Pericardial adipose tissue and the metabolic syndrome is increased in patients with chronic major depressive disorder compared to acute depression and controls

Abstract Objective: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is closely related to obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance, all together being etiologically linked to metabolic syndrome development. The depressive disorder has a neuroendocrinological component, co-influencing the metabolic syndrome, while metabolic syndrome (MetS) is characterized by increased cytokine levels, which are known to cause a depressed mood. This study aimed to establish biological subtypes of the depressive disorder based on researched clinical, laboratory, and anthropometric variables. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study on a sample of 293 subjects (145 suffering from a depressive disorder and 148 healthy controls). Results were analyzed with multivariate statistical methods as well as with cluster and discriminant analysis. In order to classify depressive disorder on the grounds of laboratory, anthropometric, and clinical parameters, we performed cluster analysis, which resulted in three clusters. Results: The first cluster is characterized by low platelet serotonin, high cortisol levels, high blood glucose levels, high triglycerides levels, high HAMD score, increased waist circumference, high CRP values, and a high number of previous depressive episodes, was named Combined (Metabolic) depression. The inflammatory depression cluster is defined with average platelet serotonin values, normal cortisol, and all other parameter levels, except for increased IL-6 levels. The serotoninergic depression cluster is characterized by markedly low platelet serotonin, and all other parameters are within the normal range. Conclusions: From a biological point of view, depressive disorder is not uniform, and as such, these findings suggest potential clinically useful and generalizable biological subtypes of depressive disorder.

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Adrenal gland volume, intra-abdominal and pericardial adipose tissue in major depressive disorder

Psychoneuroendocrinology ◽

10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.04.008 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 58 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Kai G. Kahl ◽

Ulrich Schweiger ◽

Kaweh Pars ◽

Alicja Kunikowska ◽

Michael Deuschle ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Major Depressive Disorder ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Adrenal Gland ◽

Depressive Disorder ◽

Major Depressive ◽

Gland Volume ◽

Pericardial Adipose Tissue ◽

Adrenal Gland Volume

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Metabolic syndrome in subjects with bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder in a current depressive episode: Population-based study

Journal of Psychiatric Research ◽

10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.03.025 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 92 ◽

pp. 119-123 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Fernanda Pedrotti Moreira ◽

Karen Jansen ◽

Taiane de Azevedo Cardoso ◽

Thaíse Campos Mondin ◽

Pedro Vieira da Silva Magalhães ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Bipolar Disorder ◽

Major Depressive Disorder ◽

Depressive Disorder ◽

Depressive Episode ◽

Population Based ◽

Major Depressive ◽

Population Based Study ◽

A Current

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Association between visceral adipose tissue and major depressive disorder across the lifespan: a Scoping Review

Bipolar Disorders ◽

10.1111/bdi.13130 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jia‐In Lee ◽

Jessica N. Busler ◽

Caitlin Millet ◽

Jessica L. Principe ◽

Leonard L. Levin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Major Depressive Disorder ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Depressive Disorder ◽

Visceral Adipose Tissue ◽

Scoping Review ◽

Major Depressive ◽

Visceral Adipose

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Chronic medical conditions and metabolic syndrome as risk factors for incidence of major depressive disorder: A longitudinal study based on 4.7 million adults in South Korea

Journal of Affective Disorders ◽

10.1016/j.jad.2019.07.003 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 257 ◽

pp. 486-494 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Kyu-Man Han ◽

Min Sun Kim ◽

Aram Kim ◽

Jong-Woo Paik ◽

Juneyoung Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Major Depressive Disorder ◽

Longitudinal Study ◽

Depressive Disorder ◽

South Korea ◽

Chronic Medical Conditions ◽

Medical Conditions ◽

Major Depressive

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Metabolic syndrome and metabolic abnormalities in patients with major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of prevalences and moderating variables

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291713002778 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 44 (10) ◽

pp. 2017-2028 ◽

Cited By ~ 118

Author(s):

D. Vancampfort ◽

C. U. Correll ◽

M. Wampers ◽

P. Sienaert ◽

A. J. Mitchell ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Major Depressive Disorder ◽

Depressive Disorder ◽

Geographical Area ◽

Medical Subject Headings ◽

Prevalence Odds Ratio ◽

Major Depressive ◽

Cardiovascular Morbidity And Mortality ◽

Co Morbidity ◽

Antidepressant Use

BackgroundIndividuals with depression have an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) is an important risk factor for CVD. We aimed to clarify the prevalence and correlates of MetS in persons with robustly defined major depressive disorder (MDD).MethodWe searched Medline, PsycINFO, EMBASE and CINAHL up until June 2013 for studies reporting MetS prevalences in individuals with MDD. Medical subject headings ‘metabolic’ OR ‘diabetes’ or ‘cardiovascular’ or ‘blood pressure’ or ‘glucose’ or ‘lipid’ AND ‘depression’ OR ‘depressive’ were used in the title, abstract or index term fields. Manual searches were conducted using reference lists from identified articles.ResultsThe initial electronic database search resulted in 91 valid hits. From candidate publications following exclusions, our search generated 18 studies with interview-defined depression (n = 5531, 38.9% male, mean age = 45.5 years). The overall proportion with MetS was 30.5% [95% confidence interval (CI) 26.3–35.1] using any standardized MetS criteria. Compared with age- and gender-matched control groups, individuals with MDD had a higher MetS prevalence [odds ratio (OR) 1.54, 95% CI 1.21–1.97, p = 0.001]. They also had a higher risk for hyperglycemia (OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.03–1.73, p = 0.03) and hypertriglyceridemia (OR 1.17, 95% CI 1.04–1.30, p = 0.008). Antipsychotic use (p < 0.05) significantly explained higher MetS prevalence estimates in MDD. Differences in MetS prevalences were not moderated by age, gender, geographical area, smoking, antidepressant use, presence of psychiatric co-morbidity, and median year of data collection.ConclusionsThe present findings strongly indicate that persons with MDD are a high-risk group for MetS and related cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. MetS risk may be highest in those prescribed antipsychotics.

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Central and Peripheral Inflammation Link Metabolic Syndrome and Major Depressive Disorder

Physiology ◽

10.1152/physiol.00047.2018 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 34 (2) ◽

pp. 123-133 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Kenny L. Chan ◽

Flurin Cathomas ◽

Scott J. Russo

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Major Depressive Disorder ◽

Depressive Disorder ◽

Chronic Stress ◽

Immune Cells ◽

Low Grade ◽

Major Depressive ◽

Metabolic Dysregulation ◽

Critical Areas ◽

Behavioral Abnormalities

Metabolic syndrome and major depression are two of the most common and debilitating disorders worldwide, occurring with significant rates of comorbidity. Recent studies have uncovered that each of these conditions is associated with chronic, low-grade inflammation. This is characterized by increased circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, altered leukocyte population frequencies in blood, accumulation of immune cells in tissues including the brain, and activation of these immune cells. Cytokines that become elevated during obesity can contribute to the progression of metabolic syndrome by directly causing insulin resistance. During chronic stress, there is evidence that these cytokines promote depression-like behavior by disrupting neurotransmitter synthesis and signal transduction. Animal models of obesity and depression have revealed a bi-directional relationship whereby high-fat feeding and chronic stress synergize and exacerbate metabolic dysregulation and behavioral abnormalities. Although far from conclusive, emerging evidence suggests that inflammation in the central and peripheral immune system may link metabolic syndrome to major depressive disorder. In this review, we will synthesize available data supporting this view and identify critical areas for future investigation.

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