scholarly journals Direct Evidence Versus Lack of Direct Evidence and the Impact on HTA Acceptance

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. A557
Author(s):  
EA Griffiths ◽  
FR Sheppard ◽  
S Pathak ◽  
J Hendrich ◽  
RL Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Direct Evidence ◽  
The Impact

Auditor Tenure and Shareholder Ratification of the Auditor

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mai Dao ◽  
Suchismita Mishra ◽  
K. Raghunandan
Keyword(s):  
Audit Quality ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Empirical Basis ◽  
Auditor Tenure ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

SYNOPSIS: Legislators and regulators have expressed concerns about the effect of long auditor tenure on audit quality. There is little direct evidence on investors’ perceptions about long auditor tenure. In this paper, we use shareholder votes on auditor ratification as a proxy for investor perceptions about audit quality. We find, using data from 635 firms during 2006, that shareholder votes against (or abstaining from) auditor ratification are positively correlated with auditor tenure. The results suggest that shareholders view long auditor tenure as adversely affecting audit quality, and provide an empirical basis for arguments related to the impact of long auditor tenures on shareholders’ perceptions of audit quality.

FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS AND BRIDGEHEAD EFFECT: EVIDENCE FROM KOREA–CHILE FTA

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (05) ◽  
pp. 1550098
Author(s):  
KICHUN KANG ◽  
PHYLLIS KEYS ◽  
YOON S. SHIN
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Aggregate Industry

Recent literature on the dynamics of export destinations has argued that firms export their products to new markets that are geographically close and culturally related to their previous export destinations. A modified version of [Melitz, M (2003). The impact of trade on intra-industry reallocations and aggregate industry productivity. Econometrica, 71(6), 1695–1725.] model suggests that a preferential trade agreement may provide inefficient firms with opportunities to export their products to third destination countries. This paper finds that new Korean products have been exported to the Chile market because of reductions in Chilean tariffs and the experience gained from exporting to the Chilean market has increased the likelihood of subsequent export to other countries in South America. The paper provides direct evidence that a free trade agreement (FTA) can serve as a stepping stone to other markets.

scholarly journals Corporate mergers and the impact if pre-merger variance, leverage and maturity of bonds on wealth transfers

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 125-139
Author(s):  
R. S. Rathinasamy ◽  
Ronald E. Shrieves ◽  
C. R. Krishna-Swamy
Keyword(s):  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Abnormal Returns ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Wealth Effects ◽  
Incentive Effects ◽  
Corporate Mergers ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Theoretical Developments

This paper addresses several hypotheses concerning wealth transfers among bondholders and stockholders in two firms which merge. In so doing, several refinements relative to the previous research in this area are introduced. We find evidence which supports the presence of diversification effects (coinsurance) to some bondholders, incentive effects (risk increases) to other bondholders, and wealth transfers between stockholders and bondholders. This study examines the impact of 49 industrial mergers between 1970 through 1984 on the returns to bondholders and stockholders of the merging firms. Results indicate that bondholders of the acquired firm group gain significantly in the announcement month, suggesting a diversification effect for acquired firm bondholders. Acquiring firm bondholders suffer significant losses in the pre-announcement month supporting the incentive effects hypothesis for the acquiring firm bondholders. Further analysis indicates that abnormal returns to bondholders are greater for firms with high variance and high leverage pre-merger. We do not find any direct evidence that differences in maturity of merging firms’ bonds have a significant impact on merger-related bondholder returns. We find evidence of wealth transfers between stockholders and bondholders of merging firms and some support for the theory that bondholder returns are negatively related to the pre-merger correlation between cash flows of the merging firms. In total, the empirical findings enable more definitive conclusions regarding the wealth effects of mergers on important classes of claimholders of merging firms, and buttress the theoretical developments relating to wealth transfers among those claimholders.

scholarly journals Mesenchymal stromal cells for COVID-19: A living systematic review protocol

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Rada ◽  
Javiera Corbalán ◽  
Patricio Rojas ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Cochrane Central Register ◽  
Randomised Trials ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo determine the impact of mesenchymal stromal cells outcomes important to patients with COVID-19.DesignThis is the protocol of a living systematic review.Data sourcesWe will conduct searches in PubMed/Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), grey literature and in a centralised repository in L·OVE (Living OVerview of Evidence). L·OVE is a platform that maps PICO questions to evidence from Epistemonikos database. In response to the COVID-19 emergency, L·OVE was adapted to expand the range of evidence it covers and customised to group all COVID-19 evidence in one place. The search will cover the period until the day before submission to a journal.Eligibility criteria for selecting studies and methodsWe adapted an already published common protocol for multiple parallel systematic reviews to the specificities of this question.We will include randomised trials evaluating the effect of mesenchymal stromal cells versus placebo or no treatment in patients with COVID-19. Randomised trials evaluating other coronavirus infections, such as MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, and non-randomised studies in COVID-19 will be searched in case we find no direct evidence from randomised trials, or if the direct evidence provides low- or very low-certainty for critical outcomes.Two reviewers will independently screen each study for eligibility, extract data, and assess the risk of bias. We will pool the results using meta-analysis and will apply the GRADE system to assess the certainty of the evidence for each outcome.A living, web-based version of this review will be openly available during the COVID-19 pandemic. We will resubmit it every time the conclusions change or whenever there are substantial updates.Ethics and disseminationNo ethics approval is considered necessary. The results of this review will be widely disseminated via peer-reviewed publications, social networks and traditional media.PROSPERO RegistrationSubmitted to PROSPERO (awaiting ID allocation).

scholarly journals Early effects of climate change: do they include changes in vector-borne disease?

2001 ◽  
Vol 356 (1411) ◽  
pp. 1057-1068 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Kovats ◽  
D. H. Campbell-Lendrum ◽  
A. J. McMichel ◽  
A. Woodward ◽  
J. St H. Cox
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Climate Change Effects ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Early Effects ◽  
The Impact

The world's climate appears now to be changing at an unprecedented rate. Shifts in the distribution and behaviour of insect and bird species indicate that biological systems are already responding to this change. It is well established that climate is an important determinant of the spatial and temporal distribution of vectors and pathogens. In theory, a change in climate would be expected to cause changes in the geographical range, seasonality (intra–annual variability), and in the incidence rate (with or without changes in geographical or seasonal patterns). The detection and then attribution of such changes to climate change is an emerging task for scientists. We discuss the evidence required to attribute changes in disease and vectors to the early effects of anthropogenic climate change. The literature to date indicates that there is a lack of strong evidence of the impact of climate change on vector–borne diseases (i.e. malaria, dengue, leishmaniasis, tick–borne diseases). New approaches to monitoring, such as frequent and long–term sampling along transects to monitor the full latitudinal and altitudinal range of specific vector species, are necessary in order to provide convincing direct evidence of climate change effects. There is a need to reassess the appropriate levels of evidence, including dealing with the uncertainties attached to detecting the health impacts of global change.

scholarly journals Experiences of telehealth in general practice in Australia: research protocol for a mixed methods study

BJGP Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. BJGPO.2021.0187
Author(s):  
Sarah J White ◽  
Amy Nguyen ◽  
Peter Roger ◽  
Tim Tse ◽  
John A Cartmill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Practice ◽  
Conversation Analysis ◽  
General Practitioners ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Mixed Methods Study ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Practice Setting ◽  
Australian General Practice ◽  
Evidence Based Guidelines ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundDue to the COVID-19 pandemic, use of telehealth has expanded rapidly. However, little is known about the impact of delivering care through telehealth on communication between clinicians and patients. At an interactional level, the ways in which clinicians establish rapport and connection with their patients in telehealth consultations is not well understood.AimThis study will explore interactional practices of general practitioners (GPs) and patients in telehealth consultations to develop evidence-based resources to improve communication.Design & settingThe study will be conducted within the Australian general practice setting.MethodConversation analysis and sociolinguistic discourse analysis of recorded telehealth consultations will provide direct evidence of specific elements contributing to successful and less successful instances of telehealth communication. This analysis will be complemented by co-design techniques such as qualitative and reflective interviews and collaborative workshops with telehealth users, including both general practitioners and patients.ConclusionEffective communication is critical for telehealth consultations and is central to achieving optimal clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction. This study will co-develop with end-users, evidence-based guidelines encompassing effective telehealth communication strategies.

Interfacial Effects of Plasma Treatment on Fiber Pull-Out

1989 ◽  
Vol 170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umesh Gaur ◽  
Theodore Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Plasma Treatment ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Fiber Surface ◽  
Polymeric Fibers ◽  
Pull Out ◽  
Surface Energetics ◽  
Modify Surface ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Properties Of Composites

AbstractSurface modification of organic reinforcement fibers by exposure to certain plasmas appears to have considerable potential as a means for improving the performance of composites. Such treatments can change fiber surface properties, leaving the core of the fiber virtually unaffected so that the mechanical properties of the fibers remain unaltered. Previous studies [1–5] have shown that plasma treatment of polymeric fibers can modify surface energetics and that the acid/base characteristics of a fiber surface can be altered by exposure to plasmas of acidic or basic gases. Although several publications [6,7] have reported that the mechanical properties of composites reinforced with plasma-treated fibers are enhanced, there has been no direct evidence to show the impact of fiber surface plasma treatment on interfacial shear strength.

scholarly journals Direct evidence of the impact of longline fishery on mortality in the Black-footed Albatross Phoebastria nigripes

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
JEAN-DOMINIQUE LEBRETON ◽  
SOPHIE VÉRAN
Keyword(s):  
Survival Probability ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Longline Fishery ◽  
Vertebrate Species ◽  
Probability Of Survival ◽  
Annual Probability ◽  
Capture Recapture ◽  
Longline Fisheries ◽  
The Impact

SummaryThe incidental bycatch of seabirds in longline fisheries is one of the most striking examples of diffuse and incidental impact of human activities on vertebrate species. While there are various types of evidence of a strong impact of longline fisheries on seabirds, in particular albatrosses, the incidental bycatch mortality has never been directly linked to estimates of bycatch derived from on-board surveys. We develop a capture-recapture analysis which relates the annual probability of survival in the Black-Footed Albatross to the estimated absolute bycatch. By converting the absolute bycatch into an estimate relative to population size and using the theory of exploited populations, we show that survival probability decreases linearly with bycatch, and that the bycatch is underestimated by at least 50%, confirming suspicions based on reviews of the bycatch survey procedures, and raising further concerns about the impact of longline fisheries on seabirds.

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