. Vallarta-Robledo ◽

Enrique Romero-Velarde ◽

Alfredo Larrosa-Haro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reference Values ◽

Pediatric Population ◽

Additive Model ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Neck Circumference ◽

Pronounced Increase ◽

Child Population ◽

Mexican Children ◽

First Time ◽

Mexican Child

Neck circumference was studied for the first time in a pediatric population in 2010. Since then, various countries have proposed cutoff values to identify overweight, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. However, no reference values have been established for the Mexican child population. The aim of this study is to provide percentile reference values for the neck circumference of Mexican schoolchildren. Only normal-weight schoolchildren aged 6–11 years were included. Percentiles and growth charts were constructed based on the “Generalized Additive Model for Location, Scale and Shape” (GAMLSS). A total of 1059 schoolchildren (52.9% female) was evaluated. Weight, height, and BMI values were higher for males; however, this difference was not statistically significant. The 50th percentile for females was 24.6 cm at six years old and 28.25 cm at 11 years old, and for males, it was 25.75 cm and 28.76 cm, respectively. Both males and females displayed a pronounced increase in neck circumference between 10 and 11 years of age. The greatest variability was found in the 11-year-old group, with an increase of 5.5 cm for males and 5.4 cm for females. This study presents the first reference values for neck circumference for a Mexican child population.

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What Do We Know of Childhood Exposures to Metals (Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury) in Emerging Market Countries?

International Journal of Pediatrics ◽

10.1155/2013/872596 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Lindsey M. Horton ◽

Mary E. Mortensen ◽

Yulia Iossifova ◽

Marlena M. Wald ◽

Paula Burgess

Keyword(s):

Reference Values ◽

Industrial Development ◽

English Language ◽

Pediatric Population ◽

Emerging Market ◽

Specific Reference ◽

Potential Health ◽

Emerging Market Countries ◽

Cadmium Lead ◽

Country Specific

Arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury present potential health risks to children who are exposed through inhalation or ingestion. Emerging Market countries experience rapid industrial development that may coincide with the increased release of these metals into the environment. A literature review was conducted for English language articles from the 21st century on pediatric exposures to arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury in the International Monetary Fund's (IMF) top 10 Emerging Market countries: Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Poland, Russia, South Korea, Taiwan, and Turkey. Seventy-six peer-reviewed, published studies on pediatric exposure to metals met the inclusion criteria. The reported concentrations of metals in blood and urine from these studies were generally higher than US reference values, and many studies identified adverse health effects associated with metals exposure. Evidence of exposure to metals in the pediatric population of these Emerging Market countries demonstrates a need for interventions to reduce exposure and efforts to establish country-specific reference values through surveillance or biomonitoring. The findings from review of these 10 countries also suggest the need for country-specific public health policies and clinician education in Emerging Markets.

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A Comparability of Renal Length and Volume Measurements in MRI and Ultrasound in Children

Frontiers in Pediatrics ◽

10.3389/fped.2021.778079 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Dominik Świętoń ◽

Weronika Bernard ◽

Małgorzata Grzywińska ◽

Piotr Czarniak ◽

Agata Durawa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reference Values ◽

Pediatric Population ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Volume Measurements ◽

Group 3 ◽

Group 2 ◽

Renal Size ◽

Collecting System ◽

Renal Length ◽

Group 1

Introduction: Despite the significant increase in use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in children, there is still a lack of normal reference values of renal size in this method and reference values are being interpolated from the ultrasound (US) studies. The study provides comparative analysis of agreement in renal length and volume measurements between MRI and ultrasound.Materials and Methods: Ninety-three children with a mean age of 8.0 ± 6.0 years, who had undergone both renal US and MRI exams, were included in the study. Participants were divided into three subgroups; each kidney was considered separately.Group 1 included 106 kidneys without any anomalies. Group 2 comprised 48 kidneys with a dilated collecting system. Group 3 included 32 kidneys with a duplicated collecting system. Measurements were taken in three dimensions, and renal volume was calculated from the ellipsoid formula.Results: We found no significant difference between US and MRI measurements in Group 1 and Group 2. In Group 3, the difference between measurements in both imaging methods was significant. The mean difference varied from 0.05% in Group 1, 2.95% in Group 2, to 4.99% in Group 3.Conclusion: The US and MRI are comparable methods in renal size measurements. The interpolation of sonographic renal length and volume reference values to the MRI in the pediatric population is justified, as there is a strong agreement between both methods. Both methods can be used interchangeably for following up of the renal size changes in the pediatric population.

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