Toxic stress: Urgent action needed to reduce exposure to toxic stress in pregnant women and young children

Vitamins are essential nutrients for many body functions and particularly important during growth. Adequate supply in pregnancy and in early infancy is therefore crucial, but there is still a lack of knowledge about the needed amounts of vitamins of children older than six months and also during pregnancy. Recommendations for intake levels are generally derived by extrapolation from data for infants based in turn on the contents in breast milk and those for adults. A vitamin of particular importance in pregnancy is folic acid due to its role in the development of the brain and nerve system and the prevention of fetal neural tube defects (NTD). Mandatory fortification of flour and certain other grain products in many countries has been associated with a reduction in NTD incidence. However, other deficiencies or suboptimal status of B vitamins, especially B6 and B12 have been repeatedly reported in pregnant women also in high-income countries. Vitamin A is one of the three most critical micronutrients globally and pregnant women and young children are especially vulnerable to deficiencies. Night blindness, anemia, and immunodeficiency are major consequences of inadequate supply in these populations. Much attention has recently been accorded vitamin D that is also critical in pregnant women and young children for instance because of its involvement in bone mineralization but also its more recently discovered immune-modulating function that is thought to prevent development of autoimmune diseases like diabetes mellitus type I. A healthy balanced diet provides the best basis for optimal pregnancy outcome, lactation performance, and complementary feeding. However, supplements or fortified foods may be needed to cover the high requirements especially of critical vitamins such as vitamin D and folic acid and to correct unfavorable dietary patterns in women or to adapt foods to the needs of young children.

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Practical aspects of milk collection in the rat

Laboratory Animals ◽

10.1258/002367795780739980 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 29 (4) ◽

pp. 450-455 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

C. T. Rodgers

Keyword(s):

Young Children ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Study Design ◽

Safety Evaluation ◽

Basic Study ◽

Milk Samples

It is a requirement as part of the safety evaluation of novel compounds, which are intended to be administered to pregnant women or women with young children, that the potential for the compound or its metabolites to be transferred from a dam to its litter during lactation is measured. The data obtained from the rat milking studies are also used to support the rat peri- and post-natal studies. Therefore it is necessary to collect multiple milk samples from lactating rats. In this paper it was decided to concentrate on three areas: 1. The factors which had to be considered during the development of the rat milking technique; 2. The outline of the basic study design for a rat milking study; 3. The technique for milking rats.

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Pertussis in a child of the first month of life from family contact

Journal Infectology ◽

10.22625/2072-6732-2021-13-2-149-153 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 149-153

Author(s):

O. V. Iozefovich ◽

S. M. Kharit ◽

E. I. Bobova ◽

E. A. Budnikova

Keyword(s):

Young Children ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Clinical Observation ◽

Whooping Cough ◽

Pertussis Infection ◽

Early Stages ◽

Parents And Children ◽

The Family ◽

The Face ◽

Family Contact

A case of whooping cough in a moderate form in a child of the first month of life is described in the presented clinical observation. The moderate form was manifested by the duration of the preconvulsive period up to 5 days, the appearance of cyanosis of the face when coughing in the early stages of the disease (1 week), an increase in the number of coughing attacks. The difficulties of treating pertussis in young children are demonstrated by our observation of the course of the disease. There is no vaccination against pertussis in children in the family due to the refusal of parents and children with prolonged coughing were not examined at the outpatient stage. As a result, chemoprophylaxis was not performed on time and the newborn was discharged from the hospital to the center of pertussis infection. The solution to the problem of reducing the incidence in children in the first months of life should be vaccination of pregnant women in the last stages, and vaccination of the environment, including agerelated revaccinations.

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The role of tourism awareness in developing accessible tourism

ARID International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities ◽

10.36772/arid.aijssh.2020.s.2120 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 437-463

Author(s):

طه مهدي محمود ◽

حسين محمد علي أسد

Keyword(s):

Young Children ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Special Needs ◽

The Elderly ◽

Tourism Industry ◽

Negative Effects ◽

High Quality ◽

Tourism Sector ◽

Effective Contribution

Tourism awareness is one of the most important pillars that contribute to the development of the tourism industry in general, and the development of various tourism patterns in particular, and among those patterns are accessible tourism, because of its great importance in reducing the negative effects that may accompany the tourism industry by building educated tourism employees And be aware, knowledgeable and aware of the importance of the accomplishments and successes achieved by the tourism sector and the opportunities that this sector offers and economic opportunities that ultimately reflect on the members of society and the country. Perhaps the sensitivity of dealing with the categories of accessible tourism (those with special needs, the elderly, pregnant women, mothers for young children) need special type employees who possess a set of special skills and experiences in dealing with those groups to make the details of the tourist trip for the concerned individuals, the most important of which is accommodation (the hotel). And to achieve the best possibility to enjoy the tourist activity in general. This research aims to highlight on the role of tourism awareness for a sample of employees of the holy Karbala hotels and their effective contribution to achieve the development of soft tourism by providing high-quality services that reassure the targeted tourists and thus contribute to attract the largest number of them, which is greatly reflected in the development of tourism and making years Coming golden years for this tourist pattern, which is considered an ethical and human duty to care about and develop.

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