Iron-doped natural clays: Low-cost inorganic adsorbents for phosphate recovering from simulated urban treated wastewater

Abstract A pilot-scale CFIC® (continuous flow intermittent cleaning) reactor was run in anoxic conditions to study denitrification of wastewater. The CFIC process has already proven its capabilities for biological oxygen demand removal with a small footprint, less energy consumption and low cost. The present study focused on the applicability for denitrification. Both pre-denitrification (pre-DN) and post-denitrification (post-DN) were tested. A mixture of primary treated wastewater and nitrified wastewater was used for pre-DN and nitrified wastewater with ethanol as a carbon source was used for post-DN. The pre-DN process was carbon limited and removal rates of only 0.16 to 0.74 g NOx-N/m²-d were obtained. With post-DN and an external carbon source, 0.68 to 2.2 g NO3-Neq/m²-d removal rates were obtained. The carrier bed functioned as a good filter for both the larger particles coming with influent water and the bio-solids produced in the reactor. Total suspended solids removal in the reactor varied from 20% to 78% (average 45%) during post-DN testing period and 9% to 70% (average 29%) for pre-DN. The results showed that the forward flow washing improves both the DN function and filtration ability of the reactor.

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Phosphate and Ammonium Removal from Wastewaters Using Natural-Based Innovative Bentonites Impacting on Resource Recovery and Circular Economy

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26216684 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (21) ◽

pp. 6684

Author(s):

Miltiadis Zamparas ◽

Grigorios L. Kyriakopoulos ◽

Marios Drosos ◽

Vasilis C. Kapsalis

Keyword(s):

Circular Economy ◽

Low Cost ◽

Resource Recovery ◽

Sem Analysis ◽

Langmuir Model ◽

Treated Wastewater ◽

Ammonium Removal ◽

Different Types ◽

Long Time ◽

Ph Range

The research objective of the study is the estimation of a novel low-cost composite material f-MB (Fe-modified bentonite) as a P and N adsorbent from wastewaters. Τhe present study aimed at examining the phosphate and ammonium removal efficiency from different types of wastewater using f-MB, by conducting bench-scale batch experiments to investigate its equilibrium characteristics and kinetics. The SEM analysis revealed that the platelets of bentonite in f-MB do not form normal bentonite sheets, but they have been restructured in a more compact formation with a great porosity. Regarding the sorption efficiencies (Qm), the maximum phosphate sorption efficiencies (Qm) calculated using the Langmuir model were 24.54, 25.09, 26.13, 24.28, and 23.21 mg/g, respectively, for a pH range of 5 to 9. In addition, the maximum NH4+-N adsorption capacities (Qm) calculated from the Langmuir model were 131.8, 145.7, 168.5, 156.7, and 159.6 mg/g, respectively, for a pH range from 5 to 9. Another important finding of this study is that f-MB can recover P from treated wastewater impacting on resource recovery and circular economy (CE). The modified clay f-MB performed the phosphate and ammonium recovery rates of 80% and 78.5%, respectively. Finally, f-MB can slowly release the largest proportion of phosphate and ammonium ions for a long time, thus extending the application of the f-MB material as a slow-release fertilizer and soil improver.

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Waste stabilization ponds and rock filters: solutions for small communities

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2007.133 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 55 (7) ◽

pp. 103-107 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

D.D. Mara ◽

M.L. Johnson

Keyword(s):

Rural Communities ◽

High Performance ◽

Low Cost ◽

Water Discharge ◽

Ammonia Removal ◽

Control Measures ◽

Treated Wastewater ◽

Waste Stabilization Ponds ◽

Pathogen Reduction ◽

Crop Irrigation

In temperate climates facultative ponds and rock filters (either unaerated or, if ammonia removal is required, aerated) are a low-cost but high-performance treatment system for small rural communities. Effluent quality is suitable for surface water discharge or, in summer, for restricted crop irrigation. In tropical climates anaerobic and facultative ponds and either unaerated rock filters or, if ammonia reduction is required, subsurface horizontal-flow or vertical-flow constructed wetland, can be used if the effluents are discharged to surface waters. However, if the treated wastewater is to be used for crop irrigation, then a 3-log unit pathogen reduction by treatment in anaerobic, facultative and single maturation ponds is required for both restricted and unrestricted irrigation, provided that, in the case of unrestricted irrigation, there are in place post-treatment health-protection control measures that together provide a further 4-log unit pathogen reduction.

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New low-cost ultrafiltration membrane made from purified natural clays for direct Red 80 dye removal

Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering ◽

10.1016/j.jece.2019.103268 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 103268 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

H. Ouaddari ◽

A. Karim ◽

B. Achiou ◽

S. Saja ◽

A. Aaddane ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dye Removal ◽

Low Cost ◽

Ultrafiltration Membrane ◽

Natural Clays

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Removal of Enteric Pathogens from Real Wastewater Using Single and Catalytic Ozonation

Water ◽

10.3390/w11010127 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 127 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

João Gomes ◽

Danilo Frasson ◽

Rosa Quinta-Ferreira ◽

Ana Matos ◽

Rui Martins

Keyword(s):

Volcanic Rock ◽

Emerging Contaminants ◽

Municipal Wastewater ◽

Jc Virus ◽

Low Cost ◽

Catalytic Ozonation ◽

Enteric Pathogens ◽

Treated Wastewater ◽

Genotype I ◽

Treatment Technologies

Water scarcity is one of the main problems of this century. Water reclamation appears as an alternative due to the reuse of treated wastewater. Therefore, effluents treatment technologies (activated sludge, rotary biological discs, percolating beds) must be improved since they are not able to remove emerging contaminants such as enteric pathogens (bacteria and virus). These pollutants are difficult to remove from the wastewater and lead to adverse consequences to human health. Advanced oxidation processes, such as single and catalytic ozonation, appear as suitable complements to conventional processes. Catalytic ozonation was carried out using a low-cost material, a volcanic rock. Single and catalytic ozonation were capable of promoting total Escherichia coli removal from municipal wastewater after 90 min of contact. The presence of volcanic rock increases disinfection efficiency since E. coli regrowth was not observed. The identified viruses (Norovirus genotype I and II and JC virus) were completely removed using catalytic ozonation, whereas single ozonation was not able to eliminate JC virus even after 150 min of treatment. The higher performance of the catalytic process can be explained by the formation of hydroxyl radicals, proving that disinfection occurs in the liquid bulk and not due to adsorption at the volcanic rock.

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Adding value to natural clays as low-cost adsorbents of methylene blue in polluted water through honeycomb monoliths manufacture

SN Applied Sciences ◽

10.1007/s42452-019-1636-4 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (12) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. Ahrouch ◽

J. M. Gatica ◽

K. Draoui ◽

H. Vidal

Keyword(s):

Methylene Blue ◽

Low Cost ◽

Polluted Water ◽

Natural Clays

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First Results: Innovative Solar Disinfection Technology for Treated Wastewater that Integrates Materiality, Geometry, and Reflective Panels

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17186523 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (18) ◽

pp. 6523

Author(s):

Pedro Cisterna-Osorio ◽

Sergio Quijada-Vera ◽

Daniela Ruiz-Duran ◽

Rodrigo Peirano-Cuevas ◽

Pamela Ortiz-Briones

Keyword(s):

Low Cost ◽

Bacterial Load ◽

Treated Wastewater ◽

Atmospheric Radiation ◽

Solar Disinfection ◽

Rural Economies ◽

Cost Treatment ◽

First Results ◽

Continuous Regime ◽

Physical Spaces

Climate change is having drastic consequences in Chile. The lack of water in various regions is causing environmental impacts on ecosystems, including the decrease in the productive activities of rural economies and the deterioration in the quality of life of the inhabitants that occupy the affected physical spaces. In this paper, we propose a sustainable, low-cost treatment of wastewater and its reuse as an adaptation and mitigation policy, patented in 2019, that consists of a wastewater disinfection system based on solar energy. This system can work in both continuous and discontinuous modes. The water passes through a canal of reflective material in the continuous regime, and in the batch regime, the water remains in the canal. The panels are located parallel to the lateral faces of the canal. These panels concentrate the radiation in the canal through reflection. The trapezoidal geometry of the disinfectant canal deflects the radiation and reflects in the direction of the front walls of the canal, radiating what is returned and vice versa. The fraction of the radiation reflected outside the canal reaches the reflective side panels that return the radiation to the canal. The synergy of these three considerations increases the radiation in the canal area, augmenting the elimination of the bacterial load. In the trapezoidal reflective canal without panels, only 5% of the measured radiation exceeded the atmospheric radiation, eliminating 83% of the coliforms. The incorporation of panels surpassed the atmospheric radiation over 36% of the measured radiations, and the removal of coliforms exceeded 99.7%.

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Wastewater reuse: how integrated and sustainable is the strategy?

Water Policy ◽

10.2166/wp.2009.006 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 37-53 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Susanne Neubert

Keyword(s):

Real Option ◽

Low Cost ◽

Wastewater Reuse ◽

Legal Framework ◽

Three Dimensions ◽

Treated Wastewater ◽

Newly Industrializing Countries ◽

Treatment Concepts ◽

Ecologically Sustainable ◽

Safe Approach

The aim of this paper is to show that the three dimensions, irrigation, fertilization and disposal must be integrated if the reuse of treated wastewater (RTW) in agriculture is to become an ecologically sustainable and hygienically safe approach. Integration is a real option in both newly industrializing countries and poor developing countries. The option can be realized by adapting wastewater treatment to the needs of wastewater users as well as to the conditions of recipient soils that serve as a reservoir. This calls for treatment concepts that entail different goals which can be realized with the aid of both near-natural, low-cost methods and technically more demanding and cost-intensive approaches. The problems involved in implementation have less to do with funding needs than with the need for targeted management, a suitable legal framework, and institutions that are able to consistently handle both needs.

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Assessment of the Quality of Liquid Digestate from Small-scale Anaerobic Biodigesters Used for Crop Irrigation in Urban and Peri-urban Maseru, Lesotho

Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology ◽

10.9734/cjast/2021/v40i431293 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 30-46

Author(s):

Emmanuel B. Tanor ◽

Itumeleng Lejone ◽

Sibusisiwe Magama ◽

Mantopi Martina Lebofa

Keyword(s):

Toxic Metals ◽

Biogas Production ◽

Low Cost ◽

Ammonium Nitrogen ◽

National Standards ◽

Treated Wastewater ◽

Small Scale ◽

Liquid Digestate ◽

Crop Irrigation

Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the quality of Liquid Digestate (LD) from selected small scale anaerobic digesters for biogas production and assess the suitability for crop irrigation. Methodology: The selection of the parameters was guided by national standards and international guidelines for the agricultural use of wastewater and wastewater treatment products. The analysis was carried out using standard methods. Results: The results showed that most of the parameters determined of the LD from the anaerobic reactors were within the ranges of the national standards and the FAO recommended guideline limits for crop irrigation with wastewater; pH (6.75-8.50), alkalinity 12.5-45.7 mg/L), EC 0.39-1.30dS/m), COD (82.3-158.0 mg.O2/L, SS (1.35-6.17 mg/L) and TDS (249.6-832.0 mg/L). The LD from the reactors contain some considerable amounts of plant nutrients; total nitrogen (11.5- 33.1 mg/L), ammonium nitrogen (2.3-22.0 mg/L), total phosphorous (1.5-121.6 mg/L) calcium (37.68-438 mg/L), magnesium (15.25-127-36 mg/L), sodium (4.67-32.47 mg/L), chloride (9.30-19.5 mg/L) and potassium (12.07-39.50 mg/L). The mean concentrations of the micronutrients cobalt (0.67-0.94 mg/L), copper (0.78-1.08 mg/L), iron (0.851.93 mg/L), manganese (0.09-0.20 mg/L), nickel (0.82-1.48 mg/L) and zinc (0.31-2.24 mg/L) were greater than the FAO guideline limits for wastewater used in crop irrigation, which suggests that the LD are potential low-cost biofertilizer. The level of toxic metals arsenic (0.65-0.87 mg/L), cadmium (0.70-0.97 mg/L), chromium (0.71-0.98 mg/L) and lead (0.55-1.46 mg/L), were higher than the recommended levels for use of treated wastewater in crop irrigation. The numbers of the common pathogenic microorganisms determined were much lower than the FAO and WHO recommended limits indicating that the liquid digestate will not pose any major health risk a biofertilizer. Conclusion: The nutrients and other parameters indicated that the quality of the LD is good enough to be used for crop irrigation without any restrictions.However, the LD should be used with caution, because of the levels of the toxic metals, which may accumulate in the soil after prolonged application. Also, extension services on best practices for the agricultural application of the LD should be made available to potential users to mitigate any potential negative environmental and health impacts.

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Removal of Dyes From Wastewater by Adsorption Onto Low-Cost Adsorbents

Impact of Textile Dyes on Public Health and the Environment - Advances in Human Services and Public Health ◽

10.4018/978-1-7998-0311-9.ch011 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 239-257

Author(s):

Victor Odhiambo Shikuku ◽

George Oindo Achieng' ◽

Chrispin O. Kowenje

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbons ◽

Low Cost ◽

Dye Adsorption ◽

Environmental Parameters ◽

Isotherm Models ◽

Treatment Technique ◽

Operational Conditions ◽

Adsorption Isotherm Models ◽

Inorganic Adsorbents

This chapter describes an up-to-date critique of the use of adsorption as a wastewater treatment technique for the removal of dyes. The topics range from the classification of dyes, their occurrence in water and toxicity, various treatment methods, and dye adsorption dynamics onto agricultural wastes and inorganic adsorbents such as clay and metal oxides and adsorption onto microbial biomass under varying operational conditions. It is demonstrated that the discussed materials form alternative adsorbents for dye adsorption from aqueous solutions with comparable or better removal efficiencies relative to the non-renewable coal-based granular activated carbons; they are cheap and abundant. The relative performance of the adsorbents under different environmental parameters for dye removal has also presented. The deductions made and alluded to from various kinetic and adsorption isotherm models are also discussed. The chapter presents the past, present, and suggestions for future considerations in search of non-conventional adsorbents for dye sequestration from aqueous solution.

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