scholarly journals Assessment of the Quality of Liquid Digestate from Small-scale Anaerobic Biodigesters Used for Crop Irrigation in Urban and Peri-urban Maseru, Lesotho

2021 ◽  
pp. 30-46
Author(s):  
Emmanuel B. Tanor ◽  
Itumeleng Lejone ◽  
Sibusisiwe Magama ◽  
Mantopi Martina Lebofa
Keyword(s):  
Toxic Metals ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Liquid Digestate ◽  
Crop Irrigation

Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the quality of Liquid Digestate (LD) from selected small scale anaerobic digesters for biogas production and assess the suitability for crop irrigation. Methodology: The selection of the parameters was guided by national standards and international guidelines for the agricultural use of wastewater and wastewater treatment products. The analysis was carried out using standard methods. Results: The results showed that most of the parameters determined of the LD from the anaerobic reactors were within the ranges of the national standards and the FAO recommended guideline limits for crop irrigation with wastewater; pH (6.75-8.50), alkalinity 12.5-45.7 mg/L), EC 0.39-1.30dS/m), COD (82.3-158.0 mg.O2/L, SS (1.35-6.17 mg/L) and TDS (249.6-832.0 mg/L). The LD from the reactors contain some considerable amounts of plant nutrients; total nitrogen (11.5- 33.1 mg/L), ammonium nitrogen (2.3-22.0 mg/L), total phosphorous (1.5-121.6 mg/L) calcium (37.68-438 mg/L), magnesium (15.25-127-36 mg/L), sodium (4.67-32.47 mg/L), chloride (9.30-19.5 mg/L) and potassium (12.07-39.50 mg/L). The mean concentrations of the micronutrients cobalt (0.67-0.94 mg/L), copper (0.78-1.08 mg/L), iron (0.851.93 mg/L), manganese (0.09-0.20 mg/L), nickel (0.82-1.48 mg/L) and zinc (0.31-2.24 mg/L) were greater than the FAO guideline limits for wastewater used in crop irrigation, which suggests that the LD are potential low-cost biofertilizer. The level of toxic metals arsenic (0.65-0.87 mg/L), cadmium (0.70-0.97 mg/L), chromium (0.71-0.98 mg/L) and lead (0.55-1.46 mg/L), were higher than the recommended levels for use of treated wastewater in crop irrigation. The numbers of the common pathogenic microorganisms determined were much lower than the FAO and WHO recommended limits indicating that the liquid digestate will not pose any major health risk a biofertilizer. Conclusion: The nutrients and other parameters indicated that the quality of the LD is good enough to be used for crop irrigation without any restrictions.However, the LD should be used with caution, because of the levels of the toxic metals, which may accumulate in the soil after prolonged application. Also, extension services on best practices for the agricultural application of the LD should be made available to potential users to mitigate any potential negative environmental and health impacts.

Waste stabilization ponds and rock filters: solutions for small communities

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 103-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.D. Mara ◽  
M.L. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Ammonia Removal ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Waste Stabilization Ponds ◽  
Pathogen Reduction ◽  
Crop Irrigation

In temperate climates facultative ponds and rock filters (either unaerated or, if ammonia removal is required, aerated) are a low-cost but high-performance treatment system for small rural communities. Effluent quality is suitable for surface water discharge or, in summer, for restricted crop irrigation. In tropical climates anaerobic and facultative ponds and either unaerated rock filters or, if ammonia reduction is required, subsurface horizontal-flow or vertical-flow constructed wetland, can be used if the effluents are discharged to surface waters. However, if the treated wastewater is to be used for crop irrigation, then a 3-log unit pathogen reduction by treatment in anaerobic, facultative and single maturation ponds is required for both restricted and unrestricted irrigation, provided that, in the case of unrestricted irrigation, there are in place post-treatment health-protection control measures that together provide a further 4-log unit pathogen reduction.

scholarly journals STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN TEKNIK PEMBUATAN PRODUKPRODUK KULIT UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN KREATIF DI INDUSTRI KECIL/MENENGAH ALAS KAKI CIBADUYUT

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 183
Author(s):  
Mohamad Arif Waskito
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Product Diversification ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Diversification Strategy ◽  
Footwear Industry ◽  
Small Industry ◽  
Production Techniques ◽  
Technical Specifications ◽  
Creative Products

The creative process in industrial product development in small / medium often don't have opportunity to explore the design, especially in industries which only prioritize production activities only. Their activities will be dominated by the action that refers to the effectiveness and efficiency of production. The production process will be determined based on the speed and reduced their production cost. As happens in many footwear industry in Cibaduyut, generally they will act as the industry "partners" who would accept a job just to make the shoes of larger industry known as "The Champion". Due to the design and technical specifications of products produced by small-scale industries have been set by the industry "Champion", then the selling value the product that can be offered only on quality of workmanship and low cost of production (hpp). Build creative abilities in a small industry is becoming increasingly difficult because of their perceptions of the development of new products based on originality will require many experiments with the high cost and uncertainty of the results. In addition, if the new product has been produced, it will require new skills and new equipment to be purchased. It also makes SMEs often avoid the effort to develop creative products. In this study, will be made efforts to develop creative products that can be done by small industry through product diversification strategy, based on the principle of common production techniques in the industry without requiring a large investment. The process of formation will use mould and knit technique as applyed in the footwear industry, but will be used for other products besides footwear products. Abstrak Proses kreatif dalam pengembangan produk industri kecil / menengah sering tidak memiliki kesempatan untuk menjelajahi Desain, terutama dalam industri yang hanya memprioritaskan kegiatan produksi. Kegiatan mereka akan didominasi oleh tindakan yang mengacu pada efektifitas dan efisiensi produksi. Proses produksi akan ditentukan berdasarkan kecepatan dan mengurangi biaya produksi mereka. Seperti yang terjadi di banyak industri alas kaki di Cibaduyut, umumnya mereka akan bertindak sebagai industri "mitra" yang akan menerima pekerjaan hanya untuk membuat sepatu industri besar yang dikenal sebagai "The Champion". Karena desain dan teknis spesifikasi produk yang diproduksi oleh industri skala kecil telah ditetapkan oleh industri "Champion", maka nilai jual produk yang dapat ditawarkan hanya pada kualitas pengerjaan dan rendah biaya produksi (hpp). Membangun kemampuan kreatif dalam industri kecil menjadi semakin sulit karena persepsi mereka tentang pengembangan produk baru berdasarkan orisinalitas akan memerlukan banyak percobaan dengan tingginya biaya dan ketidakpastian hasil. Selain itu, jika produk baru telah diproduksi, itu akan membutuhkan keterampilan baru dan peralatan baru untuk dibeli. Hal ini juga membuat UKM sering menghindari upaya untuk mengembangkan produk-produk kreatif. Dalam studi ini, akan dilakukan upaya untuk mengembangkan produkproduk kreatif yang dapat dilakukan oleh industri kecil melalui strategi diversifikasi produk, berdasarkan prinsip umum teknik produksi dalam industri tanpa memerlukan investasi besar. Proses pembentukan akan menggunakan cetakan dan teknik rajut sebagai diterapkan di industri alas kaki, tetap

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRIC DISCHARGE MACHINING (EDM) USING SOLENOID ACTUATOR FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSE

SINERGI ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 279
Author(s):  
Kushendarsyah Saptaji ◽  
Arnaz Asa Sholeh ◽  
Gigih Priyandoko ◽  
Ignatius Budi Hadisujoto
Keyword(s):  
Electric Discharge ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Electric Discharge Machining ◽  
Laboratory Activity ◽  
Solenoid Actuator ◽  
Advanced Machining

The increasing number of materials with variation in properties, especially hard-to-cut, leads to the need for an advanced machining method to process such material. Electric Discharge Machining (EDM) is one of the advanced machining methods widely used for hard-to-cut alloys. The EDM process uses an electrode as the conductor of electrical current to erode the metal alloys and is supported by other components. Due to EDM's high cost and high energy consumption, developing a low-cost EDM and simpler EDM setup is necessary, especially for educational purposes in laboratory activity. However, the EDM design and setup required to produce the desired “spark” have always been a challenge for researchers and manufacturers. In this research, a small-scale EDM setup was built. A solenoid actuator is used to generate simple mechanical movement. The movement is used to control the gap between the workpiece and the electrode to produce a spark. The solenoid actuator is used because of its low cost and simple mechanism. The proposed EDM setup is successfully fabricated and works appropriately by generating sparks and a hole cavity during the process. There are six cavity holes produced in mild steel workpiece during the experiments with various parameters such as current (5A, 7A, and 10A) and frequency (10 Hz and 20 Hz). The varied parameter shows that the higher current and lower frequency removed more materials. In contrast, the higher frequency produced a better quality of the cavity hole. However, the lack of flushing quality on the material debris during the process results in the formation of excess metals around the edge of the hole. 

scholarly journals Machine Learning Approach to Predict Quality Parameters for Bacterial Consortium-Treated Hospital Wastewater and Phytotoxicity Assessment on Radish, Cauliflower, Hot Pepper, Rice and Wheat Crops

Water ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 116
Author(s):  
Aneeba Rashid ◽  
Safdar A. Mirza ◽  
Ciara Keating ◽  
Umer Z. Ijaz ◽  
Sikander Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Bacterial Consortium ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Hot Pepper ◽  
Hospital Wastewater ◽  
Untreated Wastewater ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Crop Irrigation

Raw hospital wastewater is a source of excessive heavy metals and pharmaceutical pollutants. In water-stressed countries such as Pakistan, the practice of unsafe reuse by local farmers for crop irrigation is of major concern. In our previous work, we developed a low-cost bacterial consortium wastewater treatment method. Here, in a two-part study, we first aimed to find what physico-chemical parameters were the most important for differentiating consortium-treated and untreated wastewater for its safe reuse. This was achieved using a Kruskal–Wallis test on a suite of physico-chemical measurements to find those parameters which were differentially abundant between consortium-treated and untreated wastewater. The differentially abundant parameters were then input to a Random Forest classifier. The classifier showed that ‘turbidity’ was the most influential parameter for predicting biotreatment. In the second part of our study, we wanted to know if the consortium-treated wastewater was safe for crop irrigation. We therefore carried out a plant growth experiment using a range of popular crop plants in Pakistan (Radish, Cauliflower, Hot pepper, Rice and Wheat), which were grown using irrigation from consortium-treated and untreated hospital wastewater at a range of dilutions (turbidity levels) and performed a phytotoxicity assessment. Our results showed an increasing trend in germination indices and a decreasing one in phytotoxicity indices in plants after irrigation with consortium-treated hospital wastewater (at each dilution/turbidity measure). The comparative study of growth between plants showed the following trend: Cauliflower > Radish > Wheat > Rice > Hot pepper. Cauliflower was the most adaptive plant (PI: −0.28, −0.13, −0.16, −0.06) for the treated hospital wastewater, while hot pepper was susceptible for reuse; hence, we conclude that bacterial consortium-treated hospital wastewater is safe for reuse for the irrigation of cauliflower, radish, wheat and rice. We further conclude that turbidity is the most influential parameter for predicting bio-treatment efficiency prior to water reuse. This method, therefore, could represent a low-cost, low-tech and safe means for farmers to grow crops in water stressed areas.

scholarly journals Exploring the environmental and economic potential for biogas production from swine manure wastewater by life cycle assessment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng-Fen Shih ◽  
Chyi-How Lay ◽  
Chiu-Yue Lin ◽  
Shen-Ho Chang
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Resource Scarcity ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Swine Farms

Abstract Development of biofuels to replace fossil fuels by bioenergy systems has been attracting attention as an environmental-friendly process. Dealing with biowaste by anaerobic digestion not only disposes of wastes but also producing biogas during the treatment processes for providing the renewable energy source at low-cost while conserving fossil fuel. This study aims to use life cycle assessment and cost-benefit analysis tools in evaluating and comparing the potential environmental impacts and cost benefits for the swine farm operation with and without a rapid-build anaerobic fermentor module installed into the original three-stage wastewater treatment system, which module helps biogas production as energy recovery in swine farms. The results indicate that the module could help reduce carbon footprint by 22.6%, methane by 51.8%, sulfur oxides by 92.6%, nitrogen oxides by 74.2%, carbon monoxide by 54.7%, nitrous oxide by 28.6%, suspended particulate by 95.4%, and non-methane volatile organic compounds by 80%. Using this module made the reductions of damage impacts were human health 82%, ecosystem quality 59%, and resource scarcity 87%. The daily average biogas production was 46.38 m3 and its annual electricity generation income was 6,091 USD. This study allows identifying the lowest environmental impact to support the adoption of sustainable waste treatment and the opportunity for converting waste to be energy and utilization with economic benefits for small-scale swine farms.

scholarly journals The role of geophysics in enhancing mine planning decision-making in small-scale mining

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 200384
Author(s):  
Ricardo Tichauer ◽  
Antonio Carlos Martins ◽  
Ranyere Sousa Silva ◽  
Giorgio De Tomi
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Geophysical Methods ◽  
Mine Planning ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Planning Decision

Small-scale mining usually operates under high geological uncertainty conditions. This turns mine planning into a complex and sometimes inaccurate task, resulting in low productivity and substantial variability in the quantity and quality of the mineral products. This research demonstrates how the application of a novel methodology that relies on traditional and low-cost geophysical methods can contribute to mine planning in small-scale mining. A combination of resistivity and induced polarization methods is applied to enhance mine planning decision-making in three small-scale mining operations. This approach allows for the acquisition of new data regarding local geological settings, supporting geological modelling and enhancing decision-making processes for mine planning in a timely and low-cost fashion. The results indicate time savings of up to 77% and cost reductions of up to 94% as compared with conventional methods, contributing to more effective mine planning and, ultimately, improving sustainability in small-scale mining.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Performance and Quality of Wastewater Treated by M’zar Plant in Agadir, Morocco

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 954
Author(s):  
Imane Mansir ◽  
Emmanuel Oertlé ◽  
Redouane Choukr-Allah
Keyword(s):  
Biogas Production ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Treated Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Treatment Stage ◽  
Very High

The aim of our study is based on the characterization of the effluents treated by the M’zar plant, the monitoring of its purification performance after each treatment stage and the benefits of treated wastewater reuse in Souss-Massa region. Physico-chemical and bacteriological analyses were performed monthly from May 2019 to September 2020 on four types of water: Raw Water (RW), Settled Water (SW), Filtered Water (FW) and Purified Water treated by ultraviolet radiation (PWUV). After treatment, the pH values were close to neutrality and the concentrations of COD, BOD5, SM and bacteriological parameters were below the limits recommended by Moroccan standards, with a satisfactory abatement rate (between 97.5% and 100%), with the exception of electrical conductivity, which recorded very high values (3.7 dS/cm in PWUV) due to the salt discharged by the fish industries. In fact, the treated wastewater is rich in nitrates (289.24 mg/L in PWUV) and their reuse in agriculture can therefore contribute to making significant savings in terms of fertilization (2.08 t/day of nitrogen with a daily flow of 30,000 m3/day). Furthermore, a daily quantity of 2 to 5 tons of sludge is discharged, containing 40% to 60% of dry volatile matter, which results in the biogas production of 1275 m3/day/decanter.

CITTASLOW HAREKETİNDEN İLHAM ALINARAK TEKSTİL VE MODA SEKTÖRÜNDE DE YAVAŞLAMA HAREKETİNİN YAYGINLAŞTIRILMASI

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (27) ◽  
pp. 47-55
Author(s):  
Tuğba ÖZTÜRK
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Small Cities ◽  
Slow Food ◽  
Permanent Damage ◽  
Urban Settlements ◽  
Short Time

The Cittaslow Movement, which emerged as a response to the negative effects of globalization on small cities, was founded in 1999 with the initiative of the mayors of four small urban settlements in Italy and the founder of Slow Food. This movement, which aims to improve the quality of life by preserving and maintaining the local values of the settlements, has been adopted by 30 countries and more than 200 small-scale urban settlements in a short time. This movement is so important that it has to be implemented in all areas of human life. Because natural resources are consumed faster than they should be, and there is a slowdown in every field that is experienced as if it were unlimited. And of course the textile and fashion sector is one of them. Low-cost disposable products cause permanent damage to nature and create a consumption spree. In this study, the Cittaslow movement was inspired by the emergence of a deceleration movement in the fashion sector and we tried to draw attention to what we can do as consumers.

Effect of Computerized Auditory Training on Speech Perception of Adults With Hearing Impairment

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 91-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Pizarek ◽  
Valeriy Shafiro ◽  
Patricia McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Speech Perception ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Experimental Designs ◽  
Auditory Training ◽  
Hearing Impairments ◽  
Communicative Disorders ◽  
And Training

Computerized auditory training (CAT) is a convenient, low-cost approach to improving communication of individuals with hearing loss or other communicative disorders. A number of CAT programs are being marketed to patients and audiologists. The present literature review is an examination of evidence for the effectiveness of CAT in improving speech perception in adults with hearing impairments. Six current CAT programs, used in 9 published studies, were reviewed. In all 9 studies, some benefit of CAT for speech perception was demonstrated. Although these results are encouraging, the overall quality of available evidence remains low, and many programs currently on the market have not yet been evaluated. Thus, caution is needed when selecting CAT programs for specific patients. It is hoped that future researchers will (a) examine a greater number of CAT programs using more rigorous experimental designs, (b) determine which program features and training regimens are most effective, and (c) indicate which patients may benefit from CAT the most.

DECOLOURIZATION AND COD REMOVAL OF WASEWATER FROM ETHANOL PRODUCTION PROCESS FROM MOLASSES BY COAGULANTION USING INORGANIC ALUM

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 92-102
Author(s):  
Trung Duc Le
Keyword(s):  
Ethanol Production ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Cod Removal ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Biological Methods ◽  
Treatment Step ◽  
Main Material

The industrial production of ethanol by fermentation using molasses as main material that generates large quantity of wastewater. This wastewater contains high levels of colour and chemical oxygen demand (COD), that may causes serious environmental pollution. Most available treatment processes in Vietnam rely on biological methods, which often fail to treat waste water up to discharge standard. As always, it was reported that quality of treated wastewater could not meet Vietnameses discharge standard. So, it is necessary to improve the treatment efficiency of whole technological process and therefore, supplemental physico-chemical treatment step before biodegradation stage should be the appropriate choice. This study was carried out to assess the effect of coagulation process on decolourization and COD removal in molasses-based ethanol production wastewater using inorganic coaglutant under laboratory conditions. The experimental results showed that the reductions of COD and colour with the utilization of Al2(SO4)3 at pH 9.5 were 83% and 70%, respectively. Mixture FeSO4 – Al2(SO4)3 at pH 8.5 reduced 82% of colour and 70% of COD. With the addition of Polyacrylamide (PAM), the reduction efficiencies of colour, COD and turbidity by FeSO4 – Al2(SO4)3 were 87%, 73.1% and 94.1% correspondingly. It was indicated that PAM significantly reduced the turbidity of wastewater, however it virtually did not increase the efficiencies of colour and COD reduction. Furthermore, the coagulation processes using PAM usually produces a mount of sludge which is hard to be deposited.

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