Coating properties, resistance response, molecular mechanisms and anthracnose decay reduction in green skin avocado fruit (‘Fuerte’) coated with chitosan hydrochloride loaded with functional compounds

2022 ◽  
Vol 186 ◽  
pp. 111812
Author(s):  
Hasten Aloy A Osondu ◽  
Stephen A. Akinola ◽  
Tinotenda Shoko ◽  
Sreejarani Kesavan Pillai ◽  
Dharini Sivakumar
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Coating Properties ◽  
Resistance Response ◽  
Avocado Fruit ◽  
Chitosan Hydrochloride

scholarly journals Comparative phosphoproteomic analysis of blast resistant and susceptible rice cultivars in response to salicylic acid

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ranran Sun ◽  
Shiwen Qin ◽  
Tong Zhang ◽  
Zhenzhong Wang ◽  
Huaping Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Phosphoglycerate Mutase ◽  
Regulatory Function ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Resistance Response ◽  
Basal Resistance ◽  
Pathogen Invasion

Abstract Background Salicylic acid (SA) is a significant signaling molecule that induces rice resistance against pathogen invasion. Protein phosphorylation carries out an important regulatory function in plant defense responses, while the global phosphoproteome changes in rice response to SA-mediated defense response has not been reported. In this study, a comparative phosphoproteomic profiling was conducted by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and mass spectrometry (MS) analysis, with two near-isogenic rice cultivars after SA treatment. Results Thirty-seven phosphoprotein spots were differentially expressed after SA treatment, twenty-nine of which were identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF MS, belonging to nine functional categories. Phosphoproteins involved in photosynthesis, antioxidative enzymes, molecular chaperones were similarly expressed in the two cultivars, suggesting SA might alleviate decreases in plant photosynthesis, regulate the antioxidant defense activities, thus improving basal resistance response in both cultivars. Meanwhile, phosphoproteins related to defense, carbohydrate metabolism, protein synthesis and degradation were differentially expressed, suggesting phosphorylation regulation mediated by SA may coordinate complex cellular activities in the two cultivars. Furthermore, the phosphorylation sites of four identified phosphoproteins were verified by NanoLC-MS/MS, and phosphorylated regulation of three enzymes (cinnamoyl-CoA reductase, phosphoglycerate mutase and ascorbate peroxidase) was validated by activity determination. Conclusions Our study suggested that phosphorylation regulation mediated by SA may contribute to the different resistance response of the two cultivars. To our knowledge, this is the first report to measure rice phosphoproteomic changes in response to SA, which provides new insights into molecular mechanisms of SA-induced rice defense.

scholarly journals Proteomics Reveals the Changes that Contribute to Fusarium Head Blight Resistance in Wheat

2020 ◽  
pp. PHYTO-05-20-017
Author(s):  
Mingming Yang ◽  
Xianguo Wang ◽  
Jian Dong ◽  
Wanchun Zhao ◽  
Tariq Alam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Fusarium Head Blight Resistance ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Resistance Response ◽  
Fhb Resistance

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a devastating disease of wheat, causing yield losses and quality reduction as a result of mycotoxin production. In this study, iTRAQ (isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification)- labeling-based mass spectrometry was employed to characterize the proteome in wheat cultivars Xinong 538 and Zhoumai 18 with contrasting levels of FHB resistance as a means to elucidate the molecular mechanisms contributing to FHB resistance. A total of 13,669 proteins were identified in the two cultivars 48 h after Fusarium graminearum inoculation. Among these, 2,505 unique proteins exclusively accumulated in Xinong 538 (resistant) and 887 proteins in Zhoumai 18 (susceptible). Gene Ontology enrichment analysis showed that most differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) from both cultivars were assigned to the following categories: metabolic process, single-organism process, cellular process, and response to stimulus. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that a greater number of proteins belonging to different metabolic pathways were identified in Xinong 538 compared with Zhoumai 18. Specifically, DAPs from the FHB-resistant cultivar Xinong 538 populated categories of metabolic pathways related to plant–pathogen interaction. These DAPs might play a critical role in defense responses exhibited by Xinong 538. DAPs from both genotypes were assigned to all wheat chromosomes except chromosome 6B, with approximately 30% mapping to wheat chromosomes 2B, 3B, 5B, and 5D. Twenty single nucleotide polymorphism markers, flanking DAPs on chromosomes 1B, 3B, 5B, and 6A, overlapped with the location of earlier mapped FHB-resistance quantitative trait loci. The data provide evidence for the involvement of several DAPs in the early stages of the FHB-resistance response in wheat; however, further functional characterization of candidate proteins is warranted.

scholarly journals Natural genetic diversity in the potato resistance gene RB confers suppression avoidance from Phytophthora effector IPI-O4

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hari Karki ◽  
Sidrat Abdullah ◽  
Yu Chen ◽  
Dennis Halterman
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Coiled Coil ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Hypersensitive Resistance ◽  
Resistance Response ◽  
Natural Genetic Variation ◽  
Repeat Class ◽  
Potato Resistance ◽  
Late Blight Pathogen

RB is a potato gene that provides resistance to a broad spectrum of genotypes of the late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans. RB belongs to the CC-NB-LRR (coiled-coil, nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat) class of resistance (R) genes, a major component of the plant immune system. The RB protein detects the presence of Class I and II IPI-O effectors from P. infestans to initiate a hypersensitive resistance response, but this activity is suppressed in the presence of the Class III effector IPI-O4. Using natural genetic variation of RB within potato wild relatives, we identified two amino acids in the CC domain that alter interactions needed for suppression of resistance by IPI-O4. We have found that separate modification of these amino acids in RB can diminish or expand the resistance capability of this protein against P. infestans in both Nicotiana benthamiana and potato. Our results demonstrate that increased knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that determine resistance activation and R protein suppression by effectors can be utilized to tailor-engineer genes with the potential to provide increased durability.

scholarly journals Natural genetic diversity in the potato resistance gene RB confers suppression avoidance from Phytophthora effector IPI-O4

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hari S. Karki ◽  
Sidrat Abdullah ◽  
Yu Chen ◽  
Dennis A. Halterman
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Coiled Coil ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Hypersensitive Resistance ◽  
Resistance Response ◽  
Natural Genetic Variation ◽  
Repeat Class ◽  
Potato Resistance ◽  
Late Blight Pathogen

ABSTRACTRB is a potato gene that provides resistance to a broad spectrum of genotypes of the late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans. RB belongs to the CC-NB-LRR (coiled-coil, nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat) class of resistance (R) genes, a major component of the plant immune system. It directly interacts with Class I and II IPI-O effectors from P. infestans to initiate a hypersensitive resistance response, but this activity is suppressed in the presence of the Class III effector IPI-O4. Using natural genetic variation of RB within potato wild relatives, we identified two amino acids in the CC domain that alter interactions needed for suppression of resistance by IPI-O4. We have found that separate modification of these amino acids in RB can diminish or enhance the resistance capability of this protein against P. infestans in both Nicotiana benthamiana and potato. Our results demonstrate that increased knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that determine resistance activation and R protein suppression by effectors can be utilized to tailor-engineer genes with the potential to provide increased durability.

scholarly journals Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Important Role of WRKY28 in Fusarium oxysporum Resistance

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Diao ◽  
Jiaqi Wang ◽  
Ping Zhang ◽  
Xin Hao ◽  
Yang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Rna Sequencing ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Resistance Breeding ◽  
Resistance Response ◽  
Populus Davidiana ◽  
Resistance Function ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical

Root rot of Populus davidiana × P. alba var. pyramidalis Louche (Pdpap) is caused by Fusarium oxysporum. We used RNA sequencing to study the molecular mechanisms and response pattern of Pdpap infected by F. oxysporum CFCC86068. We cloned the PdpapWRKY28 transcription factor gene and transformed the recombinant vector pBI121-PdpapWRKY28 into Pdpap. The resistance function of PdpapWRKY28 was verified using physiological and biochemical methods. By means of RNA sequencing, we detected 1,403 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that are common in the different treatments by F. oxysporum. Furthermore, we found that overexpression of the PdpapWRKY28 gene may significantly improve the resistance of Pdpap plants to F. oxysporum. Our research reveals a key role for PdpapWRKY28 in the resistance response of Pdpap to F. oxysporum. Additionally, our results provide a theoretical basis for in-depth research on resistance breeding to combat root rot.

scholarly journals A combined microRNA and transcriptome analysis illuminates the resistance response of rice against brown planthopper

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaoyan Tan ◽  
Yan Wu ◽  
Jianping Guo ◽  
Huimin Li ◽  
Lili Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Brown Planthopper ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Resistance Response

Abstract Background : The brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens Stål) is a kind of phloem-feeding pest that adversely affects rice yield. Recently, the BPH-resistance gene, BPH6 , was cloned and applied in rice breeding to effectively control BPH. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying BPH6 are poorly understood. Results: Here, an integrated miRNA and mRNA expression profiling analysis was performed on BPH6 -transgenic (BPH6G) and Nipponbare (wild type, WT) plants after BPH infestation, and a total of 217 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) and 7,874 differentially expressed mRNAs (DEGs) were identified. 29 miRNAs, including members of miR160, miR166 and miR169 family were opposite expressed during early or late feeding stages between the two varieties, whilst 9 miRNAs were specifically expressed in BPH6G plants, suggesting involvement of these miRNAs in BPH6 -mediated resistance to BPH. In the transcriptome analysis, 949 DEGs were opposite expressed during early or late feeding stages of the two genotypes, which were enriched in metabolic processes, cellular development, cell wall organization, cellular component movement and hormone transport, and certain primary and secondary metabolite synthesis. 24 genes were further selected as candidates for BPH resistance. Integrated analysis of the DEMs and DEGs showed that 34 miRNAs corresponding to 42 target genes were candidate miRNA-mRNA pairs for BPH resistance, 18 pairs were verified by qRT-PCR, and two pairs were confirmed by in vivo analysis. Conclusions: For the first time, we reported integrated small RNA and transcriptome sequencing to illustrate resistance mechanisms against BPH in rice. Our results provide a valuable resource to ascertain changes in BPH-induced miRNA and mRNA expression profiles and enable to comprehend plant-insect interactions and find a way for efficient insect control.

Transcriptional analysis of different mulberry cultivars in response to Ralstonia solanacearum

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanwei Dai ◽  
Zhenjiang Wang ◽  
Guoqing Luo ◽  
Cuiming Tang
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Transcriptional Analysis ◽  
Cell Wall Modification ◽  
Resistance Response ◽  
Resistant Cultivars ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Sequencing Technique ◽  
Transcriptional Changes

Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is a major disease of the mulberry (Morus atropurpurea Roxb.), resulting in severe yield and quality losses. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of resistance. Using the RNA sequencing technique, we identified early transcriptional changes in resistant (KQ10 and YS283) and susceptible (YSD10) mulberry cultivars in response to R. solanacearum infection. We observed that 798 genes were differentially and specifically regulated in both resistant cultivars but not in the susceptible cultivar after infection with R. solanacearum, including 502 upregulated and 296 downregulated genes. Among the differentially expressed genes, 31 encode transcription factors and 48 encode protein kinases. Interestingly, we found that a large number of genes (61) associated with cell-wall modification were differentially and specifically regulated in the resistant cultivars. These genes could be divided into 10 major groups. The largest group is the glucosyltransferase family, followed by the pectinesterase inhibitor, glucanase, and glycoprotein families, suggesting that cell-wall modifications may play an important role in resistance levels in mulberry. This transcriptional analysis paves the way for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of the resistance response to R. solanacearum in mulberry.

scholarly journals A combined microRNA and transcriptome analysis illuminates the resistance response of rice against brown planthopper

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaoyan Tan ◽  
Yan Wu ◽  
Jianping Guo ◽  
Huimin Li ◽  
Lili Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Brown Planthopper ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Resistance Response

Abstract Background: The brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens Stål) is a kind of phloem-feeding pest that adversely affects rice yield. Recently, the BPH-resistance gene, BPH6, was cloned and applied in rice breeding to effectively control BPH. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying BPH6 are poorly understood. Results: Here, an integrated miRNA and mRNA expression profiling analysis was performed on BPH6-transgenic (BPH6G) and Nipponbare (wild type, WT) plants after BPH infestation, and a total of 217 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) and 7,874 differentially expressed mRNAs (DEGs) were identified. 29 miRNAs, including members of miR160, miR166 and miR169 family were opposite expressed during early or late feeding stages between the two varieties, whilst 9 miRNAs were specifically expressed in BPH6G plants, suggesting involvement of these miRNAs in BPH6-mediated resistance to BPH. In the transcriptome analysis, 949 DEGs were opposite expressed during early or late feeding stages of the two genotypes, which were enriched in metabolic processes, cellular development, cell wall organization, cellular component movement and hormone transport, and certain primary and secondary metabolite synthesis. 24 genes were further selected as candidates for BPH resistance. Integrated analysis of the DEMs and DEGs showed that 34 miRNAs corresponding to 42 target genes were candidate miRNA-mRNA pairs for BPH resistance, 18 pairs were verified by qRT-PCR, and two pairs were confirmed by in vivo analysis. Conclusions: For the first time, we reported integrated small RNA and transcriptome sequencing to illustrate resistance mechanisms against BPH in rice. Our results provide a valuable resource to ascertain changes in BPH-induced miRNA and mRNA expression profiles and enables the analysis of the comprehensive plant-insect interactions required for efficient insect control.

Transcription factor/DNA interactions visualized by electron spectroscopic imaging

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 450-451
Author(s):  
David P. Bazett-Jones ◽  
Mark L. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Transcription Initiation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Spectroscopic Imaging ◽  
Electron Spectroscopic Imaging ◽  
Dna Backbone ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
High Level

A multisubunit RNA polymerase enzyme is ultimately responsible for transcription initiation and elongation of RNA, but recognition of the proper start site by the enzyme is regulated by general, temporal and gene-specific trans-factors interacting at promoter and enhancer DNA sequences. To understand the molecular mechanisms which precisely regulate the transcription initiation event, it is crucial to elucidate the structure of the transcription factor/DNA complexes involved. Electron spectroscopic imaging (ESI) provides the opportunity to visualize individual DNA molecules. Enhancement of DNA contrast with ESI is accomplished by imaging with electrons that have interacted with inner shell electrons of phosphorus in the DNA backbone. Phosphorus detection at this intermediately high level of resolution (≈lnm) permits selective imaging of the DNA, to determine whether the protein factors compact, bend or wrap the DNA. Simultaneously, mass analysis and phosphorus content can be measured quantitatively, using adjacent DNA or tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) as mass and phosphorus standards. These two parameters provide stoichiometric information relating the ratios of protein:DNA content.

Dissection of the molecular mechanisms of protein targeting to the peroxisome using immunofluorescence and immunocryoelectron microscopies

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 44-45
Author(s):  
G-A. Keller ◽  
S. J. Gould ◽  
S. Subramani ◽  
S. Krisans
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Protein Targeting ◽  
Firefly Luciferase ◽  
Peroxisomal Enzyme ◽  
Transfected Cells ◽  
Peroxisomal Targeting ◽  
Targeting Signal ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Peroxisomal Targeting Signal

Subcellular compartments within eukaryotic cells must each be supplied with unique sets of proteins that must be directed to, and translocated across one or more membranes of the target organelles. This transport is mediated by cis- acting targeting signals present within the imported proteins. The following is a chronological account of a series of experiments designed and carried out in an effort to understand how proteins are targeted to the peroxisomal compartment.-We demonstrated by immunocryoelectron microscopy that the enzyme luciferase is a peroxisomal enzyme in the firefly lantern. -We expressed the cDNA encoding firefly luciferase in mammalian cells and demonstrated by immunofluorescence that the enzyme was transported into the peroxisomes of the transfected cells. -Using deletions, linker insertions, and gene fusion to identify regions of luciferase involved in its transport to the peroxisomes, we demonstrated that luciferase contains a peroxisomal targeting signal (PTS) within its COOH-terminal twelve amino acid.

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