Alginate-coated chitosan nanogels differentially modulate class-A and class-B CpG-ODN targeting of dendritic cells and intracellular delivery

This research aims to obtain infomation about Arabic learning especially speaking skill in Arabic Language Education Department at IAIN Batusangkar. The research uses a quantitative approach. The instruments to collect the data are test and questionnaire. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results of the research state that the students’ speaking ability at class “ A “ are 28% low, 36% moderate, and 36% high. While, at class “B”, students’ speaking abilities are 36.4% low, 40,9% moderate, and 22.7% high. The cause of students’ low ability is the unappropriateness of teachers’ strategy in teaching speaking. There are about 96% students at class “A” agreed and 86.4% students at class “B” had similar answer. Another cause is students’ low motivation in learning. Class “A” students agreed for about 76% of them and 77% of class “B” students answered the same. From the finding, it can be concluded that the inability of students to speak Arabic can be overcomed by improving teaching strategies and encouraging maximum motivation to learn Arabic.

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Involvement of DNA-PKcs in the IL-6 and IL-12 response to CpG-ODN is mediated by its interaction with TRAF6 in dendritic cells.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.717992632.793512353 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Xiaojing Ma

Keyword(s):

Dendritic Cells ◽

Cpg Odn

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Some kinematics of halo coronal mass ejections

Open Astronomy ◽

10.1515/astro-2020-0010 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 81-88

Author(s):

Virendra Kumar Verma ◽

Nishant Mittal ◽

Ramesh Chandra

Keyword(s):

Coronal Mass Ejections ◽

Solar Flares ◽

Coronal Holes ◽

Geomagnetic Disturbances ◽

Class A ◽

Heliospheric Physics ◽

Class B ◽

The Mean ◽

Class C

AbstractWe present an investigation of halo coronal mass ejections (HCMEs) kinematics and other facts about the HCMEs. The study of HCMEs is very important because HCMEs are regarded as the main causes of heliospheric and geomagnetic disturbances. In this study, we have investigated 313 HCMEs observed during 1996-2012 by LASCO, coronal holes, and solar flares. We find that HCMEs are of two types: accelerated HCMEs and decelerated HCMEs. The mean space speed of HCMEs is 1283 km/s while the mean speed of decelerated HCMEs and accelerated HCMEs is 1349 km/s and 1174 km/s, respectively. The investigation shows that 1 (0.3%) HCME was associated with class A SXR, 14 (4.7%) HCMEs were associated with class B SXR-flares, 87 (29.4%) HCMEs were associated with class C SXR-flares, 125 (42.2%) HCMEs were associated with class M SXR-flares and 69 (23.3%) HCMEs were associated with class X SXR-flares. The speed of HCMEs increases with the importance of solar SXR-flares. The various results obtained in the present analysis are discussed in the light of the existing scenario of heliospheric physics.

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Design and Validation of an Adjustable Large-Scale Solar Simulator

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11041964 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 1964

Author(s):

Daniele Colarossi ◽

Eleonora Tagliolini ◽

Paolo Principi ◽

Roberto Fioretti

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Design Procedure ◽

Spatial Arrangement ◽

Luminous Flux ◽

International Electrotechnical Commission ◽

Solar Simulator ◽

Class A ◽

Pv Panel ◽

Temporal Instability ◽

Class B

This work presents an adjustable large-scale solar simulator based on metal halide lamps. The design procedure is described with regards to the construction and spatial arrangement of the lamps and the designed optical system. Rotation and translation of the lamp array allow setting the direction and the intensity of the luminous flux on the horizontal plane. To validate the built model, irradiance nonuniformity and temporal instability tests were carried out assigning Class A, B, or C for each test, according to the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards requirements. The simulator meets the Class C standards on a 200 × 90 cm test plane, Class B on 170 × 80 cm, and Class A on 80 × 40 cm. The temporal instability returns Class A results for all the measured points. Lastly, a PV panel is characterized by tracing the I–V curve under simulated radiation, under outdoor natural sunlight, and with a numerical method. The results show a good approximation.

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Image data of crumb structure of bread from flour of czech spring wheat cultivars

Czech Journal of Food Sciences ◽

10.17221/3417-cjfs ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 22 (No. 4) ◽

pp. 133-142 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

I. Švec ◽

M. Hrušková

Keyword(s):

Image Analysis ◽

Image Data ◽

Analysis Data ◽

Wheat Cultivars ◽

Rheological Measurements ◽

Class A ◽

Bread Volume ◽

Class B ◽

Crumb Structure

Abstract: Baking quality of flour from six wheat cultivars (harvest 2002 and 2003), belonging to the quality classes A and B, was evaluated using the fermented dough test. Analytical traits of kernel and flour showed differences between the classes which were confirmed by the baking test with the full-bread-formula according to Czech method. In addition to standard methods of the bread parameters description (specific bread volume and bread shape measurements) rheological measurements of penetrometer and image analysis were used in effort to differentiate wheat samples into the quality classes. The results of the baking test proved significant differences in specific bread volumes – the highest volume in class A was obtained with the cultivar Vinjet and in class B with SG-S1098 – approx. 410 and 420 ml/100 g. Although significant correlations among image analysis data and specific bread volume having been proved, any image analysis parameter did not distinguish the quality classes. Only the penetronetric measurements made with bread crumb were suitable for such purpose (r = 0.9083; for  = 0.01). Among image analysis data the total cell area of the crumb had the strongest correlation with specific bread volume (r = 0.7840; for α = 0.01).    

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Expression of Tyk2 in dendritic cells is required for IL-12, IL-23, and IFN-γ production and the induction of Th1 cell differentiation

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood-2006-11-059246 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 110 (2) ◽

pp. 553-560 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

Naoki Tokumasa ◽

Akira Suto ◽

Shin-ichiro Kagami ◽

Shunsuke Furuta ◽

Koichi Hirose ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dendritic Cells ◽

Cell Differentiation ◽

Cpg Odn ◽

T Helper ◽

Dc Functions ◽

Th1 Cell ◽

Th2 Cell ◽

Ifn Γ ◽

Antigen Presenting

Abstract It is well documented that dendritic cells (DCs), representative antigen-presenting cells, are important sources of Th1-promoting cytokines and are actively involved in the regulation of T-helper–cell differentiation. However, the intracellular event that regulates this process is still largely unknown. In this study, we examined the role of Tyk2, a JAK kinase that is involved in the signaling pathway under IL-12 and IL-23, in DC functions. While the differentiation and maturation of DCs was normal in Tyk2-deficient (Tyk2−/−) mice, IL-12–induced Stat4 phosphorylation was diminished in Tyk2−/− DCs. IL-12–induced IFN-γ production was also significantly diminished in Tyk2−/− DCs to levels similar to those in Stat4−/− DCs. Interestingly, Tyk2−/− DCs were defective in IL-12 and IL-23 production upon stimulation with CpG ODN. Furthermore, Tyk2−/− DCs were impaired in their ability to induce Th1-cell differentiation but not Th2-cell differentiation. Taken together, these results indicate that the expression of Tyk2 in DCs is crucial for the production of Th1-promoting cytokines such as IL-12 and IFN-γ from DCs and thereby for the induction of antigen-specific Th1-cell differentiation.

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A 3-tier classification of cerebral arteriovenous malformations

Journal of Neurosurgery ◽

10.3171/2010.8.jns10663 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 114 (3) ◽

pp. 842-849 ◽

Cited By ~ 164

Author(s):

Robert F. Spetzler ◽

Francisco A. Ponce

Keyword(s):

Surgical Outcomes ◽

Arteriovenous Malformations ◽

Neurological Deficits ◽

Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations ◽

Pooled Data ◽

Class A ◽

Tier System ◽

Class B ◽

Class C

Object The authors propose a 3-tier classification for cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). The classification is based on the original 5-tier Spetzler-Martin grading system, and reflects the treatment paradigm for these lesions. The implications of this modification in the literature are explored. Methods Class A combines Grades I and II AVMs, Class B are Grade III AVMs, and Class C combines Grades IV and V AVMs. Recommended management is surgery for Class A AVMs, multimodality treatment for Class B, and observation for Class C, with exceptions to the latter including recurrent hemorrhages and progressive neurological deficits. To evaluate whether combining grades is warranted from the perspective of surgical outcomes, the 3-tier system was applied to 1476 patients from 7 surgical series in which results were stratified according to Spetzler-Martin grades. Results Pairwise comparisons of individual Spetzler-Martin grades in the series analyzed showed the fewest significant differences (p < 0.05) in outcomes between Grades I and II AVMs and between Grades IV and V AVMs. In the pooled data analysis, significant differences in outcomes were found between all grades except IV and V (p = 0.38), and the lowest relative risks were found between Grades I and II (1.066) and between Grades IV and V (1.095). Using the pooled data, the predictive accuracies for surgical outcomes of the 5-tier and 3-tier systems were equivalent (receiver operating characteristic curve area 0.711 and 0.713, respectively). Conclusions Combining Grades I and II AVMs and combining Grades IV and V AVMs is justified in part because the differences in surgical results between these respective pairs are small. The proposed 3-tier classification of AVMs offers simplification of the Spetzler-Martin system, provides a guide to treatment, and is predictive of outcome. The revised classification not only simplifies treatment recommendations; by placing patients into 3 as opposed to 5 groups, statistical power is markedly increased for series comparisons.

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CpG-ODN Signaling via Dendritic Cells-Expressing MyD88, but Not IL-10, Inhibits Allergic Sensitization

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines9070743 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 743

Author(s):

Ricardo Wesley Alberca ◽

Eliane Gomes ◽

Momtchilo Russo

Keyword(s):

Dendritic Cells ◽

Allergic Sensitization ◽

Allergic Inflammation ◽

Allergen Challenge ◽

Lavage Fluid ◽

Specific Cell ◽

Cpg Odn ◽

Allergic Lung Disease ◽

Myd88 Pathway

Allergen-specific T helper (Th)2 cells orchestrate upon allergen challenge the development of allergic eosinophilic lung inflammation. Sensitization with alum adjuvant, a type 2 adjuvant, has been used extensively in animal models of allergic lung disease. In contrast, type 1 adjuvants like CpG-ODN, a synthetic toll-like receptor 9 agonist, inhibit the development of Th2 immunity. CpG-ODN induce type 1 and suppressive cytokines that influence Th2 cell differentiation. Here, we investigated the immune modulatory effect of CpG-ODN on allergic sensitization to OVA with alum focusing on dendritic cells (DCs) expressing the MyD88 molecule and the suppressive IL-10 cytokine. Using mice with specific cell deletion of MyD88 molecule, we showed that CpG-ODN suppressed allergic sensitization and consequent lung allergic inflammation signaling through the MyD88 pathway on dendritic cells, but not on B-cells. This inhibition was associated with an increased production of IL-10 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Sensitization to OVA with CpG-ODN of IL-10-deficient, but not wild-type mice, induced a shift towards Th1 pattern of inflammation. Employing bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BM-DCs) pulsed with OVA for sensitizations with or without CpG-ODN, we showed that IL-10 is dispensable for the inhibition of allergic lung Th2 responses by CpG-ODN. Moreover, the lack of IL-10 on DCs was not sufficient for the CpG-ODN-induced immune-deviation towards a Th1 pattern. Accordingly, we confirmed directly the role of MyD88 pathway on DCs in the inhibition of allergic sensitization.

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Neuropathologic Examination in Sudden Unexpected Deaths in Infancy and Childhood: Recommendations for Highest Diagnostic Yield and Cost-Effectiveness in Forensic Settings

Academic Forensic Pathology ◽

10.23907/2017.020 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 182-199 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Rebecca D. Folkerth ◽

Jacqueline Nunez ◽

Zhanna Georgievskaya ◽

Declan McGuone

Keyword(s):

Diagnostic Yield ◽

Sinus Thrombosis ◽

Age Determination ◽

Febrile Seizures ◽

Manner Of Death ◽

Final Cause ◽

Class A ◽

Class B ◽

Class C ◽

Walker Malformation

In infants and toddlers (less than four years of age), determination of cause and manner of death often requires a complete autopsy. Few evidence-based guidelines exist regarding optimum nervous system sectioning in this population. Over a six-month interval and using a comprehensive section protocol, we categorized cases having neuropathological findings that were critical (Class A), contributory (Class B), or noncontributory (Class C) to the final cause and manner of death. We further evaluated which sections helped make this determination. Among 53 cases (44 infants, 9 toddlers; 26 girls, 27 boys), Class A neuropathology was noted in nine (16.9%). Seven infants had meningoencephalitis (2/7, 28.6%), craniospinal trauma (3/7, 42.8%), brainstem necrosis suggesting Leigh Disease (1/7, 14.3%), and hydrocephalus in Dandy-Walker malformation (1/7, 14.3%); two toddlers had inflicted craniospinal trauma (2/2, 100%). Class B factors were identified in 11/53 (20.8%), including recent hypoxic-ischemic lesions (2/11, 18.2%), meningitis or dural venous sinus thrombosis in systemic sepsis (2/11, 18.2%), multicystic encephalopathy following peripartum asphyxia (2/11, 18.2%), and microcephaly and delayed myelination (Cri-du-Chat Syndrome) (1/11, 9.09%). Class B also included three toddlers (3/11, 27.2%) with features of hippocampal dysgenesis, two in the setting of febrile seizures. Class C comprised normal brains (3/53, 5.7%), and those with findings of uncertain significance, such as white matter and brainstem gliosis (30/53, 56.6%). The sections most valuable for detection of relevant pathology, and thus recommended for routine sampling, were: 1) bilateral hippocampus; 2) cerebral cortex and leptomeninges; and 3) pons or medulla.

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Exogenous Promoter Triggers APETALA3 Silencing through RNA-Directed DNA Methylation Pathway in Arabidopsis

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms20184478 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (18) ◽

pp. 4478 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Benqi Wang ◽

Jie Liu ◽

Lei Chu ◽

Xue Jing ◽

Huadong Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Transgenic Plants ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Plant Reproduction ◽

Vital Role ◽

Abnormal Development ◽

Class A ◽

Methylation Pathway ◽

Class B ◽

Transgenic Lines ◽

Morphological Defects

The development of floral organs plays a vital role in plant reproduction. In our research, the APETALA3 (AP3) promoter-transgenic lines showed abnormal developmental phenotypes in stamens and petals. The aim of this study is to understand the molecular mechanisms of the morphological defects in transgenic plants. By performing transgenic analysis, it was found that the AP3-promoted genes and the vector had no relation to the morphological defects. Then, we performed the expression analysis of the class A, B, and C genes. A dramatic reduction of transcript levels of class B genes (AP3 and PISTILLATA) was observed. Additionally, we also analyzed the methylation of the promoters of class B genes and found that the promoter of AP3 was hypermethylated. Furthermore, combining mutations in rdr2-2, drm1/2, and nrpd1b-11 with the AP3-silencing lines rescued the abnormal development of stamens and petals. The expression of AP3 was reactivated and the methylation level of AP3 promoter was also reduced in RdDM-defective AP3-silencing lines. Our results showed that the RdDM pathway contributed to the transcriptional silencing in the transgenic AP3-silencing lines. Moreover, the results revealed that fact that the exogenous fragment of a promoter could trigger the methylation of homologous endogenous sequences, which may be ubiquitous in transgenic plants.

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